In:The Ditransitive Alternation in Present-Day German: A corpus-based analysis
Hilde De Vaere
[Studies in Germanic Linguistics 6] 2023
► pp. 323–330
Subject index
Published online: 7 June 2023
https://doi.org/10.1075/sigl.6.si
https://doi.org/10.1075/sigl.6.si
A
- abgeben
237
- (valency) 27
- abschicken 240, 245
- absenden 99, 240
- abstract
- abstract object 25, 65
- Abstract Recipient Construction 34
- abstract theme 267
- abstract transfer 91, 206
- abstractionist account 30, 34
- accusative 6, 19, 24, 93, 226, 247, 252–53
- actor-like argument 61
- ad hoc valency 50
- addressee
14, 18, 22, 219–20, 222–23, 226–27, 229, 240, 242, 265, 275
- addressee role 225
- addressee-an 40, 220
- adverbial 25, 28, 219
- affected element 83
- agent
3, 61, 93, 207, 219, 253
- agent causes recipient to receive patient 70
- agent-like argument 3, 46, 75, 93, 251, 264
- agent-like role 3, 61–62
- agent–recipient–theme 19
- agent-theme-goal constructeme 276
- agent-theme-goal Construction 246, 252–55, 257–59, 276
- agent-theme-goal transfer meaning 277
- agent–theme–recipient 19
- alignment pattern 198, 268–69
- allostructional meaning 8, 80
- allostructions 8, 35, 36, 79–81, 246, 257, 259, 266, 269, 276
- an +accusative 4, 16, 59, 63, 222
- animacy
41, 82, 85, 87–88, 199, 226, 271
- Animacy (factor) 37, 45
- Animacy Constraint 34, 41, 234
- animacy inference 229
- Animacy of agent (factor) 110, 199, 271
- Animacy of recipient (factor) 112, 273
- animacy of the third argument 44
- Animacy of theme (factor) 112, 271
- animacy restriction 22
- animate
- addressee 223, 230–32, 235–36
- argument 226
- being 40
- goal 43
- object 23, 65
- recipient 33, 40, 44, 217, 220, 264, 275
- theme 220, 223, 227, 229–31, 235–36, 275
- ANOVA 128, 131, 272
- an-POC 14, 18, 26–27, 39–40, 43, 209, 221, 223, 265, 271, 274–75
- an-Prepositional Phrase 67, 240, 242
- applicative construction 249, 250, 251
- argument roles 252
- Argument Structure Construction 6–8, 29–30, 34, 49, 54–55, 259, 257
- argument structure pattern 24
- ausleihen, verleihen, verkaufen dataset 273
- ausliefern 100, 154
- aussenden 99
B
- bare dative 40
- Bedeutung 47, 51, 53, 90–93, 225, 259–60, 267, 270
- bekommen-, kriegen-, and erhalten-passive 73, 106
- bekommen-passive 22
- benefactivedativus commodi
- Benefactive Ditransitive 32
- beneficiary 16, 17, 32, 42, 54, 58, 60, 62, 66, 215–16, 242, 247, 252, 276
- best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) 162, 272
- Betroffenheit 23
- Bezeichnung 15, 47–48, 51, 61, 63, 90–93, 259–60, 267, 270
- bivariate analysis 87
C
- cancellability 209, 224, 229, 255, 276 ; see also indefeasibility
- canonical word order 276
- Case (factor) 84, 87
- case language 84, 269
- categorial meaning 47
- Caused Motion
20, 32, 38–39, 43, 76, 207, 216–17, 221, 246, 250, 274, 276
- Caused Motion Construction 6, 12, 30, 32–33, 35, 51, 70, 215, 266
- Caused Motion form 250
- Caused Possession
20, 38–40, 43, 76, 207, 210, 212–13, 216, 217, 225, 246–48, 260, 274, 276
- Caused Possession Construction 51
- central sense 70, 211, 266
- change of location 38–40, 76, 245
- change of possession 38–39, 66, 216, 245
- choice 45, 80
- code and inference 90, 246 ; see also encoded meaning
- coercion 34, 50, 54–55, 252, 256, 262
- Cognitive Approach 266, 270
- cognitive entrenchment 44, 78, 269
- collectivity
110, 112, 135, 167, 202, 209, 227, 271
- collectivity of agent 271
- collectivity of recipient 271
- competing constructions 63, 222, 265
- complementary distribution 229
- complete meaning 39, 217
- complex
- complex -geben verbs 241
- complex -schicken/senden verbs 171
- complex verbs 10, 25, 71, 98, 108, 152, 208, 237–39, 272–73, 275
- conceptualisation of events 77
- concrete
- object 65
- theme 25
- transfer 91
- Concreteness (factor)
206
- Concreteness of recipient (factor) 113
- Concreteness of theme (factor) 113, 206–7
- Conditional Inference Tree 11, 128, 199, 271–73
- confusion matrix 145, 272
- constituent order 14, 43, 62, 81, 83–88, 156, 171, 185, 198, 204, 218, 265, 269, 271, 273 ; see also word order, order of the arguments
- constructeme 35, 81, 258, 259, 269, 276, 277, 269
- constructicon 30
- construction
29, 54, 55, 68, 252, 259, 268
- construction (definition) 49, 77, 78, 269, 274
- Construction Grammar 29, 54, 92, 265, 266
- constructional
- constructional inheritance 50
- constructional meaning 37, 46–48, 55, 207, 267
- constructional polysemy 34
- Constructional variant (factor) 110
- constructionhood 257
- contextual readings 92
- control 40, 116, 211
- conventionalisation 47, 61, 256, 198, 267
- conventionalised
- denotational role 62
- implicature 211, 224, 245
- senses 90–92, 212–13, 218, 255, 257, 260, 268, 270, 274, 276
- core meaning 210, 216, 274
- corpus study 7, 44–45, 56, 237, 243, 255, 264, 276
- corpus-based approach
7, 12, 36, 45, 95, 109, 127, 207, 257, 266, 277
- vs. usage-based approach 212
- COSMAS 96
- cross-linguistic perspective 5
D
- dative
- dative (term) 57
- dative addressee 17–18
- dative alternation 3, 6, 11–12, 36, 45, 57–60, 72, 75, 80, 84, 109, 198, 207, 265, 268 ; see also ditransitive alternation
- dative case 7, 14, 19, 23–25, 57, 63, 226, 265, 277
- Dative Indirect Object Construction (DOIC) 3, 59
- dative Noun Phrase 17–18, 22, 33, 42, 63, 247, 264, 269
- dative PP syntax 57
- dative recipient6
- dative verb 65
- dativus commodi 14, 240
- dativus iudicantis 41–42, 247
- daughter construction 34
- default inference 56, 91, 198 ; see also preferred inference
- default valency of the verb 86
- defeasibility 229, 255
- definite recipient 239
- Definiteness
- Definiteness (factor) 21, 37, 45, 82, 85, 87, 88
- Definiteness of recipient (factor) 123
- Definiteness of theme (factor) 123
- degree of conventionalisation 256
- degree of ditransitivity 98, 270
- degrees of abstraction 49, 270
- denotation 63, 90, 93
- Denotational Class (factor) 91, 114, 206, 212–13, 271, 273, 276
- denotational role 61, 93, 225, 275
- denotative semantics
51, 56, 207, 259, 267
- difference with significative semantics51
- dependent variable 81 ; see also outcome
- designation 47, 90, 267
- destination 3, 17, 28, 33, 60–62, 66, 70, 219, 221, 227, 229, 250, 264
- determination 84
- Deutsches ReferenzKorpus 96, 264
- diachrony 18, 50, 262, 268
- diathesis 72, 71, 269
- difference between significative and denotative semantics 51
- directional
- preposition 221, 223, 275
- Prepositional Phrase 13, 24, 52, 63, 219, 221, 240
- use 63, 228–29, 270
- verbs 43
- directionality 26, 30, 70, 137, 203, 215, 223, 227, 265
- disambiguation 259
- discourse
83, 91, 267
- discourse accessibility 36, 45
- discourse-specific enrichment 56, 268
- distributional analysis 271
- ditransitive
- ditransitive alternation 8, 12, 37, 40, 70, 75, 92, 93–94, 198, 207, 216, 218–23, 237, 262, 268, 275–77 ; see also dative alternation
- ditransitive (term) 24, 74–75, 269
- ditransitive construction 5, 6, 24, 30, 33, 35–36, 68, 70, 72, 75, 80, 98, 204, 209, 220, 225, 228, 251, 252, 266
- Ditransitive Construction 208
- Ditransitive Construction (term) 269
- ditransitive constructional meaning 44
- ditransitive use 152–53
- ditransitive verb 27, 75, 97, 100
- ditransitive-passive construction 71
- Ditransitivity Hierarchy 5, 10, 75, 77, 215
- ditransitivy 215
- divalent verbs 240, 252, 262
- DOC (Double Object Construction)
3, 6, 12, 30, 32–33, 38, 45, 57–58, 76, 84, 266, 268
- DOC/POC alternation 219
- English DOC/POC alternation 198
- Double Object Construction in German 227
- DO-IO order 88
- DO-PO order 21
E
- effect plot 133
- encoded
- encoded Argument Structure Construction 274
- encoded constructeme 246
- encoded construction 81
- encoded feature of the dative 63
- encoded form-meaning pairing 246, 255
- encoded grammatical categories 8
- encoded meaning 11, 37, 47, 51, 53, 55–56, 61–62, 78, 81, 83, 90–94, 154, 212–13, 218, 220, 225, 244, 245–46, 255–58, 260, 267–68, 270, 272, 274–75 ; see also code and inference
- encoded semantic role 62
- encyclopaedic knowledge 37, 47, 49, 54–55, 91, 212, 267–68, 270
- English DOC/POC alternation 198
- entrenchment 77, 262
- entsenden 99
- ethical dative 247
- excluded attestations 74, 103–6, 138, 149, 219, 271
- experiencer 40–41, 43, 58
- experiencer dative 63
- explicitness 14, 205
- extensions 32, 270, 274
- external possessor 41–42, 58, 106, 247, 276
- extraposition 14
F
- factors 45–46, 86, 94, 109, 197, 223, 245, 255, 260, 268
- facultative complement 239, 275
- family resemblances 48
- first object 36, 62, 84, 219, 251–52
- focus (factor) 35, 87–88, 204 ; see also topic-focus structure
- form and meaning 8, 11, 12, 37, 246
- formal extension 72
- formally underspecified higher- level construction 80–81
- form-meaning pairing 48, 79, 81, 248, 257, 266, 274–76
- Frame Semantics 37, 92
- free dative 50, 75, 87
- frequency
37, 78, 84, 153, 171, 257, 269
- of POC 5, 274
- frequent use 5, 16, 63
G
- geben
18, 209
- geben (valency) 25
- geben dataset 129, 156, 271–72
- geben in POC 44, 209, 264
- geben verbs 39, 40, 42–43, 216
- geben-transfer 245, 259
- general meaning of ‘give’ verbs 211
- general transfer meaning 257
- general, underspecified construction 73
- generalisation 36
- Generalised Conversational Implicature 56, 91, 228, 277
- generative approach 12, 79, 88
- Gesetz der wachsenden Glieder 14
- give meaning 38
- give verbs 5, 38, 71, 75–76, 211, 269
- givenness
205
- Givenness (factor) 14, 86–88, 88
- Givenness of recipient (factor) 124, 271, 273
- Givenness of theme (factor) 123, 199
- goal
17, 62, 75, 253, 275
- goal argument 62, 234, 246, 253, 276–77
- goal role 219, 225, 275
- goal slot 228
- goal-like or ground-like argument 61
- grammatical meaning 47, 267
- grammatical relation 61
- grammaticality judgement tasks 44
- Grundbedeutung 53
- Grundvalenz 240
H
- Harmonic Alignment 45, 198, 199, 204, 207, 266, 271–73, 276
- HAVE-relation 38, 41–42, 65, 70, 211
- hierarchy 76, 257
- historical corpus data 262
- holistic meaning concept 49
- homing-in 91, 222, 226, 256, 259
- homonymy 245
- hybrid model 50–51, 56, 267
I
- iconicity 81–82
- Idiom (factor) 113
- implicature
50, 55, 207, 209, 220, 225, 227, 275
- implicature of animacy 223, 233
- implicature of recipienthood 223–24, 228–29, 233
- inanimate
- agent 62
- dative 25, 41
- object 65
- recipient 44, 220, 264
- theme 17, 26, 82, 220–21, 227, 229–31, 235–36
- indefeasibility 53, 209, 224, 270, 276 ; see also cancellability
- indefinite theme 32, 82, 239
- independent variable 81 ; see also predictor
- Indirect Object Construction (IOC) tendencies 256
- indirective alignment 6, 58–59, 268
- inference 8, 12, 37, 56, 78, 81, 90, 212, 218, 220, 224, 229, 234, 246, 255, 257–58, 267–68, 270, 274–75 ; see also encoded meaning
- information structure 14, 35, 43, 85–87, 204, 246, 259
- inheritance relations 30
- in-POC 17
- instantiation 50, 78
- instrumental meaning 47, 223
- integration of Construction Grammar and Valency Theory 48–49, 55, 259, 267, 269
- Integrative Approach 54, 90, 266, 277
- interaction of verb and construction 39, 44, 50, 54–55, 90
- intermediary level 53, 90–91, 94, 198, 257, 277
- interplay of factors 208
- intonation86
- intransitive verb 97, 100
- introspection 7, 22, 53, 156, 243, 268
- involvement 82
- IOC
- IOC (Indirect Object Construction) 3, 6, 8, 13–19, 21–28, 39, 42, 60, 74, 82–83, 87, 198, 213, 221, 225, 227, 247–48, 260, 264, 268, 276
- IOC and POC 78, 81, 90, 93, 216, 218, 246, 251, 264, 273, 276
- IOC meaning 246, 248
- IOC or POC 198, 252, 260, 277
- IOC sense 251
- IOC tendencies 256
- IOC, an-POC and zu-POC 222
- IOC/an-POC alternation 229
- IOC/POC alternation 4, 7, 10–11, 13, 15–16, 91, 116, 129, 207, 219, 246, 255–57, 269, 275, 277
- IOC/POC alternation with geben 129, 209
- IOC/zu-POC alternation 107, 151, 224, 275
- IO-DO order 84, 86, 88
J
- judger dativedativus iudicantis
K
- kaufen 11, 100
L
- language
- language system 8, 50
- language use 15, 50, 56, 80, 92–93, 255, 267
- language varieties 159
- language-independent definition of ditransitive construction 75
- language-specific 8, 51, 215
- language-specific meaning 49, 91, 260, 267
- langue and parole 262
- latinate verbs 49
- layered approach 11, 78, 90–92, 94, 217, 246, 248, 255, 277
- layered semantics 92
- leihen 5, 11, 26, 100
- Length (factor) 14, 37, 45, 125, 271
- levels
- levels of meaning 270
- levels of perspectivation 88
- levels of schematicity 251
- lexical meaning 47, 48, 50, 267
- lexical paradigm 244, 245
- lexically-bound Argument Structure Construction 267
- liefern 100
- light verb 39
- linguistic knowledge 54, 268
- location 40, 221
- logical valency 23
- logistic regression analysis 11, 131, 140, 172, 185, 200, 271
M
- maleficiary 54, 247
- meaning
79, 81, 211
- meaning and sense 8, 212, 267
- meaning difference 17
- meaning levels 53, 67, 207, 251, 259
- meaning of the allostructions 80
- meaning of the general construction 80
- meaning paraphrase 92
- meaning types 47
- metaphorical extension 6, 32–33, 70, 266
- metonymy 229
- middle field 84, 86–88, 204
- monosemy 30, 53, 212, 218, 274
- monostratal approach 80
- monotransitive
- construction 208–9, 251, 259
- theme 58
- verb 6, 97, 100, 129, 237, 272
- morphosyntactic alternation 1
- motivating factors 199, 255
- multifactorial analysis 197
- multi-layered approach to meaning 258
- multivariate analysis 87
N
- nachsenden 99
- naturalness 46
- network 50
- neutral alignment 6, 58
- neutral order 82
- niche 52, 220, 258, 268
- nominative 19, 24, 93, 226, 247, 252–53
- Nominative-Dative-Accusative 54, 84, 87–88
- noncomplex verb 16, 25, 71, 97, 208
- non-defeasible 255
- non-experiencer dative 41
- non-human beings 62
- non-language-specific layers of meaning 260
- non-sentient destination 253
- non-spatial target 13, 265
- normal constituent order 81
- normal language use 8, 47, 56, 81, 90–91, 94, 198, 246, 255, 257, 267, 270, 274–75, 277
- normal word order 88
- Number of recipient (factor) 123, 206, 273
O
- object
28
- meaning 40
- obligatory complement 239, 275
- one-off realisations 108, 270
- ontological concept of transfer 259
- order of the arguments 63, 82 ; see also word order, constituent order
- Order of theme vis-à-vis recipient (factor) 110
- outcome 81 ; see also dependent variable
- overarching construction 8, 79, 81, 246, 251–52, 269
- oversampling 102–3, 107
P
- P(ragmatically)-synonymous 35
- paradigmatic contrasts 245
- participating person 63
- particle verb 16, 18, 39, 153
- Particularised Conversational Implicature 91, 228
- passive
18, 71–73, 206
- construction 206
- path argument 33, 38, 40, 44, 210, 242
- patient 6, 266
- patient-like argument 61
- patterns of ditransitivity 72
- person 13, 15, 25–26, 63, 112, 117, 123, 135, 144, 151–52, 167, 189, 211, 220, 223, 225, 229, 258, 265, 273
- Person of recipient (factor) 123, 206
- personal
- case 63, 67
- dative 70
- pronoun 87
- POC (Prepositional Object Construction)
3, 6, 8, 13–14, 17, 19, 21–22, 24–28, 38–39, 42, 45, 51, 57–58, 60, 74, 199, 213, 215, 222, 241, 249–50, 260, 264, 268, 276
- POC meaning 246
- POC sense 249–51
- po-do order 84, 86
- polysemous network 34, 70
- polysemy
30, 32, 53, 70, 93, 211–12, 218, 274
- links 32, 247, 258, 266, 31
- possession 40, 211–12, 221, 225, 274
- pragmatic enrichment 47–48, 229, 256, 259, 267, 274, 276
- pragmatic focusing 87
- pragmatics 37, 50, 55, 78, 90, 93, 211, 245–46, 255, 274, 276
- predictability 257
- predicted probability 79, 94, 258, 268
- prediction 45, 145
- predictor variable (independent variable) 81 ; see also significant factors
- predictor variables datasets 131, 135, 140, 144, 157, 172, 185
- predictor variables general analysis 207–8, 260, 270–73, 277
- preferences in language use 45
- preferred inference 91 ; see also default inference
- prefix
275
- ab- 240
- meaning 242
- verb 16, 237–39, 275
- preisgeben 155
- preposition
3, 6, 14, 26, 28, 40, 44, 60–61, 205, 222, 250, 264
- an 13, 17, 25–26, 40, 51–52, 58, 61, 216, 221, 223, 233, 264, 275
- for 60
- für 17, 216
- to 60, 250
- in, auf and nach 221
- zu 52, 221
- prepositional
- prepositional dative 57
- prepositional dative construction 57
- Prepositional Indirect Object Construction (POIC) 3, 59
- Prepositional Object Construction (POC) tendencies 256
- prepositional paraphrase 3, 7, 17, 23, 67, 57, 76, 84, 258, 264, 277
- Prepositional Phrase 3, 14, 16–18, 22, 25, 33, 39, 269
- Prepositional Phrase meaning 44
- prepositions in, auf and nach 221
- Primary Object Pattern 6
- Principle of No Synonymy 32, 35, 204
- Probabilistic Approach 7, 11, 44–45, 56, 94, 197, 266, 268
- probability 94, 133, 142
- processability 43
- projection 54, 55, 265, 268
- Projectionist Approach 38, 265
- pronominal
- addressee 224
- recipient 203
- theme 203–4
- Pronominality (factor)
14, 37, 45, 85, 88, 271
- Pronominality of recipient (factor) 126, 271, 273
- Pronominality of theme (factor) 126
- Propernounhood (factor) 14, 205, 273, 274
- Propernounhood of recipient (factor) 114, 271
- proportion IOC/POC 129, 215, 270
- propositional transfer 91
- prototype 45, 53, 72, 258, 268
- prototype semantics 52–53
- prototypical sense 70, 211, 215, 266, 274
- prototypical trivalent verbs 5
- psycholinguistic experiments 91, 263
- psychological reality 78
Q
- qualitative differences in meaning 37, 80, 267
- qualitative valency 23
- quantitative
- analysis 45, 94
- findings 92, 255
- valency 23
- query 102, 103, 97, 102, 104, 108
R
- radial network 258, 266
- rampant polysemy 29
- random sample 97, 99–100, 102, 129, 137, 270
- recipient
3, 5, 16–20, 22, 25, 32–33, 39, 42–44, 46, 58, 62, 66, 83, 93, 203, 207, 219, 228, 234, 242, 252
- recipient or beneficiary 42
- recipient or destination 107
- recipient/addressee 198
- recipient-beneficiary 32
- recipienthood 225, 227
- recipienthood inference 228–29
- recipient-like argument 3, 46, 62, 75, 93, 129, 216, 219, 222, 247, 251, 264, 275
- recipient-like role 275
- recipient-theme order 6, 16, 88, 130, 198, 269, 271–72
- regional variation 261
- reichen 100
- related senses 70
- Resultative Construction 48
- role of the preposition 233
- role of the verb 208, 257–58
- root meaning 274
S
- S(emantically)-synonymous35
- Satzbauplan 24, 27, 259, 265
- Satzmuster
48
- Satzmusterbedeutung 48, 267, 251, 277
- Satzmusterparadigma 48, 259
- schematicity 80, 270
- schicken
40, 42–44, 86, 137, 216, 218, 222, 245, 269
- schicken (valency) 25
- schicken an 14
- schicken verbs 39
- schicken zu 14
- schicken/senden dataset 271
- schicken/senden verbs 219, 273–74
- schicken-transfer 259
- scrambling 88, 87
- second object 36, 62, 84, 219, 252, 251
- selected verbs 100
- semantic
- semantic class of the verb 20, 34, 46, 216
- semantic contribution of the construction 8
- semantic enrichment 239, 275
- semantic frame 37
- semantic layer 212
- semantic niches 67
- semantic opposition 92, 244, 259
- semantic role 51, 93, 220, 225, 253, 275–76
- semantic transparency 42
- semantic valency 24
- semantics
37, 78, 93, 267, 277
- semantics of the verb 38
- semantics/pragmatics interface 8, 34, 37, 46, 51, 56, 78, 80, 90, 92–95, 208–9, 244, 246, 258, 267–68, 270, 275, 277
- send meaning 38
- send verbs 5, 38, 70–71, 75, 76, 216, 269
- senden
218, 271
- valency 26
- sense
- Sense (examples) 117–8
- Sense (factor) 116, 154, 162–63, 206, 245, 260, 271–73, 276
- senses 24, 92, 218, 246, 260
- sentient recipient 220, 253, 254
- serialisation 16, 19, 84, 86
- significant factors 140, 157, 172, 185, 262, 266, 268, 271–73, 276 ; see also predictor variable
- significative semantics
51, 56, 207, 258–59, 267
- difference with denotative semantics51
- single-layered approach 37, 68, 80–81, 198, 258
- Source (factor) 126, 207, 271–73
- source selection 102
- spatial
- change 43
- goal/destination 63
- meaning 67
- preposition 40
- speaker
- speaker’s choice 212
- speaker’s knowledge 37
- speaker’s mind 79
- speaker’s preferences 44, 94, 197–98
- specific readings 48, 91, 270
- spoken German 260
- S-synonymous 35
- statistical analysis 7, 103, 131, 271
- strict word order 84
- structural centre of the sentence 48
- structural parallelism 46
- stylistic differences 15, 56, 204
- subjects of a passive sentence 72
- subsenses 70, 91–92
- successful transfer
33, 207, 213, 254, 266
- inference 43
- SVO language 82, 84
- Swiss German 159, 207, 272
- Syncretism (factor) 205–6, 271, 273
- Syncretism of recipient (factor) 123, 274
- syntactic
- flexibility 14, 22, 42, 84, 203
- function 61
- iconicity 21, 83
- patterns 24
- persistence 46
- priming 46, 126, 263
- role 61
- valency 93
- synthesis of Valency Theory and Construction Grammar 92
T
- text sources 264
- thematic role 61
- theme
3, 4, 6, 17, 40, 43, 46, 72, 83, 93, 198, 223, 253
- theme Collocation (factor) 126
- theme meaning 39, 43
- theme-like argument 3, 46, 62, 75, 93, 251, 264
- theme-recipient order 6, 14, 16, 88, 130, 199, 204, 269, 271–72
- third argument 19, 39–40, 43, 62, 218, 252
- three layers of meaning, senses and readings 92
- three-place pattern 40, 252
- Three-Layer Approach 8, 56, 90–94, 198, 212–13, 270, 275, 277
- throw verbs 5, 38, 75–76
- to
- to-construction 43, 58
- to-dative 57, 80
- to-dative Construction 266
- to-variant 38
- topicalisation 88, 122, 139, 204
- Topicalisation (factor) 82
- topic-focus structure 86, 88, 204 ; see also focus
- transaction 4, 202, 245
- transaction verb 64
- transfer
4, 65
- Transfer Caused Motion Construction 6, 32, 35–36, 204, 266
- transfer meaning 255, 259, 276
- transfer of an entity to a recipient 247–49, 251
- Transfer of Possession 32, 36, 39, 76, 212, 243
- transfer verb 42, 56, 76, 91, 244
- transparency 14, 16, 205–6, 265, 274
- transport 66, 202, 245
- trivalent verb 4–5, 13, 15–16, 19, 20, 24, 50, 63–64, 75, 86, 98, 216, 252, 257, 265
- type coercion 256
- typological adequacy 57
Ü
- überreichen 100
- underspecification 62, 73, 90–91, 199, 215, 227, 246, 258, 259
- underspecified
- addressee 222
- form 34, 36, 39, 79, 80, 93, 212, 217, 229, 244, 251–52, 255, 257–59, 274–77
- goal 226
- meaning 212, 218, 222, 226, 245, 274
- nouns 227, 272
- transfer meaning 245, 255, 259
- underlying construction 80
- verb meaning 209, 218
- uniform multiple meaning 38
- unmarked
- constituent order 130
- word order 6, 19
- usage-based approach
37, 45, 54, 266
- vs. corpus- based approach 12
- utterance token meaning 91
- utterance type meaning 90
V
- vague meaning 39, 217
- valency
5, 7, 13, 15–16, 23, 34, 48–50, 75, 86, 208, 252, 256, 265
- Valency Approach 23, 90, 208, 265
- valency dictionary 24–25
- valency pattern 25, 27
- valency reduction 239–41, 275
- variables 11, 45, 81, 110, 133, 142
- various kinds of media 261
- verb
- Verb (factor) 159, 122, 206–8, 256, 272–73, 276
- verb class 38–39, 64, 68, 216, 243–44, 266, 269, 273
- verb dependent 208, 216, 256, 262
- verb meaning 7, 23, 37, 39–40, 43, 46–48, 54, 68, 162, 210, 216–17, 244, 267, 274, 276
- verb of communication 66, 262
- verb of production 66
- verb of transaction 20, 66, 87, 98
- verb of transfer 56
- verb of transport 20
- verb root 43, 162, 208, 210, 216, 218, 242–43
- verb sense 55, 162, 245, 276
- verb valency 7, 23, 78, 208, 252
- Verb Sensitive Approach 38–39, 216, 266
- verbal slot 48, 255
- vergeben 99
- verkaufen
18, 40, 42–43, 243
- verkaufen (valency) 27
- verkaufen verbs 39
- verleihen 18
- verschenken 22
- verschicken 99
- Voice (factor) 74, 122, 206, 271
- volitional agent 33
- vorausschicken 99
W
- weitergeben 237
- werden-passive 73
- werfen 76
- word class 84
- word order 14, 16, 18, 21–22, 42–43, 138, 210, 262 ; see also constituent order, order of the arguments
X
- x cause y to have z 36, 80, 266
- x causes y to move z 6, 33
- x causes y to receive z 6, 31–32, 35, 247–248, 253
Z
- zu +dative 4, 17, 22, 26, 39–40, 43, 51, 58–59, 61, 216, 221–22, 227, 233, 264, 275
- zu-POC 14, 17, 18, 26, 40, 106, 151, 221, 223–24, 227, 229, 265, 271, 275
- zuschicken 99, 218
- zusenden 99
