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In:Multifaceted Multilingualism
Edited by Kleanthes K. Grohmann
[Studies in Bilingualism 66] 2024
► pp. 429–434

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Index

Published online: 4 April 2024
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https://doi.org/10.1075/sibil.66.index

A

  • additional language (Ln)17, 136
    • acquisition/learning6, 123–124, 126–127, 129–130, 134–135, 138, 140–141, 144, 337
    • teaching17, 137, 141, 144
    see also Another Language Learning (ALL); third language
  • advantages6, 8–9, 68–69, 78, 99, 123–128, 130–140, 142, 144, 194, 204–206, 223–224, 292, 305
  • African American47, 51, 54, 56, 58; see also English, African American (AAE)
  • agreement12–13, 41, 48, 73–75, 86, 97, 124, 141, 169, 292–318, 402
  • allomorphy75
  • American53, 137, 399–400; see also English, American; English, General American (GAE)
  • American Sign Language (ASL)234, 357
  • Another Language Learning (ALL)81, 137, 327, 341, 345, 353
  • aphasia6, 255–256, 258, 263, 296 (fn.)
  • Arabic7, 132–134, 136, 141, 143, 154–160, 162, 166–170, 172–174, 272, 278, 294, 342, 399, 405
    • Palestinian (PA)7, 154–157, 159–160, 162–164, 166–168, 172
    • Spoken (SpA)154–157, 164, 166, 169, 171–172, 174–177
    • Standard (StA)154–172, 174–178
  • assessment5, 7–8, 18, 56, 70, 72, 76, 84–85, 128–129, 131, 136–137, 159, 178, 184–189, 191, 194–197, 205, 208–209, 214, 221, 263, 271, 279
  • Australia10–11, 15–16, 254–256, 260–264, 274, 342–343, 394–395, 398, 404–407, 414–422; see also English, Australian; English, Melbourne
  • Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)8–9, 204–205, 207–210, 215–224
  • awareness53, 55, 110 (app.), 143, 145, 174, 186, 206, 233, 274, 311, 379, 389 (fn.), 421
    • clinical7
    • critical language270, 276–277, 281–282, 355
    • metalinguistic124, 128–129, 140, 205, 360, 374–375, 382–384, 389
    • phonemic164
    • phonological165–166
    • semantic8, 184, 186, 195
    • sociolinguistic383, 389 (fn.)
    • stroke10–11, 254, 256–260, 265
    • syntactic184, 186, 195
    • tasks186

B

  • Bangladesh399
  • Barossa Valley15–16, 414–417, 419–425; see also German, Barossa
  • baseline speakers12–13, 292–293, 295, 299–303, 310–311, 314, 316–318
  • Basque130, 134, 143, 342
  • Basque Country128, 135, 143
  • beats234
  • bidialect(al)ism4, 8, 14, 52, 59–63, 184–185
  • bilectalism2, 4, 206
  • bilingual advantage, see advantages
  • bilingual boost, see multilingual boost
  • bilingual curriculum129, 134, 416
  • bilingualism1–2, 5–6, 8–9, 13–15, 59, 123, 125–126, 129–130, 132, 135, 137–138, 156, 174, 177, 186, 195, 204–207, 215, 220, 222–224, 271, 273–274, 276–282, 284–285, 327–329, 369–373, 395, 397
    • additive6, 126, 128–129, 328, 357
    • balanced6, 123–124, 126–130, 132–133, 135–141, 144
    • heritage123, 126, 130–133, 270–271, 274
    • sequential2, 156, 297 (fn.)
    • simultaneous (2L1)2, 109 (app.), 135, 156, 177, 209, 297
    • unbalanced6, 123, 126, 133, 135–140, 144–145, 293
    see also multilingualism
  • biliteracy129, 328–329; see also literacy; multiliteracies
  • biolinguistics22–23
  • British16, 50–51, 138, 398–402, 404, 414–415, 418; see also English, British
  • Bulgarian311

C

  • Canada1, 15, 75, 283, 395–396, 398, 405; see also English, Canadian; English, Toronto
  • Cantonese272, 355, 399, 402, 405, 407
  • carers10–11, 224, 254, 259, 261–265, 425 (fn.)
  • Castilian135
  • Cat story85
  • Catalan134–135
  • Catalonia128, 135
  • CHAT85
  • child language22, 27, 29–30, 37, 40
  • child second language acquisition (cL2A)185, 188, 194–195
  • China193, 342, 405
  • Chinese, see Mandarin; Cantonese
  • classroom2–5, 11–14, 47, 51–63, 68, 71–73, 76, 78–83, 88, 90, 95–96, 98–99, 112ff. (app.), 128, 132, 136, 142–144, 239, 271, 273–275, 280–285, 337, 355–357, 360–361, 369–370, 374–377, 379, 390
  • co-speech/co-thought gestures9–10, 232–235, 237–238, 241–248
  • code-mixing, see language mixing
  • code-switching13, 58–60, 62, 72–73, 142, 156, 159 (fn.), 282, 306, 310–311, 327–329, 370, 374–377, 379, 383, 386–388, 422
  • cognate139–140, 160–163
  • cognitive advantage, see advantages
  • cognitive development79, 118 (app.), 124–125, 129, 135, 223 (fn.), 224, 233
  • cognitive load9–10, 59, 231–236, 239, 241–245, 247–249
  • cognitive reserve124–125
  • Common European Framework of Reference for Language (CEFR)238
  • Communication units (C-units)70
  • community language, see heritage language
  • competences14, 25, 31, 43, 69, 71, 127–129, 140, 142, 187, 192, 264, 277, 369, 372, 375, 382, 388
  • comprehension27–28, 76–77, 85, 90–91, 98, 140, 160–161, 186–187, 255, 296–298, 301, 309, 370, 374, 379, 381
  • conceptualizations9–10, 232–234, 236–240, 243, 245–246, 248
  • COVID (Covid-19)254
  • cross-linguistic influence (CLI)124, 127, 138–140
  • culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD)254–255, 257, 260–265
  • Cypriots256–257, 369, 379; see also Greek, Cypriot; Turkish, Cypriot
  • Cyprus14, 370, 376; see also Greek, Cypriot; Turkish, Cypriot

D

  • Das Blatt414, 425
  • deictic10, 232, 234, 240–243, 246–249
  • Developmental Language Disorder (DLD)7–9, 154, 161–178, 184, 187–199, 194–197, 204–205, 207–210, 215–224; see also Specific Language Impairment (SLI)
  • diagnosis2, 7–8, 154–155, 176, 184, 187–189, 191, 195–196, 208–209, 260
  • dialects4, 7–8, 17, 47–52, 55–61, 158, 162, 164, 169, 162, 164–166, 185–187, 190–197, 304, 329, 339, 342, 344, 359, 372–373, 376–377, 378 (fn.), 379–380, 382–383, 389–390
  • digital media13, 327, 332, 345, 348–350, 347–350, 352–353, 358–362, 373
  • diglossia7, 154–159, 161–162, 164–165, 167, 174–178, 370, 375
  • Dinka407
  • diversity14, 68–71, 95, 98, 110 (app.), 142, 255, 272, 345, 356, 361–362, 376, 388–389, 395, 397, 402, 406, 409; see also superdiversity
  • Dog story85
  • Dravidian5, 73
  • Dutch41, 75, 133, 135, 400
  • East Indian399
  • Ebonics53
  • England274, 398
  • English4–6, 8–11, 15–17, 22, 24–25, 30–32, 34–39, 41–42, 50–53, 59–60, 62, 68–75, 77–78, 80–88, 90–91, 95–99, 109 (app.), 115 (app.), 119 (app.), 123, 128–137, 141, 143, 157, 177, 184–186, 189–193, 196, 232, 238, 240, 260, 274–276, 282, 297 (fn.), 301, 306, 308, 310–312, 328, 337, 341–345, 353, 355–356, 361, 395–396, 398–402, 405–409, 414, 416–417, 419–420, 422, 424
    • Aboriginal344
    • African American (AAE)4, 47–63
    • American47, 55, 61, 128
    • Australian15, 406, 409
    • Black52
    • Canadian398, 400, 402–404
    • Easy254
    • General American (GAE)48, 51, 55, 58–60, 62
    • global17, 342
    • Lebanese Australian406, 408
    • Melbourne15, 406–408
    • Toronto15, 395, 403, 408
    • as a Lingua Franca (ELF)6, 123, 136
    • as Medium of Instruction (EMI)5, 68, 72, 77, 79–80, 82, 85, 95, 341; see also medium of instruction (MoI)

E

  • ethnic discriminations134, 402, 418, 420
  • ethnic orientation (EO)402–404
  • ethnicity4, 11, 16, 54, 255, 265, 402, 404, 408, 414
  • ethnolects15, 395–398, 400, 402–404, 406–409
  • ethnolinguistic communities14–15, 271–272, 274, 279, 403–405; see also superdiversity
  • evolution3, 26, 43, 51, 332
  • executive control, see executive function (EF)
  • executive function (EF)6, 8, 125, 135, 185–186, 195, 204–207, 211, 214–215, 217, 221
  • existential constructions41, 402–403, 407–408
  • Faetar402
  • features12–13, 15, 50–51, 60, 86, 98, 306, 327, 330, 421
    • agreement97, 301, 316
    • design24–25, 273
    • discourse-pragmatic15, 395, 402, 408–409
    • finiteness74, 97
    • formal305, 315 (fn.), 357
    • gender13, 292–293, 294 (fn.), 295, 301, 303–304, 306 (fn.), 307, 310, 314–315, 317–318
    • grammatical15, 69, 75, 128, 131–132, 292, 295, 403–404, 409
    • HCL397–398, 401
    • lexical99, 404
    • lingual2
    • linguistic48, 55, 62, 154, 336, 395, 402–403, 408–409
    • morphological73, 316
    • morpho-syntactic71, 99
    • number13, 292–293, 294 (fn.), 301, 303–304, 310, 314–315, 318
    • perceptual240, 246
    • phi97, 293, 314, 316
    • phonetic/phonological15, 162, 167, 403–404
    • semantic69
    • syntactic42, 99
    • tense97

F

  • feminine12, 156, 169, 294–295, 298–301, 303, 305–310, 312–314, 317, 344
  • Filipino402
  • finiteness5, 68, 73–75, 77–78, 86–94, 96–99
  • Finland134, 356
  • Finnish277
  • first language (L1)5, 7–8, 17, 69–70, 72–76, 80–81, 85, 96–98, 119 (app.), 128, 130–132, 135–136, 141, 184–188, 191–197, 243, 292–293, 296, 311 (fn.), 317, 337, 370, 374, 386
  • false belief9, 204, 214
  • French134, 141, 316, 330, 398–399
  • Frisian135
  • Friulan134

G

  • gender (assignment/agreement)12–13, 292, 294–296, 299–300, 303–304, 306–314, 317–318
  • General(ized) Linear Model (GLM)78, 90–91, 184, 193
  • genitive4, 22–23, 27–32, 34–35, 37, 39, 41–44
  • Georgian14, 376, 378 (fn.), 384, 388
  • German15–16, 75, 131–134, 141–143, 311 (fn.), 316, 330, 400, 406, 414–425
    • Barossa16, 414–415, 421–422, 425
    • education in South Australia414–417, 419, 424
    • heritage in South Australia414, 419
    • identity in South Australia414, 417, 419, 425
    • language renewal in South Australia15–16, 414–415
    • -speaking immigrants in South Australia16, 414–415, 425
    • suppression of16, 414, 417
  • Germany131–132, 134, 143, 417–421, 433
  • gesticulation234
  • gesture duration9–10, 232–234, 236, 240–241, 244–245, 247–249
  • gestures for conceptualization9–10, 232–234, 237–240, 245–246, 248
  • Global South71, 78–79
  • goal-attempt-outcome (GAO)70
  • grammatical default12, 292, 297, 303, 304 (fn.), 306–307, 309–311, 313–314, 316–317
  • grammatical gender141, 292–293
  • Greece208–209, 405
  • Greek8–11, 14, 207–211, 254, 256–259, 283, 359, 361, 371, 379, 382 (fn.), 384–388, 400, 402, 405–407
    • Cypriot14, 370, 375–379, 381 (fn.), 383, 388
    • Standard (Modern)14, 369–371, 375–377, 378 (fn.), 379, 384, 388, 389 (fn.)
  • Gujarati274, 399 (fn.)

H

  • Hebrew71, 159 (fn.)
  • heritage language (HL)2, 3, 6, 11–12, 16–17, 132, 142–143, 157, 270–285, 292–295, 303–304, 312–313, 318, 342, 353, 407, 423
    • classroom271, 273–275, 280–285
    • education271–272, 285–289, 291, 295, 341
    • grammar292, 312, 314, 318
    • identity26, 273, 278, 414, 419, 425
    • instruction273, 275–276, 279–282, 357
    • learners271, 273–278, 282
    • maintenance11, 15–16, 272, 275, 279
    • speaker (HS)142, 271, 292–304, 306–307, 312–318, 414, 422, 425
    • speaker, bilingual124, 130, 297 (fn.)
    • students283
  • heritage/community language (HCL)14–15, 342, 395, 397–399, 401–402, 409; see also heritage language (HL)
  • Hindi5, 78, 80–81, 85, 108 (app.), 399
  • Hungarian40, 402

I

  • iconic10, 232, 234, 240–243, 245–246, 248, 334
  • identity (ethnic)4, 15–16, 47, 261, 264, 278, 342, 352, 355, 361, 373, 377, 395, 397–398, 400, 409, 414, 417, 419, 425
  • India5, 68–72, 77–79, 81, 84–85, 95, 97–99, 108 (app.)
  • inhibition6, 9, 124–125, 127, 130, 138–140, 143, 204, 206, 211, 213–214, 223; see also executive function (EF)
  • input5, 13, 31, 38–40, 68, 70–72, 74–75, 78, 81–86, 88, 90, 95, 97–99, 159, 170, 176, 190, 195, 223 (fn.), 248, 292, 294, 299–300, 304–305, 307–310, 318
  • institutionalization12, 270, 277–278, 374, 397
    • HL education271, 277–279
    • planned multilingualism6, 123, 133
  • intelligence128, 235
    • artificial347, 358–360, 362
    • full-scale IQ (FIQ)207, 209–210, 215–216, 218–222
    • IQ204, 207, 223
    • non-verbal9
  • interdependence6, 123, 126–127, 129
  • interfaces8, 22, 183–187, 189, 191, 193–197, 224, 235, 305, 344, 350–352
  • Iranian399 (fn.)
  • Ireland135, 187, 272, 398
  • Irish (ethnicity)399–402, 404, 425
  • Israel7, 154, 159, 162
  • Italian134, 141, 189, 311, 399–400, 402, 404–407
  • Italy134, 187, 402 (fn.), 405

J

  • Japanese274

K

  • Kaffee und Kuchen423–425
  • Kannada5, 80
  • knowledge processes363–364
  • Korean141, 276, 402
  • Kriol342–345

L

  • Ladin134
  • Lambadi5, 80
  • language
    • abilities5, 9, 60, 70, 72, 77, 98, 177, 196, 204–205, 208
    • disorder2, 6–8, 32, 34, 154–155, 157–159, 175, 184–188, 191, 194–197, 204–205, 207, 210, 216–222, 255
    • documentation16, 414, 420–421, 424–425
    • learners6, 29–30, 51, 99, 150, 235, 270, 273, 283
    • maintenance11, 15–16, 282, 293, 341, 399, 409, 414–415, 417, 419, 421–422, 424–425
    • mixing72, 81–82, 96, 156, 276, 310, 328–329, 331, 336–337, 341, 345, 347, 356, 358–359, 370, 372, 377
    • tasks9–10, 30, 130, 164, 172–173, 177–178, 196–197, 204, 208, 215–216, 221, 223, 276, 299, 304
    • teaching11, 13–14, 17, 51–52, 56, 59, 61, 63, 81–82, 112 (app.), 134, 137, 141, 143–144, 275, 278, 280–284, 327–328, 332, 342, 345, 349, 352, 355–357, 370–371, 374–376, 388 (fn.), 389, 415, 419
  • languaging348, 373
  • Latin352, 354–357
  • Latinx274
  • non-lexicalist approaches13, 292, 306, 318
  • lexicalist approaches295, 305
  • lexicon7, 13, 28, 38, 69–72, 98–99, 124, 131, 139–140, 154, 156, 158–161, 167–168, 170, 172, 174, 176, 186, 197, 205, 208, 233–234, 244, 292–293, 295, 299–300, 305–307, 312–313, 315 (fn.), 316, 318–319, 336, 397 (fn.), 406, 421–422
  • Lingua Franca6, 123, 136, 355
  • linguistic distance/proximity7, 56, 123, 141, 154–159, 162–169, 171–172, 175–176, 178
  • literacy4–5, 47, 49, 54–55, 58, 61–62, 68–69, 76–79, 84, 88, 90–91, 95, 98–99, 156, 174, 178, 209, 263, 271–272, 274, 283, 328, 337–344, 349, 356–357, 372 (fn.), 373, 377, 382, 389, 416–417, 419
    • critical374
    • tasks84–85, 98
  • Lutheran415–417, 420, 423

M

  • macro-based approaches275
  • macrostructure70, 85
  • Malay137
  • Mandarin4, 8, 22, 24–25, 31, 34–39, 137, 184–186, 190–195, 272, 355, 399 (fn.)
  • Marathi80
  • masculine12, 156, 169, 292, 294–295, 298–301, 303–304, 306–310, 313–314, 317
  • medium of instruction (MoI)68–72, 82, 341
  • memory239, 243, 263, 338, 340, 360
    • phonological (short-term)164–165, 167, 177
    • verbal short-term memory75
    • working memory125, 135, 206, 223, 235–236, 244, 248–249
  • Merge3, 22–30, 37, 40, 43
  • meta-analyses273, 279–281
  • metaphoric10, 232, 234, 240, 242–243, 245–246, 248, 352
  • microstructure5, 68, 70–73, 77–79, 85–92, 95–99
  • Minimalist Program22, 25–26, 314
  • minority languages2–3, 5–6, 16,–17, 68, 74 (fn.), 78, 80, 88, 90–92, 95, 98–99, 123, 134–135, 271, 277, 328, 414 (fn.)
  • mismatches56, 59, 191, 297–299, 302, 308–309, 315
  • monodialectal8, 184, 186–187, 191–195
  • monolectal175
  • monolingualism4, 9, 12, 14, 34, 69–72, 75–76, 78, 80, 82, 125–136, 138–144, 175, 186–188, 194–196, 204–211, 215–224, 276–277, 296–301, 303–307, 313–314, 328, 331, 350, 355–357, 369–372, 374, 376–379, 388, 390
  • parallel350, 371–372, 374
  • morphology4, 7, 12, 48, 70–75, 86–87, 96–97, 154, 156–159, 168–173, 176, 185, 187–189, 191, 275, 292–293, 303, 305, 307, 312–314, 316–317, 377, 381 (fn.)
  • multiform meanings13, 327, 331–334, 336, 338–341, 346, 350, 358
  • multilingual advantage, see advantages
  • Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives (MAIN)85, 96
  • multilingual boost9, 124, 134, 139, 144, 204–207, 223–224
  • multilingualism1–18, 59, 62, 68–72, 76, 80, 84, 95, 99, 108 (app.), 112 (app.), 123–127, 132–134, 136–145, 187, 197, 204, 261, 270–272, 273, 276–281, 284–285, 327–330, 336, 353, 359–362, 369–372, 376, 389, 395–396, 398–399, 409; see also bilingualism
  • multiliteracies13, 108 (app.), 112 (app.), 318, 330–332, 336, 353, 357, 359
  • multimodal9, 232, 330–331, 333, 336, 373

N

  • narratives5, 9–10, 57, 68, 70–73, 75, 77–79, 85–92, 95–99, 232, 234, 237, 241, 243, 245–248, 261
  • needs analysis272
  • neuter300 (fn.), 311, 313–314
  • NoAgree73
  • non-finite73, 316
  • non-lexicalist approaches13, 295, 306, 318
  • North Frisian134
  • Norway134, 143
  • Norwegian72, 76, 143, 311 (fn.), 313

O

  • opportunities, economic272, 415
    • educational51, 54, 95, 98, 120–121 (app.)

P

  • Pakistan399 (plus fn.)
  • Panjabi399 (fn.)
  • pedagogy13–14, 17, 77, 83, 98, 143, 271, 275, 282–284, 327–330, 331, 336–337, 340–341, 343–346, 353–357, 362, 369––376, 378, 390
    • models11, 270, 275, 280–281
    • practice13, 81, 327–328, 338, 341, 353, 361, 378, 390
  • phonetics15, 22, 347, 395, 397 (fn.), 402–403, 406–407, 409
  • phonology4, 7, 15, 49, 154, 156, 158–160, 162–168, 172, 174, 177–178, 185, 208, 300, 307–308, 310, 312, 317–318, 349, 377, 395, 402–403, 407, 409
  • policies11, 17–18, 135, 261, 270, 277, 279, 282, 357, 375, 389, 398, 404–405, 407
  • Polish143, 272, 294, 402
  • Portuguese38, 402
  • parameters123, 125, 139, 141, 144, 163, 305, 373
  • processing9, 140, 149, 157, 164, 168, 172, 175–177, 206, 214, 235–237, 243, 280, 304, 307, 316, 318
    • morphological168–173, 275, 293, 307, 318, 377
    • phonological160, 164–168, 172, 174, 177–178, 185, 208, 310, 318, 377
  • professional development12, 61, 143, 278, 283
  • proto-grammars43
  • Punjabi108–109, 115, 399 (fn.), 402

Q

  • quotatives403, 407

R

  • reaction time130, 140, 220
  • reading2–4, 7, 29, 47, 51–53, 55–62, 72, 76–78, 82, 84–85, 90–91, 98–99, 114 (app.), 124, 127–128, 130, 133, 136, 154, 156, 172, 176, 192, 349, 374, 416–417
    • comprehension5, 68–69, 76–78, 84, 98, 124, 133, 136
  • recursion3–4, 22–43
    • constraint39–40
  • religion116, 406, 415–417, 424
  • Russian14, 72, 74, 96–97, 131–134, 143, 272, 275, 294, 300 (fn.), 313–314, 342, 376, 378 (fn.), 379, 384, 387–388, 402

S

  • Sámi134
  • Sardinian134
  • Saterfrisian134
  • second language (L2)5, 7–10, 17, 68, 70–72, 74–78, 85–86, 88, 91, 95–98, 127–128, 130–132,, 134, 136, 141, 184–188, 191–197, 232–234, 239, 248, 273, 293–294, 296, 305, 316, 355, 370, 374, 395
  • semantics8, 23, 29, 35 (fn.), 41, 69, 170, 172, 184–197, 233, 240, 246, 317, 349, 352–353, 360
  • semiotics329–330, 332–333, 336, 373–374, 389 (fn.), 390
  • sentence comprehension9, 204, 208, 211, 215–216, 218–224
  • sentence-picture matching task184, 211
  • settlers15, 405, 415
  • short-term memory75, 165
  • Singapore137
  • socio-economic status (SES)4–5, 9, 53–54, 57, 69, 76–77, 85, 89 (fn.), 95, 116, 133, 144, 164, 204, 207, 210 (fn.), 220–221, 376
  • sociolinguistics7, 14–15, 17, 48, 154, 155, 271, 275–276, 284, 369, 372, 382–383, 389 (fn.), 395–398, 401–402, 407, 409
  • Sorbian134–135
  • South Australia15, 192, 256, 414–416, 419, 422
  • South Sudanese407
  • Spanish12, 59, 75, 130, 135, 142–143, 177, 189, 270, 272, 274, 281, 283–284, 292–297, 299–312, 317–318, 330, 337, 341–342, 345, 361, 399 (fn.)
  • Specific Language Impairment (SLI)6, 296; see also Developmental Language Disorder (DLD)
  • spelling4, 47, 52, 58, 160, 172, 343–344
  • Sprachinsel16, 414 (fn.), 417–418, 422, 424–425
  • story retelling5, 9–10, 68, 71–72, 77–78, 80, 85–86, 95, 97–99, 232, 239–242, 244, 247–248, 252 (app.)
  • stroke10–11, 241, 254–265
  • Strong Minimalist Thesis27–28, 37–38
  • subtractive bilingualism6, 124, 126, 140, 328
  • superdiversity14–15, 373, 395, 397–398, 409
  • surface cues12–13, 292, 295–296, 298, 300–301, 304, 306–307, 309–313, 317–318
  • Sweden134, 143, 277
  • Swedish141, 311
  • Switzerland133–134
  • syntax3–5, 8, 13, 23–24, 26, 40–42, 48, 68–72, 75, 77–78, 86–89, 96–99, 158, 184–189, 191–197, 208, 215–216, 221, 224, 234, 275–276, 292–293, 302, 305, 311, 315–316, 318, 349, 402, 421–422

T

  • Tagalog402
  • Tamil137, 276–277, 399
  • task structures232, 247
  • task-based language teaching (TBLT)275–276
  • Telugu5, 68, 72–74, 77–78, 80–82, 85–86, 95–97, 99, 109, 115
  • tense48, 50–51, 73–75, 86–87, 92–93, 97, 124, 131, 275, 306, 312, 345, 381 (fn.)
  • thematic roles194
  • theory of mind (ToM)8–9, 204–206, 214–215, 219–221, 223–224
  • third language (L3)17, 127–129, 131–134, 141
  • threshold hypothesis126, 129
  • topic-comment structure8, 184, 190, 196
  • translanguaging2, 4, 11, 13–14, 59–60, 62, 72–73, 113 (app.), 143–144, 285, 327–331, 336–338, 340–347, 349–350, 353, 355–357, 359–361, 369–377, 379, 388–390
  • Transpositional Grammar334–335, 340, 350, 353, 362, 377
  • truth value judgement task4, 22, 31
  • Turkish14, 131–134, 143, 370, 378 (fn.), 406
    • Cypriot14, 370
  • typical language development (TLD)3, 7–9, 71, 154, 164–177
  • typically developing (TD)9, 168, 170, 188, 204–207, 210, 215–222

U

  • Ukrainian402
  • United Arab Emirates137
  • United Kingdom (UK)283, 396, 405, 415
  • United States (U.S./US)1, 4, 47, 49, 51, 52 (fn.), 53, 61 (fn.), 62, 270, 272, 274, 281–282, 284, 341, 425
  • Universal Grammar (UG)23, 25–26, 38, 349
  • Urdu5, 80, 109 (app.), 115 (app.), 399 (fn.)

V

  • variation2, 14–15, 40, 50–53, 58–59, 61, 75, 142, 158–159, 186, 191, 205, 277, 282, 312, 331, 376, 389, 395, 399, 402–404, 406–407, 409
  • vernaculars2–4, 7, 50, 52 (fn.), 95, 154, 156, 158–160, 164, 329, 337, 340–341, 345, 357, 389 (fn.), 434
  • Vietnamese141, 405
  • Voddera80

W

  • Wales135
  • Welsh135, 328, 337, 341, 345
  • word order8, 131, 184–185, 189, 194
  • writing2–4, 7, 47, 51–62, 82, 114 (app.), 127, 129, 136, 154–155, 240, 283, 333, 336, 339, 348–349, 361, 373, 375, 414–416
  • Wu8, 184, 186–187, 190–196

Y

  • Yiddish277

Z

  • Zulu62
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