In:Heritage Languages: A language contact approach
Suzanne Aalberse, Ad Backus and Pieter Muysken
[Studies in Bilingualism 58] 2019
► pp. v–x
Get fulltext
This article is available free of charge.
Published online: 28 November 2019
https://doi.org/10.1075/sibil.58.toc
https://doi.org/10.1075/sibil.58.toc
Tale of contents
List of tablesXI
List of figuresXIII
List of abbreviations and grammatical glossesXV
PrefaceXVII
Chapter 1.Heritage speakers and heritage languages1
1.1Introduction1
1.2Characterizing heritage speakers2
1.2.1Unofficial language3
1.2.2Language dominance shift4
1.2.3Divergent grammars and other possible effects of the dominance shift5
1.2.4Personal and cultural ties to the language7
1.2.5Age of onset and acquisition in a naturalistic setting8
1.2.6Are HLs community languages?9
1.2.7Summary10
1.3The contact scenario approach to HLs11
1.3.1Typical contact scenarios11
1.3.2An example: Turkish as a HL in Northwestern Europe13
1.3.3Evaluating the scenario approach15
1.4Overview of the book18
Chapter 2.History of the field of heritage language studies23
2.1Introduction23
2.2The perspective of the diaspora languages24
2.2.1Dutch from a diaspora perspective24
2.2.2Other diaspora varieties29
2.2.3Diaspora studies in a broader perspective30
2.3The perspective of the country of immigration30
2.3.1The United States30
2.3.2Early studies on ethnolects and Canadian HL research32
2.3.3Case studies of HL languages in the United States34
2.3.4HLs in Australia39
2.3.5The European context40
2.3.6Summary41
2.4Summary and introduction of the speakers’ perspective41
Chapter 3.Social aspects of heritage languages43
3.1Introduction43
3.2The scenario approach: Attending to social and linguistic factors43
3.3Maintenance45
3.3.1Indigenous minorities46
3.3.2Immigration47
3.3.3Social factors that affect maintenance48
3.3.4Investigating language choice51
3.3.5Ways of influencing language choice57
3.4Shift58
3.4.1Shift and acculturation58
3.4.2When shift reaches its endpoint59
3.4.3Power versus solidarity61
3.4.4Language shift and ethnolects63
3.5When language choice is not clear-cut63
3.6Summary65
Chapter 4.Bilingual language use67
4.1Introduction67
4.2Codeswitching and borrowing68
4.2.1Early stages: Just foreign content words69
4.2.2Intermediate stages: Diversified codeswitching patterns72
4.2.3Shift stage: Development towards HL status in the narrow sense78
4.3Language change81
4.4Codeswitching in its social context82
4.4.1Does codeswitching represent a third language?82
4.4.2Languaging85
4.5Summary86
Chapter 5.Methods for collecting heritage language data87
5.1Introduction87
5.2Criteria for evaluating a particular method: Validity88
5.3Overview of methods used91
5.3.1Spoken data91
5.3.2Written documents97
5.3.3Survey data and questionnaires99
5.3.4Experimental data100
5.3.5Judgment tasks103
5.4Summary and conclusion: Which method to choose?107
Chapter 6.Studying variability in heritage language speaker populations and the base line111
6.1Introduction111
6.2Establishing the baseline and the problem of monolingual bias112
6.2.1Standard language grammar113
6.2.2Exchange students and other recently arrived native speakers113
6.2.3Transnational research design113
6.2.4Vary subject populations115
6.2.5Cross-generational family studies116
6.2.6Multiple baselines117
6.2.7Bilingual baselines118
6.2.8Summary118
6.3Factors in individual variation in the acquisition perspective: Timing, quality and quantity of the input119
6.4Speaker characteristics, language use and language output124
6.5Social embedding in the multilingual speech community and the larger society126
6.6Identity work, style shift, variation, and change131
6.7Measuring proficiency and assessing linguistic profiles132
6.7.1Cloze test133
6.7.2Fluency measures134
6.7.3Lexical proficiency tasks135
6.7.4Sociolinguistic background questionnaires137
6.8Conclusion139
Chapter 7.Heritage language phenomena and what triggers them141
7.1Introduction141
7.2Phenomena studied141
7.2.1Phonology142
7.2.2Lexicon143
7.2.3Morphology145
7.2.4Syntax145
7.3Language internal factors: Changes in the input for new generations of speakers146
7.3.1Order of acquisition149
7.3.2Frequency149
7.3.3Optionality151
7.3.4Restricted use154
7.4Cross-linguistic influence: External factors155
7.4.1Filter of grammatical categories via the dominant language155
7.4.2Convergence through a shift in distribution155
7.4.3Loan translations and semantic extensions156
7.4.4Contact induced grammaticalization or additive borrowing157
7.5Comparing internal and external factors158
7.6Summary160
Chapter 8.Grammatical models and research paradigms161
8.1Introduction161
8.2Generative grammar162
8.2.1Outline162
8.2.2Case study165
8.3Variationist sociolinguistics169
8.3.1Outline169
8.3.2Case study170
8.4Optimality theory172
8.4.1Outline172
8.4.2Case study173
8.5Usage-based models178
8.5.1Outline178
8.5.2Case study179
8.6Summary discussion: Integrating the models181
Chapter 9.Language processing in multilingual speakers183
9.1Introduction183
9.2Core notions in research on language processing in bilingual speakers184
9.3Core findings189
9.3.1Cross-language interactions190
9.3.2Processing differences192
9.3.3Language switching and inhibition194
9.3.4Summary of preceding discussion195
9.4Factors influencing language processing in bilinguals196
9.5The issue of age of acquisition199
9.6Concluding remarks and perspectives for codeswitching research200
Chapter 10.Heritage languages in a post-colonial setting: Focus on Papiamentu203
10.1Introduction203
10.2Early history of Papiamentu204
10.3Background on Papiamentu and its status nowadays205
10.4A brief history of Papiamentu-Dutch contact206
10.4.1The 18th century207
10.4.2Increase of Dutch influence on Curaçao in the 19th and 20th centuries207
10.4.3The current situation208
10.5Dutch influence on Papiamentu209
10.5.1Quantity and quality of Dutch loans210
10.5.2Phonological adaptation of Dutch loans211
10.5.3Calques211
10.5.4Discourse markers and modal particles212
10.5.5Prepositions and verb particle combinations213
10.5.6Passive and the agent phrase214
10.5.7Other function words borrowed from Dutch215
10.6Morphological integration of Dutch nouns and verbs215
10.6.1Nouns and nominalizations215
10.6.2Verbs and inflection217
10.7Papiamentu in the Netherlands218
10.8Summary and conclusion223
Chapter 11.The political dimension of heritage languages: Endangered languages, language rights, and the preservation of diversity225
11.1Introduction: The politics of diversity management225
11.2Frames of reference226
11.2.1The Babylon frame226
11.2.2The Tsunami frame227
11.2.3The Heritage frame227
11.3Reversing language shift and indigenous language revival229
11.4HL education232
11.4.1Organization and support232
11.4.2Varieties of the HL taught234
11.4.3Dominant language from home country or home vernacular language?234
11.4.4HL proficiency as a learning resource within the mainstream classroom236
11.5Documentation of heritage varieties and language death237
11.6Codeswitching in HLs and language loss239
11.7Linguistic human rights and HLs242
11.8Conclusion and overview243
Chapter 12.Technical terms used in this book related to heritage languages247
References263
Language index
Subject index
