Article published In: Spanish in Context
Vol. 22:3 (2025) ► pp.625–656
Digital metacommunication
Exploring language attitudes towards Voseo across social media platforms
Published online: 10 December 2025
https://doi.org/10.1075/sic.24013.kil
https://doi.org/10.1075/sic.24013.kil
Abstract
This study explores language attitudes towards voseo as expressed in metalinguistic comments across social media platforms. Employing a quantitative approach, this research utilizes sentiment analysis, ordinal logistic regression, and multiple logistic regression models to uncover diverse sentiments and perceptions of voseo across 21 Spanish-speaking countries and three social media platforms. The results indicate that attitudes toward voseo are shaped by a constellation of factors, including its association with regional identity, the commenter’s country of origin, and localized social stigma directed at voseante speakers. These findings highlight how social media platforms serve as globalized arenas where language ideologies are both reflected and actively shaped, as perceptions of voseo are dynamically negotiated through cross-cultural online interactions, enabling the perpetuation of stigmatizing ideologies while simultaneously fostering opportunities for their contestation and reevaluation.
Keywords: Voseo, language attitudes, social media
Article outline
- 1.Introduction
- 2.Background
- 2.1Historical meanings and interpretations of voseo
- 2.2Previously elicited language attitudes towards voseo
- 2.3Metalinguistic commentary in digital spaces
- 2.4A brief overview of TikTok, Instagram, and YouTube
- 2.5Sentiment analysis
- 2.6Research questions
- 3.Methodology
- 3.1Creating the corpus
- 3.2Coding the data
- 3.3Analyzing the data
- 4.Results
- 4.1A cross-platform overview: Sentiment analysis results
- 4.2Country-based differences in sentiment: Ordinal logistic regression results
- 4.3Factors predicting negative sentiment: Multiple logistic regression results
- 5.Discussion
- 5.1Limitations
- 6.Conclusion
- Acknowledgements
- Notes
References
References (63)
Androutsopoulos, Jannis. 2013. “Computer-mediated communication and linguistic landscapes.” In Research Methods in Sociolinguistics: A Practical Guide, eds. Janet Holmes and Kirk Hazen, 74–90. John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
Aslan, Erhan, and Camilla Vásquez. 2018. “‘Cash me ousside’: A citizen sociolinguistic analysis of online metalinguistic commentary.” Journal of Sociolinguistics 22 (4): 406–531.
Baumel-Schreffler, Sandra. 1995. “The voseo: second person singular pronouns in Guatemala speech.” Language quarterly 331: 33–44.
Bertolotti, Virginia. 2015. “A mí de vos no me trata ni usted ni nadie. Sistema e historia de las formas de tratamiento en la lengua española en América.” Lingüística 32 (1): 125–135.
Bishop, Kelley, and Jim Michnowicz. 2010. “Forms of address in Chilean Spanish.” Hispania 93 (3): 413–429.
Blackledge, Adrian. 2010. “The practice and politics of multilingualism.” In Perspectives in Politics and Discourse, ed.by Urszula Okulska and Piotr Cap, 301–326. John Benjamins.
Braun, Virginia, and Victoria Clarke. 2006. “Using thematic analysis in psychology.” Qualitative Research in Psychology 3 (2): 77–101.
Brown, Roger, and Albert Gilman. 1960. “The pronouns of power and solidarity.” In Style in Language, ed.by T. A. Sebeok, 253–276. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Carter, Phillip M., and Kristen D’Alessandro Merii. 2023. “Spanish-influenced lexical phenomena in emerging Miami English: Tracking and perception.” English World-Wide 44 (2): 219–250.
Castedo, T. M. de, Marques Lucena, R., and Gomes da Silva, C. 2022. “Vos: ¿joven, pobre y vulgar en el oriente boliviano? Un estudio de corpus sobre el voseo en conversaciones de WhatsApp.” Íkala : Revista de Lenguaje y Cultura, 27 (2), 393–410.
Carricaburo, Norma. 2015. Las fórmulas de tratamiento en el español actual. 2nd ed. Madrid: Arco Libros.
Carroll, Robert Thomas. 2013. “Feeling Zulian through Gaita: Singing Regional Identity in Maracaibo, Venezuela.” ProQuest Dissertations and Theses.
Ceci, Laura. 2024a. “Distribution of TikTok Users Worldwide as of July 2024, by Age and Gender.” Statista. Last modified August 2024. [URL]
. 2024b. “Distribution of YouTube Users Worldwide as of July 2024, by Age Group and Gender.” Statista. Last modified September 2, 2024. [URL]
Chun, Elaine. 2013. “Ironic blackness as masculine cool: Asian American language and authenticity on YouTube.” Applied Linguistics 34(5): 592–612.
. 2018. “Listening to the southern redneck: Pathways of contextualization on YouTube.” American Speech 93 (3–4): 425–444.
Cutler, Cecelia. 2016. “‘Ets jast ma booooooooooo’: Social meanings of Scottish accents on YouTube.” In English in Computer-Mediated Communication: Variation, Representation, and Change, ed.by Lauren Squires, 69–97. De Gruyter. ProQuest Ebook Central.
De Jonge, Bob, and Dorien Nieuwenhuisen. 2012. “Forms of address.” In The Handbook of Hispanic Linguistics, ed.by José Ignacio Hualde, Antxon Olarrea, and Erin O’Rourke, 247–262. John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
Dixon, Stacy Jo. 2024. “Distribution of Instagram Users Worldwide as of April 2024, by Age Group.” Statista. Last modified May 2, 2024. [URL]
Dragojevic, Marko, Fabio Fasoli, Jennifer Cramer, and Tamara Rakić. 2021. “Toward a century of language attitudes research: Looking back and moving forward.” Journal of Language and Social Psychology 40 (1): 60–79.
Durham, Mercedes. 2022. “Content analysis of social media.” In Research Methods in Language Attitudes, ed.by Ruth Kircher and Lena Zipp, 35–50. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Eckert, Penelope. 2008. “Variation and the indexical field.” Journal of Sociolinguistics 12 (4): 453–476.
Fernández-Mallat, Víctor. 2018. “Alternancia y variación de formas verbales tuteantes y voseantes en el español de santiaguinos: estudio de caso basado en un corpus conversacional.” Boletín de Filología 53 (1): 63–82.
. 2020. “Forms of address in interaction: Evidence from Chilean Spanish.” Journal of Pragmatics 1611: 95–106.
Gordon, Cynthia. 2023. Intertextuality 2.0: Metadiscourse and Meaning-Making in an Online Community. Oxford University Press.
Heuman, Anna. 2022. “Trivializing language correctness in an online metalinguistic debate.” Language and Communication 821: 52–63.
Ionescu, Claudiu Gabriel, and Monica Licu. 2023. “Are TikTok Algorithms Influencing Users’ Self-Perceived Identities and Personal Values? A Mini Review.” Social Sciences 121: 465.
Jang, Ji Son. 2013. “The voseo in Medellín as an expression of Antioquian identity.” Íkala: Revista de Lenguaje y Cultura 18 (1): 61–81.
Jimenez Zafra, Salud Maria, M. Teresa Martin Valdivia, Eugenio Martinez Camara, and L Alfonso Urena Lopez. 2019. “Studying the Scope of Negation for Spanish Sentiment Analysis on Twitter.” IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing 10 (1), 129–141.
Kapović, Marko. 2007. “Fórmulas de tratamiento en dialectos de español; fenómenos de voseo y ustedeo.” Hiernoymus 11: 65–87.
Lippi-Green, Rosina. English with an Accent : Language, Ideology, and Discrimination in the United States. 2nd ed. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2012.
Love, Tony P., Jenny L. Davis, and Joseph M. Calvert. 2018. “A mixed-methods examination of morality work through sentiment analysis and qualitative coding of Twitter data.” Sage Research Methods, Part 21: 1–12. Sage Publications.
Melgares Sabillón, Jeriel Jozavith. 2017. Exploring the Confluence of Confianza and National Identity in Honduran Voseo: A Sociopragmatic Analysis. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing.
Michnowicz, Jim, Despain, J. Scott, and Rebecca Gorham. 2016. “The changing system of Costa Rican pronouns of address: Tuteo, voseo, and ustedeo.” In Forms of Address in the Spanish of the Americas, eds. María Irene Moyna and Susana Rivera-Mills, 243–265. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Morgan, Terrell A., and Scott A. Schwenter. 2016. “Vosotros, Ustedes, and the Myth of the Symmetrical Castilian Pronoun System.” In Inquiries in Hispanic Linguistics: From Theory to Empirical Evidence, eds. Alejandro Cuza, Lori Czerwionka, and Daniel Olson, 263–280. John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Moyna, María Irene, and Verónica Loureiro-Rodríguez. 2017. “La técnica de máscaras emparejadas para evaluar actitudes hacia formas de tratamiento en el español de Montevideo.” Revista Internacional de Lingüística Iberoamericana 15 (2 (30)): 47–82. [URL]
Ochs, Elinor. 1993. “Constructing social identity: A language socialization perspective.” Research on Language and Social Interaction 26 (3): 287–306.
Pan, Xinyu, Yubo Hou, and Qi Wang. 2023. “Are we braver in cyberspace? Social media anonymity enhances moral courage.” Computers in Human Behavior 1481: 1–9.
Quesada Pacheco, Miguel Ángel. 2019. “El voseo panameño: Situación actual y actitudes ante su uso.” Revista de Filología y Lingüística de La Universidad de Costa Rica 45 (1): 227–245.
Quintanilla-Aguilar, José R. A. 2009. “Actitudes de los hablantes de San Salvador hacia el tuteo y el voseo.” Hispania 92 (2): 361–373.
Quintanilla-Aguilar, José R. A., and Juan Rodríguez Prieto. 2014. “El voseo en la publicidad de Costa Rica: Un análisis de las actitudes de los hablantes.” Revista Internacional de Lingüística Iberoamericana 12 (1 (23): 109–119.
Raymond, Chase W. 2016. “Linguistic reference in the negotiation of identity and action: Revisiting the T/V distinction.” Language 92 (3): 636–670.
Restrepo-Ramos, Falcon, and Nofiya Denbaum-Restrepo. 2022. “The syntactic and discourse properties of second person singular forms of address in Paisa Spanish.” Studies in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics 15 (2): 453–482.
Rey, Alberto. 1997. “Social Correlates of the ‘Voseo’ of Managua, Nicaragua Workplace, Street, and Party Domains.” Hispanic Journal 18 (1): 109–26.
Rivadeneira Valenzuela, Marcela. 2016. “Sociolinguistic variation and change in Chilean voseo.” In Forms of Address in the Spanish of the Americas, ed.by María Irene Moyna and Susana Rivera-Mills, 87–117. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Romero, Luis, and Leyda Alviárez. 2011. “La determinación del habla en la conformación de las identidades: El voseo zuliano.” Paradigma 32 (1): 129–144.
Silverstein, Michael. 2003. “Indexical order and the dialectics of sociolinguistic life.” Language and Communication 23 (3): 193–229.
Simpson, Ellen, and Bryan C. Semaan. 2021. “For You, or For”You”? : Everyday LGBTQ+ Encounters with TikTok.” Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 41: 1–34.
Sorenson, Travis. 2016. “¿De dónde sos? Differences between Argentine and Salvadoran voseo to tuteo accommodation in the United States.” In Forms of Address in the Spanish of the Americas, eds. María Irene Moyna and Susana Rivera-Mills, 171–196. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Taboada, Maite. 2016. “Sentiment Analysis: An Overview from Linguistics.” Annual Review of Linguistics, 21: 325–347.
Tagliamonte, Sali. 2014. “Situating media influence in sociolinguistic context.” Journal of Sociolinguistics, 18(2): 223–232.
Thurlow, Crispin. 2014. “Disciplining youth: Language ideologies and new technologies.” In The Discourse Reader, eds. Adam Jaworski and Nikolas Coupland, 481–496. London: Routledge.
Torrejón, Alfredo. 1986. “Acerca del voseo culto de Chile.” Hispania 69(3): 677–683. [URL].
Valkenburg, Patti M., and Jessica Taylor Piotrowski. 2017. “Social media.” In Plugged In: How Media Attract and Affect Youth, ed.by Patti M. Valkenburg and Jessica Taylor Piotrowski, 218–243. Yale University Press. [URL].
Viola, Lorella. 2023. “On the use of sentiment analysis for linguistics research. Observations on sentiment polarity and the use of the progressive in Italian.” Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence 61:1101364.
Weyers, Joseph R., and Gérman Canale. 2013. “Tuteo and voseo in the classroom: Linguistic attitudes among Montevidean educators.” Spanish in Context 10 (3): 371–389.
Weyers, Joseph R. 2016. “Making the case for increased prestige of the vernacular: Medellín’s voseo.” In Forms of Address in the Spanish of the Americas, eds. María Irene Moyna and Susana Rivera-Mills, 289–304. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
