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In:Bilingual Cognition and Language: The state of the science across its subfields
Edited by David Miller, Fatih Bayram, Jason Rothman and Ludovica Serratrice
[Studies in Bilingualism 54] 2018
► pp. 37–56

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Chapter 3
Usage-based approaches to second language acquisition

 | University of Florida
 | University of Michigan
Published online: 8 March 2018
DOI logo with link
https://doi.org/10.1075/sibil.54.03wul
Abstract
We present an overview of the cognitive underpinnings of usage-based approaches to second language acquisition (L2A). Not all constructions are equally learnable, even after years of (frequent) exposure. We present a usage-based analysis of this phenomenon in terms of fundamental principles of associative learning: Low salience, low contingency, and redundancy all lead to form-function mappings being less well learned. Compounding this, adult acquirers show effects of learned attention and blocking as a result of L1-tuned automatized processing of language. We also describe form-focused instruction studies that aim to recruit learners’ explicit, conscious processing capacities for noticing novel L2 constructions before subsequent implicit processing consolidates it into the system. We conclude with further readings which discuss wider coverage of usage-based L2A.
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
  • 2.The targets of language learning: Constructions
  • 3.The processes of language learning: Exemplar-based rational contingency analysis
  • 4.The language system emerges from usage
  • 5.Lexical and grammatical constructions in first and second language acquisition
  • 6.Salience and learning
  • 7.Contingency and learning
  • 8.Learned attention
  • 9.Implications for language teaching
  • 10. Further reading
  • References
References (92)
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Heap, David & Adriana Soto-Corominas
2021. Le « recyclage » dans l’acquisition des clitiques obliques en catalan : la sous-spécification et la complexité. Arborescences :10 ► pp. 87 ff. DOI logo
Mäkilä, Mari
2021. Syntaktisk komplexitet och korrekthet i finska universitetsstudenters skriftliga inlärarsvenska: en jämförelse mellan två färdighetsnivåer. Nordand 16:2 ► pp. 134 ff. DOI logo
O’Keeffe, Anne
2021. Data-driven learning, theories of learning and second language acquisition. In Beyond Concordance Lines [Studies in Corpus Linguistics, 102], ► pp. 35 ff. DOI logo
Pennington, Martha C
2021. Teaching Pronunciation: The State of the Art 2021. RELC Journal 52:1 ► pp. 3 ff. DOI logo
TİRYAKİOL, Selim
2021. Bellek Tasnifleri ve Dil Eğitimine Yansımaları: Dil Bilmek Ne(yi) Bilmektir?. Dil ve Edebiyat Araştırmaları/Journal of Language and Literature Studies DOI logo
VON STUTTERHEIM, CHRISTIANE, MONIQUE LAMBERT & JOHANNES GERWIEN
2021. Limitations on the role of frequency in L2 acquisition. Language and Cognition 13:2 ► pp. 291 ff. DOI logo
Yan, Hengbin & Yinghui Li
2021. A Smart e-Learning System for Data-Driven Grammar Learning. In Smart Education and e-Learning 2021 [Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies, 240], ► pp. 77 ff. DOI logo
Heil, Jeanne & Luis López
2020. Acquisition without evidence: English infinitives and poverty of stimulus in adult second language acquisition. Second Language Research 36:4 ► pp. 415 ff. DOI logo
Hendriks, Petra & Margreet Vogelzang
2020. Pronoun Processing and Interpretation by L2 Learners of Italian: Perspectives from Cognitive Modelling. Discours :26 DOI logo
Picoral, Adriana & Ana Maria Carvalho
2020. The Acquisition of Preposition + Article Contractions in L3 Portuguese among Different L1-Speaking Learners: A Variationist Approach. Languages 5:4 ► pp. 45 ff. DOI logo
Saturno, Jacopo
2020. Word formation in the earliest stages of L2 Polish. Language, Interaction and Acquisition 11:2 ► pp. 232 ff. DOI logo
Saturno, Jacopo
2022. East Slavic interference in L2 Polish: state of the art and future perspectives. Applied Linguistics Papers 4/2022:26 ► pp. 84 ff. DOI logo
Saturno, Jacopo & Marzena Watorek
2020. The emergence of functional case marking in initial varieties of Polish L2. Language, Interaction and Acquisition 11:1 ► pp. 32 ff. DOI logo
Carroll, Susanne E.
2019. Prosodic effects on L2 grammars. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 9:6 ► pp. 827 ff. DOI logo
Cintrón-Valentín, Myrna, Lorenzo García-Amaya & Nick C. Ellis
2019. Captioning and grammar learning in the L2 Spanish classroom. The Language Learning Journal 47:4 ► pp. 439 ff. DOI logo
ELLIS, NICK C.
2019. Essentials of a Theory of Language Cognition. The Modern Language Journal 103:S1 ► pp. 39 ff. DOI logo
Ellis, Nick C.
2022. Fuzzy Representations. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 25:2 ► pp. 210 ff. DOI logo
MCMANUS, KEVIN & EMMA MARSDEN
2019. Using Explicit Instruction About L1 to Reduce Crosslinguistic Effects in L2 Grammar Learning: Evidence From Oral Production in L2 French . The Modern Language Journal 103:2 ► pp. 459 ff. DOI logo
Pennington, Martha C. & Pamela Rogerson-Revell
2019. Pronunciation in the Classroom: Teachers and Teaching Methods. In English Pronunciation Teaching and Research [Research and Practice in Applied Linguistics, ], ► pp. 173 ff. DOI logo
Pennington, Martha C. & Pamela Rogerson-Revell
2019. Phonology in Language Learning. In English Pronunciation Teaching and Research [Research and Practice in Applied Linguistics, ], ► pp. 57 ff. DOI logo
Rothman, Jason, Jorge González Alonso & Eloi Puig-Mayenco
2019. Third Language Acquisition and Linguistic Transfer, DOI logo
Zyzik, Eve
2019. INCOMPLETE ACQUISITION FROM A USAGE-BASED PERSPECTIVE. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 41:2 ► pp. 279 ff. DOI logo
Bayram, Fatih, David Miller, Jason Rothman & Ludovica Serratrice
2018. Studies in bilingualism. In Bilingual Cognition and Language [Studies in Bilingualism, 54], ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
Puig-Mayenco, Eloi, Ian Cunnings, Fatih Bayram, David Miller, Susagna Tubau & Jason Rothman
2018. Language Dominance Affects Bilingual Performance and Processing Outcomes in Adulthood. Frontiers in Psychology 9 DOI logo
[no author supplied]
2021. Cognitive Aphasiology – A Usage-Based Approach to Language in Aphasia [Constructional Approaches to Language, 31], DOI logo
[no author supplied]
2021. Dynamic Variation in Second Language Acquisition [Processability Approaches to Language Acquisition Research & Teaching, 8], DOI logo
[no author supplied]
2024. Beyond Disfluency [Advances in Interaction Studies, 11], DOI logo

This list is based on CrossRef data as of 1 december 2025. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.

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