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In:The Acquisition of Gender: Crosslinguistic perspectives
Edited by Dalila Ayoun
[Studies in Bilingualism 63] 2022
► pp. 13–48

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Chapter 2
Gender assignment in mixed noun phrases

State of the art

 | Langues et civilisations à tradition orale – Centre national de la recherche scientifique
 | Leiden University Centre for Linguistics
Published online: 20 January 2022
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https://doi.org/10.1075/sibil.63.02bel
Abstract
Noun phrases (NPs) constitute one of the most frequent sites where bilingual speakers code-switch. In this chapter we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of research into grammatical gender assignment in mixed NPs, namely NPs containing a noun from one language and a gender-agreeing element from another. We outline the three main gender assignment strategies observed in mixed NPs: (i) translation equivalent, (ii) shape-based, and (iii) default, and in which language pairs, using which tasks, they have been observed. We discuss how the order of acquisition of the gendered and non-gendered language, language dominance, task type, and community norms combine with linguistic properties to modulate gender assignment patterns. Findings suggest that bilinguals who learned a gendered language first seem to prefer the translation equivalent strategy. Since insufficient data from a wide variety of language dyads is currently available, we are cautious about offering further generalisations. Nonetheless, we highlight findings suggesting that more habitual code-switchers prefer the masculine default strategy. In order to progress beyond the current state of the art, we suggest that the field needs to expand into more language dyads, as well as extend existing research on individual language dyads, using multiple methodologies and in communities differing in their code-switching frequency.
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
  • 2.Linguistic factors
    • 2.1Translation equivalent strategy
      • 2.1.1Dyads with one gendered language
      • 2.1.2Dyads with two gendered languages
    • 2.2Shape-based strategy
    • 2.3Default strategy
    • 2.4Child code-switching patterns
  • 3.Extralinguistic factors
    • 3.1Type of bilingual
    • 3.2Task type
    • 3.3Community norms
    • 3.4Child language acquisition
  • 4.Discussion and future perspectives
    • 4.1Bilingual profile
    • 4.2Mental representation of gender
    • 4.3The notion of default
  • 5.Concluding remarks
  • Acknowledgements
  • Notes
  • The following abbreviations are used in this chapter
  • References
  • Appendix
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Greidanus Romaneli, Miriam, Ivo H. G. Boers & M. Carmen Parafita Couto
2021. Gender in Dutch/Portuguesecodeswitching. Belgian Journal of Linguistics 35 ► pp. 131 ff. DOI logo

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