Cover not available

In:Meaning and Structure in Second Language Acquisition: In honor of Roumyana Slabakova
Edited by Jacee Cho, Michael Iverson, Tiffany Judy, Tania Leal and Elena Shimanskaya
[Studies in Bilingualism 55] 2018
► pp. 149–177

Get fulltext from our e-platform
JBE logo with link
PDF logo with download linkDownload Book PDF
EPUB logo with download linkDownload Book EPUB
authorization required

Chapter 6
The Bottleneck Hypothesis extends to heritage language acquisition

 | University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign
Published online: 16 November 2018
DOI logo with link
https://doi.org/10.1075/sibil.55.06mon
Abstract
The Bottleneck Hypothesis (Slabakova, 2008) aims to predict which aspects of the grammatical architecture are particularly problematic in second language grammars. When comparing the acquisition of the different linguistic modules, L2 learners appear to struggle more with morphology – the bottleneck of acquisition – than with syntax and semantics. The linguistic behavior of early bilinguals who are heritage speakers appears to be similar to L2 acquisition in many respects, and their apparent similarities have sparked substantial research comparing the linguistic abilities of L2 learners and heritage speakers. This chapter extends the Bottleneck Hypothesis to heritage speakers and examines how input and output factors may cause morphology to be the bottleneck in heritage language acquisition as well.
Article outline
  • Introduction
  • The Bottleneck Hypothesis in L2 acquisition
  • Heritage language acquisition
  • Semantics
  • Syntax
  • Morphology
  • How the bottleneck may arise in heritage languages
  • Conclusion
  • Notes
  • References
References (115)
References
Aissen, J. (2003). Differential object marking: Iconicity vs. economy. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, 21(3), 435–448.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Arslan, S., Bastiaanse, R., & Felser, C. (2015). Looking at the evidence in visual world: Eye movements reveal how monolingual and bilingual Turkish speakers process evidentiality. Frontiers in Psychology, 6.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Au, T., Knightly, L., Jun, S-A., & Oh, J. (2002). Overhearing a language during childhood. Psychological Science, 13, 238–243.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Austin, J. (2007). Grammatical interference and the acquisition of ergative case in bilingual children learning Basque and Spanish. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 10, 315–331.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Avram, L. (2015). The L1 acquisition of Differential Object Marking. Revue Roumaine Linguistique (RRL), 4, 331–338.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bardel, C., & Falk, Y. (2007). The role of the second language in third language acquisition: The case of Germanic syntax. Second Language Research, 23, 459–484.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bedore, L., Peña, E., Summers, C., Boerger, K., Rosendiz, M., Greene, K., Bohman, T., & Gillam, R. (2012). The measure matters: Language dominance profiles across measures in Spanish-English bilingual children. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 15(3), 616–629.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Benmamoun, E., Montrul, S., & Polinsky, M. (2013). Heritage languages and their speakers: Opportunities and challenges for linguistics. Theoretical Linguistics, 39(3–4), 129–181.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Berwick, R., & Chomsky, N. (2011). The biolinguistic program: The current state of its development. In A. M. Di Sciullo & C. Boeckx (Eds.), The biolinguistic enterprise (pp. 19–41). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bley-Vroman, R. (1989). The logical problem of foreign language learning. Linguistic Analysis, 20, 1–49.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(2009). The evolving context of the Fundamental Differences Hypothesis. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 31(2), 175–198.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Butt, M. (2006). Theories of case. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Chang, C. B., & Yao, Y. (2016). Toward an understanding of heritage prosody: Acoustic and perceptual properties of tone produced by heritage, native, and second language speakers of Mandarin. Heritage Language Journal, 13(2), 134–160.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Chen, C. (2017). The acquisition of Mandarin by heritage speakers and second language learners. Poster presented at the 10th Heritage Language Summer Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, May 24, 2017.
Clahsen, H., & Muysken, P. (1989). The UG paradox in L2 acquisition. Second Language Research, 5(1), 1–29.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Conradie, S. (2006). Investigating the acquisition of the split-IP parameter and the V2 parameter in second language Afrikaans. Second Language Research, 22(1), 64–94.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Cuza, A., & Frank, J. (2011). Transfer effects in the syntax-semantics interface: The case of double-que questions in heritage Spanish. The Heritage Language Journal, 8, 66–89.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
DeKeyser, R. (2000). The robustness of critical period effects in second language acquisition. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 22, 499–534.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Ezeizabarrena Segurola, M. J. (2011). The (in)consistent ergative marking of early Basque: L1 vs. child L2. Lingua, 122(3), 303–317.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Fairclough, M. (2005), Spanish and heritage language education in the United States: Struggling with hypotheticals. Frankfurt: Vervuert Iberoamericana.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Franceschina, F. (2001). Morphological or syntactic deficits in near-native speakers? An assessment of some current proposals. Second Language Research, 17, 213–247.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Gábor, B., & Lukács, A. (2012). Early morphological productivity in Hungarian: Evidence from sentence repetition and elicited production. Journal of Child Language, 39, 411–442.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Goldschneider, J. M., & DeKeyser, R. (2001). Explaining the “natural order of L2 morpheme acquisition” in English: A meta-analysis of multiple determinants. Language Learning, 51, 1–50.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Guijarro Fuentes, P. (2012). The acquisition of interpretable features in L2 Spanish: Personal a. Bilingualism, Language and Cognition, 15, 701–720.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
von Heusinger, K. (2005). The evolution of Differential Object Marking in Spanish. In K. von Heusinger, G. Kaiser, & E. Stark (Eds.), Proceedings of the workshop: Specificity and the evolution/emergence of nominal determination systems in Romance (Arbeitspapier Nr. 119, pp. 33–70). Konstanz: University of Konstanz.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(2008). Verbal semantics and the diachronic development of DOM in Spanish. Probus, 20, 1–31.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Håkansson, G. (1995). Syntax and morphology in language attrition: A study of five bilingual expatriate Swedes. International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 5, 153–171.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Hawkins, R., & Casillas, G. (2008). Explaining frequency of verb morphology in early L2 speech. Lingua, 118, 595–612.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Hawkins, R., & Chan, C. (1997). The partial availability of Universal Grammar in second language acquisition. The ‘failed functional features hypothesis’. Second Language Research, 13, 187–226.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Hoot, B. (2012). Presentational focus in monolingual and heritage Spanish. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Illinois, Chicago, IL.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Hudson Kam, C., & Newport, E. (2005). Regularizing unpredictable variation: The roles of adult and child learners in language formation and change. Language Learning and Development, 1(2), 151–195.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Hwang, S. H., & Lardiere, D. (2013). Plural marking in L2 Korean: A feature-based approach. Second Language Research, 29, 57–86.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Huffines, M. (1989). Case usage among the Pennsylvania German sectarian and nonsectarians. In N. Dorian (Ed.), Investigating obsolescence: Studies in language contraction and death (pp. 211–226). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Jegerski, J. (2016). The processing of the direct object marker a by heritage speakers. International Journal of Bilingualism. Online first.
Jensen, I., Slabakova, R., & Westergaard, M. (2017). The Bottleneck Hypothesis in L2 acquisition: Norwegian L1 speakers’ knowledge of syntax and morphology in English L2. In M. LaMendola, & J. Scott (Eds.), Proceedings of the 41st annual Boston University Conference on Language Development (pp. 333–346). Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Johnson, J., & Newport, E. (1989). Critical period effects in second language learning: The influence of maturational state on the acquisition of English as a second language. Cognitive Psychology, 21, 60–99.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Kim, J-Y. (2015). Perception and production of Spanish lexical stress by Spanish heritage speakers and English L2 learners of Spanish. In E. Willis, P. Martín Butragueño, & E. Herrera Zendejas (Eds.), Proceedings of the 6th Conference on Laboratory Approaches to Romance Phonology (pp. 106–128). Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Kim, K., O’Grady, W., & Schwartz, B. (2017). Case in heritage Korean. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism. Online first.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Knightly, L., Jun, S., Oh, J., & Au, T. (2003). Production benefits of childhood overhearing. Journal of the Acoustic Society of America, 114, 465–474.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Kupisch, T. (2012). Generic subjects in the Italian of early German-Italian bilinguals and German learners of Italian as a second language. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 15(4), 736–756.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Kupisch, T., & Barton, D. (2013). How bilinguals deal with variation: Generic reference in adult German bilinguals. Studia Linguistica, 67(1), 1–27.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Kupisch, T., Barton, K., Hailer, T., Klaschik, E., Stangen, I., Lein, T., & J. von de Weijer (2014). Foreign accent in adult simultaneous bilinguals? Heritage Language Journal, 11(2), 123–150.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Kupisch, T., Barton, D., Hailer, K., Lein, T., Schröder, J., Stangen, I., & Stöhr, A. (2014). Acquisition outcomes across domain in adult heritage speakers of French. Journal of French Language Studies, 24, 347–376.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Kupisch, T., Belikova, A., Özçelik, Ö., Stangen, I., & White, L. (2017). Restrictions on definiteness in the grammars of German-Turkish heritage speakers. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism, 7(1), 1–32.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Kupisch, T., & Rothman, J. (2016). Terminology matters! Why difference is not incompleteness and how early child bilinguals are heritage speakers. International Journal of Bilingualism. Online first.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Laleko, O., & Polinsky, M. (2016). Between syntax and discourse: Topic and case marking in heritage speakers and L2 learners of Japanese and Korean. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism, 6(4), 396–439.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Larmouth, D. (1974). Differential interference in American Finnish cases. Language, 50, 356–366.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Lardiere, D. (1998). Case and tense in the “fossilized” steady state. Second Language Research, 14(1), 1–26.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(2006). Ultimate attainment in second language acquisition. A case study. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(2009). Some thoughts on the contrastive analysis of features in second language acquisition. Second Language Research, 25, 173–227.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(2016). Missing the trees for the forest: Morphology in second language acquisition. Second Language, 15, 5–30.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Leal, T., Rothman, J., & Slabakova, R. (2014). A rare structure at the syntax-discourse interface: Heritage and Spanish-dominant native speakers weigh in. Language Acquisition, 21(4), 411–429.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Leal Méndez, T., Rothman, J., & Slabakova, R. (2015). Discourse-sensitive clitic-doubled dislocations in heritage Spanish. Lingua, 155, 85–97.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Li, M-C. (2012). The acquisition of tense and agreement by early child second language learners (Unpublished doctoral dissertation), University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Lohndal, T., & Westergaard, M. (2016). Grammatical gender in American Norwegian heritage language: Stability or attrition? Frontiers in Psychology, 7.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Lynch, A. (1999). The subjunctive in Miami Cuban Spanish: Bilingualism, contact and language variability (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. MN.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Maandi, K. (1989). Estonian among immigrants in Sweden. In N. Dorian (Ed.), Investigating obsolescence: Studies in language contraction and death (pp. 227–242). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
MacWhinney, B. (2008). A unified model. In P. Robinson, & N. Ellis (Eds.), Handbook of cognitive linguistics and second language acquisition (pp. 341–371). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Meisel, J. (2011). First and second language acquisition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Montrul, S. (2002). Incomplete acquisition and attrition of Spanish tense/aspect distinctions in adult bilinguals. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 5(1), 39–68.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(2010). How similar are L2 learners and heritage speakers? Spanish clitics and word order. Applied Psycholinguistics, 31, 167–207.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(2011). Morphological errors in Spanish second language learners and heritage speakers. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 33, 155–161.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(2016a). The acquisition of heritage languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(2016b). Heritage language development: Connecting the dots. International Journal of Bilingualism. Online first.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(in press). The acquisition of Differential Object Marking in Spanish by Romanian speakers. Revista Española de Lingüística Aplicada (RESLA). <[URL]>
Montrul, S., Bhatt, R., & Bhatia, A. (2012). Erosion of case and agreement in Hindi heritage speakers. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism, 2, 141–176.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Montrul, S., Bhatt, R., & Girju, R. (2015). Differential Object Marking in Spanish, Hindi and Romanian as heritage languages. Language, 91(3), 564–610.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Montrul, S., Bhatia, A., Bhatt, R., & Puri, V. (2017). Morphological variability in Hindi as a second language and as a heritage language. Manuscript submitted for publication.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Montrul, S., & Bowles, M. (2009). Back to basics: Differential Object Marking under incomplete acquisition in Spanish heritage speakers. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 12, 363–383.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Montrul, S., Foote, R., & Perpiñán, S. (2008a). Knowledge of wh-movement in Spanish L2 learners and heritage speakers. In J. Bruhn de Garavito & E. Valenzuela (Eds.), Selected Papers from the 8th Hispanic Linguistics Symposium (pp. 93–106). Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(2008b). Gender agreement in adult second language learners and Spanish heritage speakers: The effects of age and context of acquisition. Language Learning, 58, 503–553.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Montrul, S., de la Fuente, I., Davidson, J., & Foote, R. (2013). The role of experience in the acquisition and production of diminutives and gender in Spanish: Evidence from L2 learners and heritage speakers. Second Language Research, 29(1), 87–118.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Montrul, S., & Gürel, A. (2015). The acquisition of Differential Object Marking in Spanish by Turkish speakers. In T. Judy & S. Perpiñán (Eds.), The acquisition of Spanish by speakers of less commonly studied languages (pp. 281–308). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Montrul, S., & Ionin, T. (2012). Dominant language transfer in Spanish heritage speakers and L2 learners in the interpretation of definite articles. The Modern Language Journal, 96, 70–94.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Montrul, S., & Perpiñán, S. (2011). Assessing differences and similarities between instructed L2 learners and heritage language learners in their knowledge of Spanish Tense-Aspect and Mood (TAM) Morphology. The Heritage Language Journal, 8(1), 90–133.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Montrul, S., & Potowski, K. (2007). Command of gender agreement in school-age Spanish bilingual children. International Journal of Bilingualism, 11, 301–328.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Montrul, S., & Sánchez-Walker, N. (2013). Differential object marking in child and adult Spanish heritage speakers. Language Acquisition, 20, 109–132.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Murasugi, K. (2012). Ergative and antipassive structures in bilingual Inuktitut speakers. Poster presented at the Conference on Formal Approaches to Heritage Language. University of Massachusetts, Amherst, 21–22 April.
O’Grady, W., Kwak, H. Y., Lee, O-S., & Lee, M. (2011). An emergentist perspective on heritage language acquisition. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 33, 223–246.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
O’Grady, W., Lee, M., & Choo, M. (2001). The acquisition of relative clauses by heritage and non-heritage learners of Korean as a second language: A comparative study. Journal of Korean Language Education, 12, 283–294.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Otheguy, R. (2016). The linguistic competence of second-generation bilinguals. A critique of ‘incomplete acquisition’. In C. Tortora, M. den Dikken, I. Montoya, & T. O’Neill (Eds.), Romance linguistics 2013. Selected papers from the 43rd Linguistic Symposium on Romance Languages (LSRL) (pp. 301–319). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Pallotti, G. (2015). A simple view of linguistic complexity. Second Language Research, 31(1), 117–134.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Papadopoulou, D., Varlokosta, S., Spyropoulos, V., Kaili, H., Prokou, S., & Revithiadou, A. (2011). Case morphology and word order in second language Turkish: Evidence from Greek learners. Second Language Research, 27, 173–205.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Perry, L., Samuelson, L., Malloy, L., & Schiffer, R. (2010). Learn locally, think globally: Exemplar variability supports higher-order generalization and word learning. Psychological Science, 21(12), 1894–1902.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Polinsky, M. (2006). Incomplete acquisition: American Russian. Journal of Slavic Linguistics, 14, 191–262.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(2008). Russian gender under incomplete acquisition. The Heritage Language Journal, 6, 40–71.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(2009). What breaks in A- and A-bar chains under incomplete acquisition. Paper presented at the 22nd Annual CUNY Conference on Human Sentence Processing. University of California, Davis.
(2011). Reanalysis in adult heritage language: A case for attrition. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 33, 305–328.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Prévost, P. (1999). Truncation in second language acquisition (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). McGill University, Montreal, Canada.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Prévost, P., & White, L. (2000). Missing surface inflection or impairment in second language acquisition? Evidence from tense and agreement. Second Language Research, 16, 110–133.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Rodina, Y., & Westergaard, M. (2012). A cue-based approach to the acquisition of grammatical gender in Russian. Journal of Child Language, 39, 1077–1106.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Rothman, J. (2009). Understanding the nature and outcomes of early bilingualism: Romance languages as heritage languages. International Journal of Bilingualism, 13, 145–155.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Rothman, J., Tsimpli, I., & Pascual y Cabo, D. (2016). Formal linguistic approaches to heritage language acquisition: Bridges for pedagogically oriented research. In D. Pascual y Cabo (Ed.), Advances in Spanish as a heritage language (pp. 13–26). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Sánchez-Walker, N. (2013). Comprehension of subject and object relative clauses in Spanish heritage speakers and L2 learners of Spanish (Unpublished qualifying doctoral paper). University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, IL.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Schmidt, A. (1985). Young people’s Dyirbal: An example of language death from Australia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Schwartz, B. D. & Sprouse, R. A. (1996). L2 cognitive states and the full transfer/full access model. Second Language Research, 12, 40–72.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Silva-Corvalán, C. (1994). Language contact and change: Spanish in Los Angeles. Oxford: Clarendon.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(2016). Simultaneous bilingualism: Early developments, incomplete later outcomes? International Journal of Bilingualism. Online first.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Slabakova, R. (2008). Meaning in the second language. Berlin: De Gruyter.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(2014). The bottleneck of second language acquisition. Foreign Language Teaching and Research, 46(4), 543–559.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(2015). The effect of construction frequency and native transfer on second language knowledge of the syntax-discourse interface. Applied Psycholinguistics, 36(3), 671–699.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(2016). Plenary talk. The Bottleneck Hypothesis updated. Generative Approaches to Language Acquisition North America (GALANA), University of Illinois at Urbana, Champaign, September.
Slabakova, R., Kempchinsky, P., & Rothman, J. (2012). Clitic-doubled left dislocation and focus fronting in L2 Spanish: A case of successful acquisition at the syntax–discourse interface. Second Language Research, 28(3), 319–343.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Song, M., O’Grady, W., Cho, S., & Lee, M. (1997). The learning and teaching of Korean in community schools. In Y-H. Kim (Ed.), Korean language in America 2 (pp. 111–127). Honolulu, HI: American Association of Teachers of Korean.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Ticio, E. (2015). Differential object marking in Spanish-English bilinguals. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism, 5(1), 62–90.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Torrego, E. (1998). The dependency of objects. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Tsimpli, I. M., & Dimitrakopoulou, M. (2007). The Interpretability Hypothesis: Evidence from wh-interrogatives in second language acquisition. Second Language Research, 23, 215–242.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
White, L. (2003). Second language acquisition and Universal Grammar. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Yang, C. (2002). Knowledge and learning in natural language. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(2016). The price of linguistic productivity: How children learn to break the rules of language. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Yang, C., & Montrul, S. (2017). Learning datives: The principle of tolerance in monolingual and bilingual acquisition. Second Language Research, 33(1), 119–144.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Zubizarreta, M. L. (1998). Prosody, focus, and word order. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Cited by (7)

Cited by seven other publications

Rizou, Vasiliki, Despina Papadopoulou, Onur Özsoy, Artemis Alexiadou & Laura Morett
2025. Novel forms for the expression of aspect in heritage Greek across majority languages. PLOS One 20:5 ► pp. e0319154 ff. DOI logo
Daskalaki, Evangelia, Adriana Soto-Corominas, Aisha Barisé, Johanne Paradis, Xi Chen & Alexandra Gottardo
2023. The interplay between syntactic and morphological comprehension in heritage contexts: The case of relative clauses in heritage Syrian Arabic. Applied Psycholinguistics 44:6 ► pp. 1043 ff. DOI logo
Montrul, Silvina
2022. Heritage language speakers inform the critical period hypothesis for first and second language acquisition. In Generative SLA in the Age of Minimalism [Language Acquisition and Language Disorders, 67], ► pp. 265 ff. DOI logo
Montrul, Silvina
2025. Intergenerational attrition: direct or reverse language transmission?. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 28:3 ► pp. 832 ff. DOI logo
Bhatia, Archna & Silvina Montrul
2020. Comprehension of Differential Object Marking by Hindi heritage speakers. In The Acquisition of Differential Object Marking [Trends in Language Acquisition Research, 26], ► pp. 261 ff. DOI logo
Bhatia, Archna & Silvina Montrul
2020. Chapter 10. Comprehension of Differential Object Marking by Hindi heritage speakers. In The Acquisition of Differential Object Marking [Trends in Language Acquisition Research, 26], ► pp. 261 ff. DOI logo
Montrul, Silvina, Archna Bhatia, Rakesh Bhatt & Vandana Puri
2019. Case Marking in Hindi as the Weaker Language. Frontiers in Psychology 10 DOI logo

This list is based on CrossRef data as of 1 december 2025. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.

Mobile Menu Logo with link to supplementary files background Layer 1 prag Twitter_Logo_Blue