In:Understanding Language and Cognition through Bilingualism: In honor of Ellen Bialystok
Edited by Gigi Luk, John A.E. Anderson and John G. Grundy
[Studies in Bilingualism 64] 2023
► pp. 385–394
Index
Published online: 6 June 2023
https://doi.org/10.1075/sibil.64.index
https://doi.org/10.1075/sibil.64.index
A
- Abutalebi, Jubin 32, 36–37, 66, 128, 219, 225–26, 241–43, 258–59, 269, 293, 295–96, 298–99, 305–8, 312–15, 346, 351–52, 355, 369–70, 372, 382
- Abutalebi & Green 27, 51, 96, 212, 217–19, 222, 231, 233, 236–37, 277, 286, 303, 311, 359, 376–77
- academic achievement (and advantages) 127, 188, 194–97, 201–3, 205–7
- ACC (anterior cingulate cortex|gyrus) 36, 128, 135, 218, 220, 225, 248, 253, 270, 272, 277, 279, 281, 283–84, 286, 302, 310, 332
- Acquisitionsee language acquisition
- Adaptation, neurocognitive 51, 58, 219
- Adaptive Control Hypothesis (ACH) 27, 33, 62, 190, 205, 217, 219–20, 226, 376, 380, 382
- Adler, Scott 127, 133, 135–36, 147, 160, 264
- Adolescents 46, 128–29, 134, 139
- Advantagesee bilingual advantage
- African American English (AAE) 22, 24–25
- Age, older, ageing, aging, and aging populations 4, 8–10, 12–13, 60, 113–14, 118, 263, 285, 289, 292, 294, 296, 300, 301–302, 306–8, 311, 312–14, 317–18, 322, 325, 327–28, 329, 330, 332–34, 336–42, 339, 350, 353–54, 357, 377, 380
- Age of acquisition (AoA) 62, 64, 66, 255–56, 259–60, 266, 272, 285–86, 288, 297, 302–3
- Akamatsu 75–76, 80
- Alladi 306, 309, 312, 331, 336, 347, 352, 358, 365, 367, 369, 372
- Alzheimer, Alzheimer’s dementia, and Alzheimer’s disease 4, 8, 10, 12, 243, 256–57, 269, 291, 295, 297, 299, 301, 302, 306, 308–9, 313, 316, 343–44, 347, 352, 353–54, 355, 357–60, 366–68, 370, 373, 377–78, 382
- Anderson, John A. E. 1, 7–9, 52–55, 60, 103, 113, 164–65, 255–57, 266, 272–300, 312–13, 348, 350, 352, 368–69, 377–78, 381–82
- ANT (Attentional Network Test) and ANT task 114, 135, 157, 263, 332, 337
- Anterior thalamic radiation (ATR) 221, 303
- Applied linguistics 3, 14–15, 30, 60, 65, 114, 184, 203, 205–6, 243
- Atrophy and Brain atrophy 4, 10, 299, 310, 312, 316, 343–44, 346, 349, 350, 355–56, 363, 369, 372
- Attention
3–4, 19–20, 122–23, 133–34, 155–58, 170, 175–77, 179–82, 216–17, 232, 238, 242, 251–56, 266–67, 277, 332–33, 337–39
- executive 67, 139, 141, 157, 216, 231, 271
- sustained 234, 238, 327
- control 63, 133, 139, 146–47, 158, 167, 233, 245, 251, 336, 341
- states 230–34, 238–41, 375
- Attritionsee Language Attrition
- Auditory 133, 137, 252, 295
- Auer 36, 89–90, 105, 113
- Ávila 294, 312, 314, 316, 355, 381
B
- Baddeley 16, 29, 327, 341
- Bajo 30, 225, 231, 239, 243, 268, 337
- Bak, Thomas 9, 149, 167, 312, 331, 336, 348, 352–53, 369, 372
- Ballinger 181, 186, 201–3
- BAPSS (Bilingual Anterior to Posterior and Subcortical Shift) and BAPSS models 219–20, 255, 256, 261, 305–6, 325, 376
- Barac, Raluca 4, 9, 54, 99, 102, 113, 134–35, 145, 158, 171–73, 175, 183, 192, 203, 249, 263
- Barr 124–25, 135–36, 138–39, 147, 159, 264
- Basal ganglia 36, 218, 220, 243, 275, 306, 359, 362
- Bayram 23, 29, 32, 158
- Beatty-Martínez 23, 30, 35, 158, 216, 222, 225
- Benefits of bilingualismsee bilingual advantage
- Benet-Martínez 110, 113–14
- Berken 27, 30, 255, 263, 285, 289, 293, 295, 377, 381
- Berkes, Matthias 308, 312, 349, 353
- Berroir 61, 291, 294, 332, 338
- Bialystok 9–10, 12–23, 28–34, 100–103, 111–14, 133–37, 151–54, 156–60, 164–67, 169–74, 182–83, 188–92, 203, 263–66, 311–16, 328–30, 333–38, 345–49, 352–55, 380–83
- Bice, Bice & Kroll 24, 31, 213–15, 223, 225, 227, 235, 243, 256, 260, 263, 380
- BII (Bicultural identity integration), Biculturals, and Bicultural identity integration (BII) 109–10, 110, 113–14
- Bidialectals and bidialectal speakers 25–26, 28, 34, 339
- BiLEC (Bilingual Language Experience Calculator) 44–46
- Bilingual
- Adaptation 60, 158, 225, 241, 263, 336
- Advantage, benefits of bilingualism, benefits, and outperform monolinguals 62, 64, 66, 98, 102, 116–18, 135–36, 139–40, 142–47, 146, 152, 156–57, 159–60, 174–75, 185, 189–90, 193–94, 197, 202, 204, 247, 251, 263–64, 269–70, 325–35, 327, 332, 339, 341, 346, 347, 353, 365
- Brain 35, 37, 61, 64, 66, 163, 165, 228–29, 299–300, 305, 308, 311, 313, 315
- Children 6–7, 39–40, 44–46, 60–61, 63–64, 127–31, 134–35, 137, 143, 146, 149–50, 152–54, 158–59, 161–62, 164–67, 171–72, 183–85, 202–4, 319, 375–76
- Communities 22, 90, 94–95, 99, 103–5, 110, 337
- Development 65, 161–62, 188, 202
- Differences 126, 129, 132, 134–35
- Education 18, 37, 64, 116, 160, 178, 184–95, 197–99, 201–7, 296, 342 ; see also academic achievement
- Education models 191, 194–96, 201
- Education programs 192–93, 195, 201
- Environments 133, 136, 147, 157, 160, 192–94, 199–202, 252, 264, 376
- Experience 4, 6–8, 20–22, 28–29, 43, 46, 52, 57–58, 62–63, 88–89, 97–98, 112, 135–36, 178, 219, 221–22, 244–45, 260, 374–75
- Groups 48, 98, 125, 132, 148, 150, 253, 256, 309, 330, 349
- Infants 123–25, 132–34, 137, 139, 146–47, 150–51, 163–65, 167, 376
- Cognition 4–5, 7, 208
- Cognitive control 34, 164, 318, 335
- Functional connectivity 272–99
- Delays 271, 316, 347, 373
- Development 6, 80, 113, 142–67, 183, 325, 336
- Induced neuroplasticity 8, 301, 304–6, 311, 364
- Brain reserve 243, 269, 299, 355, 382
- Brain reserve and metabolic connectivity 243, 269, 299, 355, 382
- and brain structure and function 315, 371
- language control 31, 217–19, 225, 230–43, 277, 359, 362
- language processing 13, 27, 36, 60, 210–12, 218–19, 221, 224–25, 298–99, 376
- language use, and use 16, 23, 46, 51–52, 54, 66, 92, 157, 205, 217, 220, 251, 258
- populations 46–47, 87, 97, 156
- balanced 22, 59, 176, 236, 332
- late 48, 115, 165, 167, 292
- oldersee Age
- outperform monolingualssee bilingual advantage
- speakers 33, 55, 92, 107, 161, 221, 231, 233, 238, 277
- speech 113, 117, 206, 243, 297, 340
- word recognition 118, 214, 226, 229
- Biliteracy 6–7, 10, 68–85, 176, 183, 186, 203, 206
- Birdsong 48–49, 55, 60–61, 65
- Blaye 145–46, 153, 158, 166
- Blom 93–94, 114, 149, 159
- BLP (Bilingual Language Profile) 45, 55–57, 60–61
- Blumenfeld 46–47, 52, 63–64, 298, 368, 371
- Bogulski 34, 156, 164, 267, 297, 315, 340
- Bornstein 137, 142, 145, 149, 154, 159, 161, 204
- Borrowing 88–91, 95, 111, 117
- Borsa 137, 307, 312, 336
- Bosch 37, 57, 60, 66, 159, 269
- Boston naming test 326–27, 339
- Bot 66, 152, 163, 195, 208
- Bourhis 103, 105, 115
- Brain atrophysee atrophy
- Nrain networks 240, 246, 276, 280–82, 301, 329, 375
- Brain plasticity 7–8, 158, 228, 315
- Brain regions 28, 97, 132–33, 278, 300, 304, 345–46, 350–51, 356, 360–61
- Brain reserve (BR) 243, 269, 299, 314, 345–46, 355, 359, 382
- Brain signal complexity 245, 257–59, 268, 377
- Brain structure 128–29, 136, 139, 296, 301–16, 357, 359, 361, 363, 376, 382–83
- Braver 97, 114, 263, 323, 336
- Brito
6, 122–40, 147–48, 159, 264, 376
- Brito & Barr 124–26, 132, 147, 252
- Brito & Noble 128–29, 134
- Broersma 138, 149, 162, 238, 241
- Bruin 63, 164, 222, 226, 371
- Burgaleta 277, 294, 303, 312, 376, 381
- Byers-Heinlein 147, 150–51, 156, 159, 163, 165–66
C
- Calabria 27, 31, 219, 225, 236, 241, 277, 294–95, 312, 361, 369–70
- California 24, 260
- Calvo, Noelia 80, 130, 136, 185, 256, 264, 345, 353
- Canada 2–3, 18, 21, 90, 94, 109–10, 112, 154, 157, 195–96, 202, 347, 349
- Canini 137, 219, 225, 307, 312, 336, 352
- Cantonese 70, 101, 104, 106–9, 112
- Cantonese-English bilinguals 94, 101, 109, 119
- Carlson 136, 145–46, 158, 160, 204
- Carlson & Meltzoff 129, 131, 134, 146, 149, 193
- Carreiras 33, 47, 61, 82, 135, 157, 161, 222, 226, 263, 295–96
- Carter 115, 238, 241, 263, 270
- caudate nucleus 243, 277, 303, 360
- Cepeda 97, 114, 323, 337
- Cerebellum 237, 284–85, 303, 305–6, 312, 315
- Cerebral Cortex 37, 118, 135, 225, 229, 293, 295–96, 299–300, 303, 306–7, 315
- Chai 62, 227, 263, 266, 283, 293, 295, 297, 377, 381–82
- Chan 82–83, 177, 184
- Chastine Lamoureux 170–86
- Chertkow 313, 331, 337, 353, 370
- Child Development 6, 9, 30, 32, 135–41, 158–59, 161, 163, 165–66, 183, 203, 205–7, 263
- Children
6, 15, 17–18, 68–69, 71–75, 78–82, 122–23, 127–31, 135–39, 144–45, 150–54, 156–58, 170, 182–84, 186–87, 190, 192–201, 204–6, 280–81, 296–98
- school-aged 149, 151, 199
- China and Chinese
24, 66, 68–84, 70, 78, 104, 109, 178, 185, 195, 214, 282, 297
- children 69–70, 80–81, 84
- Chow 71, 81, 83, 161
- Chung 36, 71, 81–83
- Chung-Fat-Yim, Ashley 7–8, 246–70, 266, 277, 293
- Cingulate cortex, posterior 232, 238, 240–41, 243, 290–91
- Clahsen 29, 57, 60, 66, 315
- Clare 362, 370–71
- Claustrum 258, 264
- Coderre 249, 264, 277, 295
- Code-switch, codeswitching, and code-switching
6, 86–112, 114–15, 117, 119, 150, 219, 221, 228, 231, 233, 235, 237–38, 240, 241–42, 90–96, 100, 103, 108, 109–11, 112, 113, 116–17
- dense 235, 237–38, 240
- attitudes 106–7, 109–10
- mixing 89, 117
- cognitive abilities 21, 97, 102, 142, 206, 292, 306–9, 339–40
- cognitive advantages 41, 142, 145, 148, 151, 157, 165, 207, 271, 330
- cognitive agingsee Age
- cognitive consequences of bilingualism 6, 13, 211, 217, 221–22, 224
- cognitive control 9, 12–37, 65–67, 149, 164–66, 216–18, 263, 267–68, 271–72, 294–97, 302–3, 312–14, 320, 322–24, 329–30, 332, 334–36, 340–41, 361–62, 382
- cognitive flexibility 96, 122–23, 136, 148, 159, 166, 331
- cognitive models 5, 7, 14, 17, 20, 217
- cognitive performance 7, 137, 167, 201, 217, 250, 330, 341, 345–46, 349, 351
- cognitive processing 9, 15, 20, 135, 164, 183, 296, 321, 324–25
- Cognitive Psychology 6, 15–17, 33–34, 62, 64, 116–17, 139–40, 224, 226–28, 268–69, 296, 298, 338–39, 341, 382
- Cognitive reserve 8, 10, 257–58, 295–96, 309–13, 316–17, 330–31, 343–46, 348–49, 351, 352–55, 359–60, 362–63, 372, 374–75, 377–78
- Cohen 35, 114, 135, 235, 243, 263, 271, 330, 378
- Comeau 77, 81, 93, 114
- Comishen 133, 136, 147, 160, 247, 250, 252, 264
- Competition 64, 212, 221, 237, 375
- Comprehension 16, 31, 61, 64, 88, 111, 146, 161, 166, 168, 215
- conditions, incongruent 128, 319–21, 325, 331
- conflict 130, 189, 213, 250, 252–54, 264, 266, 268, 290, 326
- conflict monitoring 51, 135, 218, 220, 225, 249, 262–63, 267, 271, 293, 341
- congruent trials 248, 253, 264
- connectivity
132, 151, 231, 275–76, 280, 282–84, 286, 289–90, 292, 330
- metabolic 243, 269, 299, 355, 382
- resting-statebrain 62, 227, 266, 297, 382
- consequences of bilingualism 10, 12, 30, 211, 217, 222–23, 225, 259, 358
- contexts, given 50, 247, 254, 359
- continuous measures 52, 54, 103, 287
- continuum 16, 18, 20, 28, 38–67, 74, 87, 90, 249, 259–60, 378
- control, proactive 229, 275, 286, 323
- control networks 27, 62, 66, 227, 266, 287, 297, 382
- control processes 21, 51, 182, 232, 327
- control system, executive 96, 172
- conversation 7, 91, 94, 101–2, 105, 150, 220, 230–39, 241–43, 319
- corpus callosum 288, 303, 376
- cortex 10, 34, 63–64, 84, 137, 164, 208, 299, 314, 316, 343
- Costa 31, 33, 96–98, 114, 116, 150, 152, 160, 163, 225, 264, 293–95, 337, 339, 369–70
- Costa-Faidella 156, 160, 264, 337
- Costumero 286, 295, 309, 312, 314
- Craik, Fergus I. M., Craik & Bialystok 3–4, 8–10, 113–14, 151–52, 158–59, 164, 211, 225, 263, 294–96, 298–99, 312, 318–42, 347–48, 353–55, 319, 321–22
- Crivello 150, 160, 164, 271
- cross-language priming 67, 154, 156
- Cummins 126, 132, 136–37, 171–72, 180, 184, 199, 204
D
- Dash, Tanya 43, 61, 294, 332, 338
- Deacon 74, 76–77, 80–81, 84, 177, 184
- De Cat, Cecile 45–46, 61, 65, 101, 126, 132, 137, 154, 190, 199, 204
- Default mode networks 238–39, 242, 281, 285–86, 290–92, 330, 350, 356
- Defining bilingualism 38–67, 375
- degree of bilingualism 27–28, 37, 43, 47, 49–51, 53, 60, 66, 73–74, 100, 113, 119, 162, 174, 190, 192, 197, 234, 240, 241, 272, 278, 293
- DellaRosa 135, 137, 225, 262, 293, 312, 336, 352
- DeLuca 21–22, 32, 42–43, 54, 61, 219, 221, 265, 302–3, 311, 313, 315, 368, 376, 380–83
- Dementia 9, 12, 263, 273, 293–94, 312, 314–15, 347–48, 352–55, 358–59, 362, 369, 371–72, 375 ; see also Alzheimer’s
- Dewaele 108, 115
- Diamond 133, 137, 161, 190, 204, 345, 347, 353
- Diaz 36, 149, 161, 214, 228, 316
- Dijkstra 96, 118, 152, 161, 212–14, 226, 229, 276, 296, 300
- Disadvantage 38, 165–66, 189, 193, 278, 329, 334 ; see also bilingual advantage
- Diversity
22, 24, 29, 49–50, 52, 109–10, 260, 285, 287, 377, 381
- linguistic 23, 28, 163, 292
- Domain-general cognition 248, 254, 260–62, 376–77
- Dominant language 23, 89, 150–51, 153, 173, 178, 195, 202, 215
- DRM (Dynamic Restructuring Model) 219–20, 228, 269, 299, 305–7, 315, 372, 376, 380, 383
- DTI (diffusion tensor imaging) 36, 314, 316, 350, 356
- dual-language programs 191, 193, 196–97
- Duñabeitia 47, 61, 63, 135, 144, 157, 161, 222, 226, 263, 296
- Duncan 137, 170, 172, 184, 308, 313, 350, 353, 356, 367, 370
- Dyslexia 70, 72, 78, 81–84
E
- Early bilingualism 30, 65, 142–43, 149, 151, 351
- Education 1, 3–6, 8–9, 13–15, 31, 111, 113, 179, 182–84, 191, 194–95, 203–4, 347–49, 361–62, 375
- EEG, (Electroencephalogram) 7–8, 24, 218, 245–48, 250, 252, 253–54, 258, 262, 269, 276, 377
- Effects of aging and bilingualismsee Age
- Efficiency 21, 23, 164–65, 167, 218, 220–21, 247, 250, 255–56, 276, 285, 292, 376
- Eichenbaum 124, 133, 137
- English
24–25, 35–36, 49–51, 68–69, 71–84, 101, 104, 106, 161–62, 170–71, 173, 180–81, 184–87, 190–92, 194–95, 198–202, 213–14, 228, 281, 287
- proficiency 24, 53, 130, 191
- Entropy
29, 49–52, 221, 257
- multiscale 258–59, 265, 377
- Environments, linguistic 8, 27, 124, 126, 300
- epilepsy
301, 364–66, 371–72
- temporal lobe 310, 316, 366, 372
- ERN (error-related negativity) 248–49, 253, 266, 269
- ERPs (Event-related potentials) and ERP studies 32–35, 49, 65, 137, 166, 245, 248, 250, 251, 253, 254, 265–66, 268–70
- Esposito
7, 142, 188, 191, 193, 196–97, 204, 206, 338
- Esposito & Sangmi Park 190–206, 208
- Estanga 351–53
- Europe 3, 38, 181, 186, 224
- Executive control 10, 60–61, 96–99, 114, 128–29, 170–71, 173, 185–86, 203, 226, 242–43, 294–95, 310, 318, 320, 322, 336–39, 345–46
- Executive function (EF) 12–13, 19–21, 62–65, 128–31, 129–30, 133–34, 136–38, 144–46, 148, 150–51, 155–56, 158–68, 160–61, 163, 167–68, 190, 192–94, 197, 204, 243–49, 251–52, 258–60, 265–69, 332–34, 339–42, 359–62, 370–72
- Exposure 21, 23, 25, 40, 43–45, 54, 126, 132, 147–48, 153, 155–56, 194, 196, 199, 201
F
- Fabbro 31, 237, 243, 362, 371, 373
- Factor scores 53–54, 288, 378–79
- Farsad 243, 269, 299, 355, 382
- Fateme Mohseni 68–84
- Felton 256, 265, 302–3, 313
- Fennema-Notestine 152, 154, 162, 205, 327, 338
- Fernald 131, 137, 149, 153, 162–63, 165
- Fernández 149, 154, 165, 254, 265, 267
- Festman 100, 103, 115, 265
- Fischer 8, 10, 299, 316, 353, 355, 378
- Flanker and flanker task 129–30, 134, 149, 246, 250, 253, 267, 322, 329, 331–32, 335, 364
- Floccia 155, 161
- Fluency, letter 152, 162, 326, 334, 338
- fMRI and fMRI studies 7–8, 24, 30, 33, 36–37, 218, 228, 243, 255, 258, 268, 270, 276, 278, 280, 281, 296
- Fracchetti 243, 269, 299, 355, 382
- Frackowiak 58, 64, 165, 314–15
- Francis 174, 178, 184, 201, 205, 314
- Freedman, Morris 9–10, 144, 158, 263, 294–95, 312, 353, 369
- French-English bilinguals 94, 154, 286, 291, 332, 380
- Friesen, Deanna 7, 54, 61, 152, 162, 169–186, 266, 375
- Frontal, frontal lobes, and frontal regions 102, 220, 236, 237, 251, 255–56, 261, 272, 275, 285, 289, 297, 302, 307, 309, 322, 324, 325, 330, 337, 340, 346
- Frontoparietal and frontoparietal control network 238–39, 276, 285–87, 290–92
- Fuentes 135, 157, 161, 263, 328, 339, 354–55
- Functional connectivity, higher, intrinsic, functional networks, networks, and neural networks
4, 26–27, 54, 66, 216–18, 220, 230–32, 231, 238–40, 243, 247, 250, 251, 255–56, 263, 264, 272–73, 276, 278–80, 282, 285–86, 288–92, 294, 295, 297, 300, 351, 354, 365, 376–77, 381–82
- higher 272, 291, 351, 376–77
- intrinsic 295, 297, 300, 381–82
G
- García-Pentón 57, 61, 177, 180, 185–86, 192, 202, 204, 222, 226, 292, 296, 353
- Garraffa 45, 61, 66
- Garrett 104, 115, 257, 265
- Genesee 71, 81, 105, 114–15, 162, 184–85, 195, 199, 201, 203–4, 206
- Gentner 199, 205–6
- Gertken 55, 57, 60–61
- Geva 84, 176, 185, 187, 199, 204
- Ghazi-Saidi 48, 60, 294, 332, 336
- Gibbons 104–6, 115
- Giles 103, 115
- Gold 292, 296, 307–9, 313, 333, 338, 344, 354, 359, 370
- Golestani, Narly 27, 32, 151, 163, 297, 314
- Gollan, Tamar 113, 117, 152–54, 159, 161–62, 205–6, 211–12, 225–26, 316, 327, 338, 348, 354–55
- Gombert 81, 174, 179, 185, 187
- Gonzalez 97, 114, 268, 323, 337
- Goswami 72–73, 81, 85, 179, 185
- Grady 162, 164, 265, 289, 291, 294, 296, 298, 312, 314–15, 324–25, 329–30, 338, 340, 352
- Grainger 96, 118, 152, 161–62, 212, 214, 228–29
- Grant, Angela 34, 164, 198, 205, 285, 288, 296, 376, 382
- Green, David W 232–44
- Green & Abutalebisee Abutalebi & Green
- Greenberg 117, 140, 146, 168, 269, 341
- Greene 158, 196, 205, 265, 313–14
- Grey matter 302, 304, 307, 313, 350
- Grosjean 22–23, 33, 86–87, 92, 115–16, 118, 277, 286, 296, 380, 382
- Grundy, John G. 1, 7–9, 33, 158–159, 219–220, 243–270, 249, 252, 254–255, 273, 285, 288, 293, 312–313, 338, 352, 354, 382–383
- Grüter 149, 162–63
- Gullifer
43, 50–52, 62, 116, 118, 221, 227, 260, 266, 292, 297, 377, 382
- Gullifer & Titone 29, 49–50, 104, 221, 239, 286, 368
- Gumperz 88–89, 93–94, 114, 116
- Guo 37, 206, 215–16, 223, 227–29, 277, 297–98, 330, 340
H
- Hagoort 26, 33, 37, 96, 118, 214, 229, 300
- Hakuta 3, 10, 37, 162
- Hämäläinen 303, 313, 341, 369
- Hartanto 62, 103, 118, 130–31, 190, 208, 243
- Hasher, Lynn 324, 337–38
- Hawrylewicz 103, 113, 263, 293, 352, 358, 369, 381
- Hayne 80, 82, 123–24, 138, 299
- Healthy agingsee aging
- Hearing Research 61, 64, 160, 164, 229, 298, 371
- Hebrew 69, 125, 175
- Hermanto 172, 185
- Hernández 27, 96, 98, 114, 116, 135, 156–157, 160–161, 225, 262, 263–264, 265, 293, 298, 305, 312–314, 328, 330, 333, 337, 339
- Hervais-Adelman 151, 163, 284, 297, 311, 314
- Hilchey
62, 143, 163, 267–68, 339
- Hilchey & Klein 41, 247, 252, 325, 335
- Hindle 362, 370–71
- Hippocampus
220, 307, 314, 355, 378
- right 64, 307, 309, 311
- Homographs, interlingual 161, 181, 213–14
- Hong Kong 68–70, 75, 78, 104, 107–8, 114, 116
- Households, lower-SES 127, 129, 131–32
- Houwer 145, 149, 154, 156, 160–61
- Howard 31, 156, 163, 191, 201, 205
- Hu 66, 151, 158, 174, 187
- Huang 36, 173–76, 185
- Huntington’s disease
8, 301, 315, 359–63, 367, 369–73
- patients 360–61, 369
- Hurtado 149, 153, 162–63, 165
I
- ICA (independent component analysis) 279, 288, 294
- Identities, cultural 6, 106, 109–10 ; see also BII bicultural identity integration
- IFOF (inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus) 221, 303, 307
- Immersion
19, 28, 59, 185–87, 202–4, 207–8, 303, 368
- education 183, 192–93, 203, 207
- Infants 122–27, 131–34, 136, 138, 140, 146–48, 151, 153, 155–57, 163, 166, 252, 267, 269–70
- Inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) 220, 280–81, 287
- inferior parietal lobule (IPL) 218, 220, 277, 285, 312, 352
- Inhibition and inhibitory control 96, 99, 128, 130, 140, 145, 148, 156, 163, 165, 167, 216–17, 219, 228, 235, 244, 246, 251–52, 254, 265–66, 326, 329, 336, 363–64
- intelligence, fluid 255, 321–22, 331
- interactional contexts 22–23, 30, 51, 62, 104, 220, 222, 225, 230–33, 238, 241
- interference 92, 98, 103, 152–53, 156, 163, 233, 238, 329, 332, 335
- items, lexical 90, 92, 96, 235
J
- Jacoby 324, 334, 339
- Janus, Monika 172, 182, 190, 205, 270
- Japanese 73, 75–76, 84, 176, 200
- Johnson 37, 41, 64, 139, 266, 296, 307, 309, 313, 338, 359
- Jones 139, 145, 163, 205, 365, 369
K
- Kang 37, 223, 229
- Kaul 312, 336, 369, 372
- Kaushanskaya 46–49, 52, 63–64, 193, 205, 298, 368, 371
- Keim 135, 225, 262, 293
- Keyvani-Chahi, Aram 60, 87, 103, 113, 239, 241, 381
- Kim 109, 113, 269, 296, 307–8, 313–14, 338
- Kirby 81, 84, 177, 184
- Klein 3, 9, 62, 263, 266–68, 273, 289, 293–95, 297, 312, 336, 339, 381–82
- Koda 75–76, 82–83, 85
- Korean 36, 75, 84, 297
- Kousaie, Shanna 267, 281, 286, 297, 331–32, 339–40, 377, 382
- Kovács & Mehler 147, 247, 252
- Kovelman 151, 158, 174–75, 186
- Kowoll 346, 350, 354, 356
- Kramer 97, 114, 116, 323, 337
- Kraus 63, 128, 138–40
- Kriete 235–36, 243
- Krizman 47, 63, 128–29, 139–40
- Kroll 22, 24, 30–31, 34–36, 164, 206, 210–31, 243, 267, 276–77, 297
- Kubota 45–46, 63
- Kuhl 66, 137, 223, 226–27
- Kwan 2, 10, 174, 183
L
- Laine 63, 100, 118, 150, 164, 167, 333, 341, 369, 371
- Lam 83–84, 229
- Lambert 21, 39–40, 105, 116, 189
- language acquisition
19, 23, 27, 30, 38, 41, 47, 49, 60–61, 65–66, 201–2, 302, 306
- third 176, 184, 250
- language and cognition 3–5, 13–14, 29–30, 33, 35–37, 61–66, 115–19, 158–68, 203, 225–29, 241–43, 264–66, 269–71, 295–99, 312–13, 315–16, 338–39, 372–73, 381–83
- language and social background questionnaire 52, 60, 113, 241, 288, 293, 368–69, 378, 381
- language attitudes 56, 104–6, 115
- language attrition 50–51, 62, 225, 261
- Language Background 53, 148, 202
- language change 117, 214, 216, 261
- language choice 93–95, 166, 287
- language comprehension 27–28, 34, 49, 179
- language contexts
16, 125, 134, 150, 180, 191, 198, 202, 236
- dual 220, 233, 235–37
- language control 62–63, 217, 225–26, 230, 232–34, 236, 240–42, 286, 293, 296, 299, 303
- language control networks 232, 285, 292, 305
- language control processes 230, 232, 241, 375
- language development 15, 17, 20, 28, 34, 45, 49, 66, 69, 138, 181–82
- language dominance 47, 55–57, 61, 66, 102, 137, 154–56, 178, 182, 287, 338
- language entropy 33, 50–52, 62, 116, 227, 243, 297, 368, 370
- language environments 6–7, 23, 198
- language exposure 44, 47, 50–51, 60, 65, 69, 123, 126, 134, 136, 142, 194, 196
- language group differences 174, 264, 329–30
- language history 44, 56, 191, 236
- language learning 19, 28, 30, 35, 175, 181, 211, 215, 219, 225, 310–11, 315
- language mixing 46, 49, 52, 90, 113
- language network 218, 231–33, 235, 240, 281
- language of instruction 191–92, 198–99, 201
- language outcomes 18–19, 131, 202
- language pairs 89, 126, 155, 175
- language processes 89, 217, 222, 224
- language processing 6, 22, 24, 26–28, 152, 211–12, 214, 216–18, 222–23, 295, 297, 305, 307
- language production 152, 156, 206, 215
- language proficiency 34–35, 37, 56–57, 62, 64–66, 92, 101–2, 116, 149–50, 155–56, 165, 167, 185–86, 195–97, 200–203
- language profiles 64, 261, 298, 371
- languages
- heritage 29, 35, 65, 109, 178, 380
- home 23–24, 173, 191–92, 194
- new 220, 259, 261, 300
- non-dominant 89, 151, 153–54, 180, 202
- second/foreign 72, 75, 79
- single 6, 154, 181, 213, 219, 236, 238
- language selection 100, 144, 225–26, 228, 235
- language separation 201–2
- language skills 84, 128, 131, 156, 173, 202
- language structures 33, 170, 175–77, 182
- language switch 94, 101, 150–51
- language use 49–51, 53–54, 56, 104, 107–8, 149–50, 219, 221, 227, 230–32, 234, 236, 238–39, 241, 243
- latent variable (LV) 228, 243, 289–90
- learners, second-language 140, 149, 165, 187, 207
- learning
10, 18–19, 29–31, 70–77, 79–83, 123, 160–62, 164–65, 174–77, 183–88, 198–200, 202, 204, 210, 227, 255, 267–68, 282–84, 304–6, 336–38
- second-language 64, 255, 270, 295, 315, 381
- least squares, partialsee partial least squares
- Lee 36, 82, 110, 114, 190, 205, 249, 294, 314, 372
- Leech 238, 240, 243, 313
- Legault 43, 63, 305, 314
- Lehtonen 41, 63, 144, 164, 313, 359, 371
- Leseman 145–46, 149, 159, 165, 167
- lexical access 23, 88, 96, 118, 153, 159–61, 163, 166, 226–27, 334, 336
- lexicons 24, 114, 150, 204, 214–15
- Li 33–35, 37, 51–52, 63–64, 83, 85, 116, 184, 186, 296, 298–99, 305, 307, 314, 355
- lifelong bilingualism 144, 164, 289, 296, 298, 313–15, 325, 332, 338, 340, 354
- lifespan 8, 12, 38, 40, 111, 113–14, 185, 189–90, 194, 210, 259–61, 272–73, 336–37
- Lin 71, 82, 138, 296
- Lindholm-Leary 180, 185–86, 191, 202, 205–6
- linguistic awareness 30, 87, 113, 158, 183, 185
- linguistic knowledge 16–17, 20, 30, 187
- Litcofsky 43, 63, 305, 314
- literacy 6, 41, 68, 71, 80, 83–84, 113, 173, 179, 182–84, 187
- Liu 34, 37, 64, 71, 81, 83–84, 137, 265–67, 280–81, 297–98
- Li Wei 106–7, 115
- local switch costs 97–99
- López 29, 34, 265, 354
- Lövdén 304–5, 314
- LSBQ (Language and Social Background Questionnaire) 45–46, 52–55, 60, 113, 241, 288, 293, 368–69, 378–81
- Lubian 243, 269, 299, 355, 382
- Luk, Gigi 1–2, 10, 13–36, 34, 69–70, 113, 149, 151–52, 159, 162, 164–65, 167–68, 173–74, 177, 183, 185–86, 189, 227–29, 272, 289–90, 298, 314–16, 324, 326, 328–30, 340, 382
- Luo 60–61, 64, 162, 165, 173, 185–86, 328–29, 334, 336, 340, 342
- Lyster 180–81, 186–87, 201, 203
M
- Maguire 58, 64, 304, 314
- Mak 60, 87, 103, 113, 239, 241, 266, 288, 293, 368–69, 381
- Malpetti 243, 269, 299, 355, 382
- Marian 46–47, 52, 63–64, 206, 212, 270, 277, 298, 334, 341, 368, 371
- Martin 98, 116, 130, 137, 325, 336
- Martínez-Horta 310, 315, 361, 369, 371
- Maschio 36, 307, 313
- matter tracts, white 303, 305, 307, 310, 350, 376
- McBride 5–6, 72, 80–83
- McBride, Catherine 68–84
- McBride-Chang 69, 71, 73, 75–76, 78–81, 83–84, 174, 179–80, 183
- MCI (Mild Cognitive Impairment) 301, 308–10, 312–13, 344, 349, 353–55, 357, 360, 367–68, 370, 377
- McIntosh 250, 257, 263–66, 268, 278, 297–99
- McIntosh, Anthony Randall 264, 267–68, 296
- Mechelli 151, 165, 302, 315
- MEG 9, 294, 351
- memory
8, 122–23, 126, 131, 133, 138, 140–41, 159–62, 165–66, 198, 204–6, 227–29, 241–42, 296, 336–40
- declarative 137, 140
- episodic 141, 207, 240, 334, 341
- memory flexibility 124, 136
- memory generalization 124–27, 132–34, 136, 148, 159
- memory generalization task 133–34, 148
- memory performance 123, 133, 334, 355
- memory retrieval, flexible 133, 136, 138, 159, 264
- meta-analysis 31, 41–42, 118, 143, 196, 205, 207, 256–57, 354, 369, 371
- metalinguistic ability 171, 175–79, 182, 185
- metalinguistic awareness 6, 12, 143–44, 162, 169–71, 173–79, 181–87, 189, 192, 201, 203, 375
- Metalinguistic awareness in children 186–87
- metalinguistic skills 16–17, 31, 69, 73, 160, 174, 176, 179, 182–83
- metalinguistic tasks 137, 169–75, 178, 180
- mild cognitive impairment 301, 308, 312–14, 344, 353–55, 357, 360, 368, 370, 377
- Miller 32, 35, 62, 64, 90, 116–17, 131, 158, 207
- Minahil Shahid 343–54, 356
- Misra 206, 215–16, 227–28, 297, 330, 340
- models 7–8, 16, 20, 23, 26, 28, 30, 32, 196–97, 210–21, 223, 259, 277–78, 375–76, 380
- Models and metaphors 210–29
- Mohseni 5–6, 83
- Mohseni & McBride 72–73, 76
- monolinguals 38–39, 96–98, 128–29, 143–44, 147–49, 151–55, 171–73, 176, 247, 249–54, 256–58, 260–63, 268–70, 272–75, 285–86, 289–95, 307–9, 312–13, 327–30, 348–50
- monolinguals and bilinguals 134, 146, 152, 155–56, 162, 168, 253, 259, 266, 269, 313, 332, 338
- Montoya 62, 152, 154, 162, 205, 327, 338, 354
- Montreal 286, 291, 332, 380
- Morales 249, 255, 268
- Moreno 60, 135, 171–72, 182, 185, 190, 192, 205–6, 249, 263–64, 269–70
- morphological awareness 70, 73, 77, 79, 81–84, 172, 184, 186
- Morris 152, 154, 324, 337
- Morrison 249, 254, 269
- Moschopoulou 151, 165, 269, 315, 341, 383
- MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) 218, 277, 297, 350, 355–56
- multiple sclerosis 8, 301, 310, 313, 360, 363–64, 367, 369–70, 372
- multivariate methods 279–80, 290
- multivoxel pattern analysis 279, 284, 292, 298–99
- Murray 97, 118, 139, 146, 164, 268
- Muysken 88–89, 91, 94, 105, 113, 117, 233, 243
- myelin 303–4
- Myers-Scotton 89, 91, 94, 117
N
- Navarro-Torres 22, 30, 35, 216, 222, 225, 228
- Nelson 26, 35, 132, 139–40
- Netherlands 191, 195, 208
- networkssee functional connectivity
- neural compensation 306, 310, 345–46
- neural efficiency 264, 272, 285, 288–89, 291, 296, 313, 325, 333, 338, 377
- neural mechanisms 210, 212, 322, 376
- neural networkssee functional connectivity
- neural reserve 58, 306, 308–10, 312, 315, 350, 354–55, 359–60, 363–67, 372, 378
- neurodegeneration 306, 316, 343, 360–61, 363–68, 373
- neurodegenerative diseases 8, 345–55, 362, 368, 372
- neuroimaging 36, 163, 225, 241, 247, 293, 297, 312, 343
- neuroimaging studies 27, 128, 273, 286
- neuropathology 272, 345, 347, 377–78
- neuroplasticity 63, 211, 220, 223, 259, 262, 276, 304, 313–14, 374–75
- Neuroscience 14–15, 30–31, 33–34, 36–37, 61–62, 136–37, 140–41, 162, 241–43, 263–65, 270–71, 293–96, 298–99, 313–14, 316, 357–58, 381
- neuroscience of multilingualism 228, 242, 294, 315
- Nichols 35, 64, 222, 228, 315
- Norway 38, 64, 93, 357
O
- older adultssee Age
- Olsen, Rosanna 264, 307, 315, 330, 340
- onset 45, 155–56, 158, 288, 294, 343–44, 346–49, 352–53, 358–61, 365–67, 369
- onset of alzheimer’s diseasesee Alzheimers and dementia
- orthographic representation 72, 78, 82
- orthography 72, 76, 78, 81, 84–85, 213–14
- Ottawa 90, 94–95, 119
P
- Paap, Kenneth
41, 64, 117, 140, 269, 341
- Paap & Greenberg 98, 131, 247, 330
- Pallier 30, 32, 35, 316
- paradigms, task-switching 251, 258, 333, 335
- Park 7, 36, 206, 257, 269
- Parkinson’s disease and Parkinsonism 8, 315, 359–60, 362–63, 367–71
- Peal 21, 35, 39–40, 64, 165, 189, 206
- Pearson 149, 154, 161, 165, 263
- Peets 54, 64, 152, 159, 171, 177, 183, 189, 192, 203
- Perani 35, 37, 256–57, 269, 273, 306, 308, 312, 315, 350, 355–56, 372, 377
- Perfetti 84–85, 267, 315
- Perrotti 152, 164, 213, 235, 243
- Persian 72–76, 78, 83
- Phillips, Natalie 9, 34, 267, 331, 337, 339–40
- phonological awareness 69–70, 73, 77, 79, 81, 83–84, 178, 184–85, 200
- phonology 24, 57, 70, 73, 84–85, 161, 213, 215, 228, 271, 304
- picture naming 152, 154, 162, 167, 205, 227, 236, 242, 244
- plasticity
- neural 4, 219, 260
- structural 165, 228, 269, 299, 315–16, 372, 383
- Pliatsikas
8, 21–22, 61, 219–20, 228, 265, 269, 302–3, 305–6, 310–11, 313, 315–16, 368–69, 372–73, 375–78, 380–81, 383
- Christos 301–16, 360
- PLS (partial least squares) 250–51, 268, 279, 297, 299
- Plunkett 157–58, 161
- Poarch 60, 134, 140, 149, 152, 165, 167, 193, 207, 329, 336
- Poulin-Dubois 6, 142–68, 376
- Prat 36–37, 43, 65, 67, 228, 236, 244, 255–56, 263, 269, 271
- prefrontal cortex 36, 132–33, 218, 236, 243, 258, 277 see frontal
- Price, Catherine J 165, 300, 313, 315–16
- processing
- executive 117, 140, 260, 269, 341
- lexical 25, 75, 154, 160, 241
- proficiency
22–23, 25–27, 35, 37, 40–42, 48, 53–54, 64, 148, 190–91, 194, 199–201, 220–21, 255–56, 259–61
- higher 27, 42, 149, 268, 283
- Questionnaire 46, 52, 63–64, 287, 298, 368, 371
- bilinguals 65, 91, 177, 198, 292
- progressive neurodegeneration 359–60, 364–68
- putamen 221, 303, 346, 360, 376, 381
Q
- questionnaire
44–49, 53, 56–57, 100, 380
- language history 51–52, 63
R
- readers, poor 78–79
- reading 2–3, 6, 10, 68–74, 76, 78–85, 174, 177–79, 181, 183–87, 300–302, 335, 337
- reading ability 176–77, 297
- reading acquisition 73, 80, 84–85
- reading comprehension 37, 54, 64, 82, 184–85, 187
- reading development 80, 177, 186
- reading difficulties 68, 70–71, 78–80, 83
- reading skills 69, 71, 80–81, 337
- recognition 65, 70, 73, 80, 90, 161, 283, 337
- Reder, Fanny 174–75, 187, 265
- regions, subcortical 218, 236, 272, 284–85, 324
- response inhibition 164, 205, 218, 248, 263, 267, 298, 329, 340, 355
- resting-state EEG 8, 254–56, 259, 264
- Revised Hierarchical Model (RHM) 214–15
- Reyes, A. 267, 310, 316, 366, 372
- Roberts 137, 140, 170, 186, 263
- Rodriguez-Fornells 100, 115, 118, 150, 167, 277, 299, 333, 341
- Romaine 89, 92–93, 118
- Rosa 36, 128, 219, 360, 372
- Rossi, Eleonora 7, 22–23, 36, 212–28, 303, 316, 375
- Rothman, Jason 9, 29, 32, 38–66, 265, 302–3, 311, 313, 315–16, 368, 370, 373, 375
- RTs (reaction times) 145, 153, 246–47, 249, 320–21, 328, 331, 364
- Ryan 10, 31, 102, 114, 170, 183, 326, 336
S
- Saddy, Doug 151, 165, 269, 315, 341, 383
- Saer 21, 36, 38, 65, 143, 166, 189, 202, 207
- salience network 272–74, 282–84, 286–88, 290, 292, 377
- Salmon 152, 162, 166, 226, 316, 354–55
- Sandoval 152, 162, 166, 226
- Sather 97, 114, 323, 337
- schizophrenia 338, 365, 370, 372
- school 7, 43–44, 53, 71, 74, 127, 179, 185, 189, 192–94, 196–97
- Schriefers 96, 118, 214, 229, 300
- Schroeder 196, 206, 270, 334, 341
- Schwartz 34–35, 149, 166, 176, 184, 187, 214, 228
- Schweizer, Tom A. 4, 8, 10, 273, 299, 302, 309, 316, 344–56
- Schwieter 159, 163, 166, 242, 294, 315
- Sebastián-Gallés 147, 152, 156, 160, 163, 264, 270, 312, 316, 330, 337, 339
- Second language acquisition 3, 9, 10, 12–14, 16–17, 20, 23, 37, 63, 65, 74, 86, 245, 255–56
- second language learning 13, 15–16, 18–19, 29–31, 63, 184, 225, 269, 282, 294, 313–14
- selective attention 9, 130, 133, 135–37, 140, 157, 160, 252, 258, 264, 269
- semantics 27, 102, 162, 213, 271, 303–4, 338
- sentence processing 24–25, 35, 57, 206, 271
- sequential bilinguals 44, 285, 287, 289
- sequential congruency effect (SCE) 253, 266
- Serratrice 32, 38, 45–46, 65, 137, 158, 190, 204
- Sibylla Leon Guerrero 5, 12–36
- Simon 60, 134, 137, 139, 167, 246, 250, 270, 331, 335
- Simon effect and task 9, 259, 263, 286–87, 289, 291, 294, 319, 320–21, 322, 325, 327, 330–32, 334, 336
- simultaneous bilinguals 59, 190, 285–87
- Singh 147, 154–55, 166, 247, 252, 268, 270
- Skoe 63, 128–29, 139–40
- Smirnov 309, 316, 350, 355–56
- Social contexts, diversity of bilingualism, and sociocultural context 6, 22, 33, 50, 52, 62, 88, 103, 105, 110–12, 116, 227, 243, 297, 323, 370, 382
- socioeconomic status 6, 21, 53, 71, 80–81, 122–41, 155, 348
- socio-economic status 138, 194, 196–97, 260
- sociolinguistics 86, 89, 105, 111–12, 114
- Sorace 61, 63, 65–67, 149, 167
- Soveri 63, 100, 118, 150, 164, 167, 333, 341, 371
- Spanish
63, 65, 75, 77–79, 81, 83, 117, 158, 160, 163–64, 191, 198–200, 226, 228
- Spanish-English bilinguals 28, 42, 98, 128, 151, 153, 166, 348
- spectrum 12, 32, 40–43, 54, 61, 134, 265, 295, 313, 370, 381
- status, immigration 53, 312, 336, 347, 349, 352, 369
- Steffener 313, 346, 353, 355, 370
- Stern 23, 36, 331, 341, 345–46, 349, 355
- Stewart 163, 205, 214, 227, 314
- Stocco 36–37, 43, 65, 67, 236, 269, 271, 275, 285, 288, 376, 383
- Stoehr 45–46, 66
- striatum 360–61, 369–70
- stroke 69, 364–65, 369, 373
- Stroop and Stroop task 146, 246, 250, 259, 264, 270–71, 322, 328–33, 335, 346
- Stuss 322, 328, 337, 340–41
- Subcortical structure 218, 220, 231, 234, 258, 303, 305–6, 310, 380
- Sullivan 54, 66, 152, 167, 249, 270
- Sulpizio 27, 36, 43, 66, 313
- suppression 42, 58, 96, 237
- Surrain 167, 229, 270
- Switching, costs, paradigm, and tasks 55, 88–90, 96–102, 108, 116–19, 134, 144–46, 150–51, 167, 216, 228–29, 236–37, 241–42, 251, 333, 345–47, 361
- systematic review and meta-analysis 157, 354, 371
- systems 2, 6, 10, 42, 50, 68–70, 72–73, 75–78, 80, 83–85, 87, 183
T
- task demands 37, 226, 248, 258
- teaching 18–19, 30–31, 70, 181, 193–94, 196, 201–2
- temporal lobes, anterior 31, 307, 378
- theoretical model of second language learning 13, 16, 29–30
- Thompson 140–41, 157, 360, 363, 370, 372
- Timmer, Kalinka 251, 254, 257, 261, 270, 329, 338
- Titone, Debora 33, 50, 62–63, 116, 118, 227, 243, 266, 297, 300, 370, 382–83
- Tokowicz 37, 215, 227
- Toronto 3, 30, 32, 69, 86, 119, 319, 347, 349, 380
- tracts 303–4, 307, 309, 324
- training 70, 73, 99, 111, 223, 229, 273, 282–84, 286, 291, 293
- translation equivalents 145–46, 150, 153, 156, 164, 166
U
- UBET (Unifying the Bilingual Experience Trajectories) 219, 221, 376
- UF (uncinate fasciculus) 303, 309–10
- understanding language 6, 21, 189, 211, 316
- United States 3, 75, 78, 127, 129, 140, 191–93, 295, 299, 376, 381–82
- Unsworth 44–46, 66, 138, 149, 162, 246, 270
V
- Valian 158, 161, 163, 168, 190, 208
- Van Hell 66, 134, 149, 193, 215, 227–28, 276, 296
- Vender 45–46, 66
- Ventura-Campos 294, 312, 316, 355, 381
- verbal fluency 101–2, 152, 166, 189, 323, 331
- Verhagen 45–46, 66, 145–46, 149, 159, 165, 167
- Verreyt 150, 167, 172, 187
- Viswanathan 3, 9, 96, 98, 113, 118, 263, 312, 319, 325, 336
- Vocabulary, knowledge, and size 6, 41, 46, 64, 101, 126, 149–50, 152, 153, 156, 159, 161, 163, 164–65, 166, 173, 174, 177–78, 179, 182, 189, 203, 363
- Voits 8, 35, 307, 310, 315–16, 350, 355, 358–72, 375, 377–78
- volume 1, 5, 9, 189–90, 273, 277, 302–3, 309–10, 358–59, 374–78, 380
W
- Wang 35–36, 48, 66, 73, 75–77, 84–85, 296, 298–99, 325, 341
- WCST (Wisconsin Card Sorting Task) 167, 323
- Weekes, Brandon S 312, 336, 352
- Wei 117, 296, 298, 351, 355
- Weigmann 344–45, 348, 355
- Weissberger 62, 277, 300, 333, 342
- Werker, Janet 9, 137, 229, 270–71
- White matter and integrity 165, 220, 259, 269, 288, 302–4, 306, 308–9, 313, 315, 330, 341, 346, 350, 359, 363–64, 366
- Whitford Veronica 9, 62, 168, 227, 266, 276, 297, 300, 382
- Wiseheart 98–99, 102, 118
- WM tasks 327, 335
- Wodniecka 149, 167, 190, 205–6, 269, 334, 342
- Wong 81–83, 223, 229, 296
- Woodward 156, 252, 266, 268, 271
- word recognition 70, 74–76, 83, 114, 164, 167, 213
- Working memory (WM), capacity (WMC), and tasks 16, 19, 126, 128, 130, 132, 134, 136, 148, 149, 167, 248, 249–50, 265, 282–83, 318–19, 326–27, 329, 333–40
- Woumans, Evy 9, 21, 37, 150, 167, 172, 187, 256–57, 271, 306, 316
- Wu 27, 37, 67, 217, 223, 229
Y
- Yamasaki 21, 37, 43, 236, 244, 256, 259, 263, 269, 271, 299
- Yang 35, 37, 62, 64, 103, 118, 130, 134, 138, 141, 189–90, 203, 208
- Yim, Odilia 6, 54, 64, 86–119, 375
- young adults 108–9, 246–47, 249–50, 257, 266, 268, 284, 286, 289–90, 322, 325, 330, 333
- Yudes268
Z
- Zacks, Rose 324, 337–38
- Zaenen63
- Zaleta372
- Zali371
- Zamarro207
- Zanetti354
- Zehentner313
- Zesiger 149–54, 156, 160, 164, 166
- Zhang 37, 51–52, 54, 63, 67, 77, 83, 85, 223, 229, 298
- Zheng34
- Ziegler & Goswami69
- Zijdenbos137
- Zirnstein215
- Zupanc372
- Zwi299
- Zyzik67
- Zyzik & Sanchez57
