Article published In: Spanish in Context
Vol. 20:1 (2023) ► pp.96–129
Perceptions of inclusive language in the Spanish of the Southeast
Data from a large classroom project
Published online: 13 June 2023
https://doi.org/10.1075/sic.00084.mic
https://doi.org/10.1075/sic.00084.mic
Abstract
This study examines the perceptions of inclusive language among first- and second-generation Spanish speakers residing in North Carolina, USA, based on survey data collected from 337 speakers by undergraduates. The survey examines familiarity with innovative inclusive language forms (including -@, -x, and -e), as well as opinions about different forms (including standard morphology forms such as masculine default and noun doubling – i.e., chicos y chicas), and reported use of inclusive forms. A majority of participants expressed negative opinions of innovative forms, and very few reported actually using them in their speech. Acceptance varied based not only on participant social characteristics, but also on the morphology and the context in which the form is used. Exceptions to these trends, as well as the possible future development of inclusive language forms, receive additional attention. Research methodologies with undergraduates are also discussed.
Keywords: Spanish in the US, inclusive language, Sociolinguistics
Article outline
- 1.Introduction
- 2.Previous research
- 3.Methodology
- 3.1Questionnaire
- 3.2Procedures and participants
- 3.3Statistical analysis
- 4.Results
- 4.1Familiarity with inclusive language
- 4.2Opinions of inclusive language
- 4.3Reported use of inclusive language
- 4.4Respondent comments
- 5.Discussion and conclusions
- Notes
References
References (41)
Amador, Carmen. 2020. No molesta el lenguaje inclusivo, lo que molesta es el feminismo. El Tribuno. [URL]
Anunciante. 2020. #España| Tema cerrado: “Todes” no se acepta en la Real Academia Española. [URL]
Battista Lo Bianco, Lucía. 2016. ¿Qué pasa cuando hablamos con “X” y con “E”?. La Izquierda Diario. [URL]
Betti, Silvia. 2017. “Lenguas, culturas y sensibilidades en los Estados Unidos: Español y Spanglish en un mundo inglés.” Hispania 100 (5): 35–40.
Carolina Demography. 2020. North Carolina’s Hispanic Community: 2020 Snapshot. [URL] (Accessed 25 May, 2021).
Carvalho, Ilombe. 2019. Lenguaje inclusivo ¿de dónde proviene? La Izquierda Diario. [URL]
Corbett, Greville. 2013. “Sex-based and non-sex-based gender systems.” In The World Atlas of Language Structures Online, ed. by M. S. Dryer and M. Haspelmat. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
DeGuzmán, María. 2017. “Latinx: ¡Estamos aquí!, or being “Latinx” at UNC-Chapel Hill.” Cultural Dynamics 29 (3): 214–230.
De Onís, Catalina. 2017. “What’s in an “x”?: An Exchange about the Politics of “Latinx.” Chiricú 1 (2): 78–91.
Gómez, Rocío. 2016. Pequeño manifiesto sobre el género neutro en Castellano. [URL]
Guerra, Gilbert, and Gilbert Orbea. 2015. The argument against the use of the term “Latinx”. The Phoenix. [URL]
Guidelines for Inclusive Language. 2016. [URL]
Informe de la Real Academia Española sobre el lenguaje inclusivo y cuestiones conexas. 2020. [URL]
Johnson, Daniel Ezra. 2009. “Getting off the GoldVarb standard: Introducing Rbrul for mixed-effects variable rule analysis.” Language and Linguistics Compass 31: 359–383.
Limerick, Philip. 2017. “Language contact in the US Southeast: The case of Spanish subject expression in an emerging bilingual community in Georgia.” Spanish in Context 14 (1): 53–78.
Langeaux, Milagros Andrea. 2017. “El lenguaje inclusivo y la escritura académica en la universidad.” Actas de Periodismo y Comunicación 3: (1). Retrieved from | [URL]
Lindqvist, Anna, Aurora Renström, Emma, and Gustafsson Sendén, Marie. 2019. “Reducing a Male Bias in Language? Establishing the Efficiency of Three Different Gender-Fair Language Strategies.” Sex Roles 811: 109–117.
Lynch, Andrew, and Kim Potowski. 2014. “La valoración del habla bilingüe en los Estados Unidos: Fundamentos sociolingüísticos y pedagógicos en “Hablando bien se entiende la gente.” Hispania 91 (1): 32–46.
Merriam-Webster. 2019. Merriam-Webster’s Words of the Year 2019. [URL]
Michnowicz, Jim, Alex Hyler, James Shepherd, and Sonya Trawick. 2018. “Spanish in North Carolina: English-origin loanwords in a newly forming Hispanic community.” In Language Diversity in the New South, ed. by J. Reaser, E. Wilbanks, W. Wolfram and K. Wojcik, 289–305. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.
Moure, José Luis. 2020. Sobre el lenguaje inclusivo. Una nota del Presidente de la Academia Argentina de Letras. [URL]
Noe-Bustamonte, Luis, Lauren Mora and Mark Lopez. 2020. “About one-in-four U.S. Hispanics have heard of Latinx, but just 3% use it. [URL]
Pew Hispanic Center. 2014. Demographic profile of Hispanics in North Carolina, 2014. [URL] (accessed May 25, 2021)
Quintero, Paula José. 2019. Yo, tú, elle, nosotres, vosotres, elles. El lenguaje inclusivo: ¿tiene algo que ofrecer? Psyciencia. [URL]
Reyes, Raul. 2017. To be Latinx or not to be Latinx? For some Hispanics that is the question. NBC News. [URL]
Ronquest, Rebecca, Jim Michnowicz, Eric Wilbanks, and Claudia Cortés. 2020. “Examining the (mini-)variable swarm in the Spanish of the Southeast.” In Hispanic linguistics: Current issues and new directions, ed. by A. Morales-Front, M. Ferreira, R. Leow and C. Sanz, 303–325. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Ruiz Mantilla, Jesús. 2019. El lenguaje inclusivo tensa a ‘todes’ en Argentina. El País. [URL]
Salinas Jr, Cristobal. 2020. “The Complexity of the “x” in Latinx: How Latinx/a/o Students Relate to, Identify With, and Understand the TermLatinx.” Journal of Hispanic Higher Education.
Salinas Jr, Cristobal, and Adele Lozano. 2017. “Mapping and recontextualizing the evolution of the term Latinx: An environmental scanning in higher education.” Journal of Latinos and Education 18: (4).
Scharrón del Rió, María, and Alan Aja. 2015. The Case FOR ‘Latinx’: Why Intersectionality Is Not a Choice. [URL]
Steinmetz, Katy. 2019. This Is Why Singular ‘They’ Is Such a Controversial Subject. Time. [URL]
Trudgill, Peter. 1988. “Norwich revisited: Recent linguistic changes in an English urban dialect.” En- glish World-Wide 9 (1): 33–49.
U. S. Census Bureau. (2010). The Hispanic population: 2010. [URL] (1 September, 2020).
. 2019. Quick facts: North Carolina. Retrieved May 25, 2019, from [URL]
Van Herk, Gerard, Paul DeDecker, and Jennifer Thorburn. 2014. “Undergraduate-Conducted Surveys: Balancing Learning and Data Collection.” Methods in Dialectology XV1, 11–15.
Van Herk, Gerard. 2008. “The very Big Class Project: Collaborative Language Research in Large Undergraduate Classes.” American Speech 83 (2): 222–230.
Vidal-Ortiz, Salvador, and Juliana Martínez. 2018. “Latinx thoughts: Latinidad with an X.” Latino Studies 16 (3): 384–395.
Wolfram, Walt, Mary Kohn, and Erin Callahan-Price. 2011. “Southern-bred Hispanic English: An emerging socioethnic variety.” In Selected proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Spanish Sociolinguistics, ed. by J. Michnowicz and R. Dodsworth, 1–13. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press.
Zentella, Ana Celia. 2018. “LatinUs* and linguistics Complaints, conflicts, and contradictions – The anthro-political linguistics solution.” In Questioning Theoretical Primitives in Linguistic Inquiry Papers in honor of Ricardo Otheguy, ed. by N. L. Shin and D. Erker, 189–207. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Cited by (4)
Cited by four other publications
Basterretxea Santiso, Gorka
Román Irizarry, Alexandra, Anne L. Beatty-Martínez, Julio Torres & Judith F. Kroll
Román Irizarry, Alexandra & Rosa E. Guzzardo Tamargo
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 1 december 2025. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.
