In:Advances in Spanish as a Heritage Language
Edited by Diego Pascual y Cabo
[Studies in Bilingualism 49] 2016
► pp. 159–176
A general framework and supporting strategies for teaching mixed classes
Published online: 20 July 2016
https://doi.org/10.1075/sibil.49.09car
https://doi.org/10.1075/sibil.49.09car
Many heritage language (HL) learners study their home language in the context of mixed classes, i.e. classes with second language learners and heritage language learners. Yet, most of the literature on HL teaching has focused on HL classes, to the neglect of mixed classes (Carreira, 2014). Addressing this gap, this paper presents a model of teaching for mixed classes that is premised on the principles of Differentiated Teaching (Tomlinson, 2009, 2003). The discussion considers how critical differences between heritage and second language learners should actually drive teaching and learning in mixed classes. Essential strategies and tools that support this proposal are presented, in particular, flexible grouping strategies, which make it possible to address the needs of both populations of learners and leverage their complimentary strengths.
References (48)
American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages n.d. 21st Century skills map.<[URL]>
Au, T.K.F., Knightly, L.M., Jun, S.A., & Oh, J.S. (2002). Overhearing a language during childhood. Psychological Science, 13(3), 238–243.
Beaudrie, S. (2009). Receptive bilinguals’ language development in the classroom: The differential effects of heritage versus foreign language curriculum. In M. Lacorte & J. Leeman (Eds.), Español en estados unidos y otros contextos de contacto: Sociolingüística, ideología y pedagogía (pp. 325–346). Madrid: Iberoamericana/Vervuert.
. (2011). Spanish heritage language programs: A snapshot of current programs in the Southwestern United States. Foreign Language Annals, 44(2), 321–337.
. (2012). Research on university-based Spanish heritage language programs in the United States: The current state of affairs. In S. Beaudrie & M. Fairclough (Eds.), Spanish as a heritage language in the US: State of the field (pp. 203–223). Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.
Beaudrie, S., & Ducar. C. (2005). Beginning level university heritage programs: Creating a space for all heritage language learners. Heritage Language Journal, 3(1), 1–26. <[URL]<
Beaudrie, S., Ducar, C., & Potowski, K. (2014). Heritage language teaching: Research and practice. Columbus, OH: McGraw-Hill Education.
Bowles, M. (2011). Exploring the role of modality: Second language -heritage learner interactions in the Spanish language classroom. The Heritage Language Journal, 8(1). <[URL]>
Canagarajah, S. (2013). Theorizing a competence for translingual practice at the contact zone. In S. May (Ed.), The multilingual turn: Implications for SLA, TESOL, and bilingual education (pp. 78–102). New York, NY: Routledge.
Carr, E., & Ogle, D. (1987). KWL plus: A strategy for comprehension and summarization. Journal of Reading, 31, 626–631.
Carreira, M. (2011). Formative assessment in HL teaching: Purposes, procedures, and practices. The Heritage Language Journal, 8(1), 100–120.
. (2014). Teaching heritage language learners: A study of program profiles, practices, and needs. In A. Themistoklis & P. Trifonas (Eds.), Rethinking heritage language education. Cambridge: CUP.
. (Forthcoming, 2016). Supporting Heritage Language Learners through Macro-based Teaching: Foundational principles and implementation strategies for HL and mixed classes. In Fairclough, M. and Beaudrie, S. (eds), Innovative Strategies for Heritage Language Teaching: A Practical Guide for the Classroom, 186-215. Washington D.C.: Georgetown UP.
Carreira, M., & Beeman, T. (2014). Voces: Latino students on life in the United States. Westport, CT: Praeger.
Carreira, M., & Kagan, O. (2011). The results of the National Heritage Language survey: Implications for teaching, curriculum design, and professional development. Foreign Language Annals, 44(11), 40–64.
Carreira, M. (Forthcoming, 2016). Supporting Heritage Language Learners through Macro-based Teaching: Foundational principles and implementation strategies for HL and mixed classes. In Fairclough, M. and Beaudrie, S. (eds), Innovative Strategies for Heritage Language Teaching: A Practical Guide for the Classroom, 186-215. Washington D.C.: Georgetown UP.
Celce-Murcia, M., & Olshtain, E. (2000). Discourse and context in language teaching: A guide for language teachers. Cambridge: CUP.
Ducar, C. (2012). SHL learners’ attitudes and motivations: Reconciling opposing forces. In S. Beaudrie & M. Fairclough (Eds.), Spanish as a heritage language in the US: State of the field (pp. 161–178). Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.
Echevarria, J., Vogt, M.E., & Short, D. (2013). Making content comprehensible for elementary English learners: The SIOP model. New York, NY: Pearson.
Fairclough, M. (2005). Spanish and heritage language education in the United States. Struggling with hypotheticals. Madrid: Iberoamericana.
Hornberger, N.H., & Wang, S.C. (2008). Who are our heritage language learners? Identity and biliteracy in heritage language education in the United States. In D.M. Brinton, O. Kagan, & S. Bauckus (Eds.), Heritage language education: A new field emerging (pp. 3–38). New York, NY: Routledge.
Ingold, C., Rivers, W., Tesser C.C., & Ashby, E. (2002). Report on the NFLC/AATSP survey of Spanish language programs for native speakers. Hispania, 85, 324–329.
Kagan, O., & Dillon, K. (2001). A new perspective on teaching Russian: Focus on the heritage learner. Slavic and East European Journal, 45(3), 507–518.
. (2009). The professional development of teachers of heritage language learners: A matrix. In M. Anderson & A. Lazaraton (Eds.), Bridging context, making connections: Selected papers from the Fifth International Conference on Language Teacher Education (pp. 155–175). Minneapolis, MN: Center for Advanced Research on Language Acquisition.
Knightly, L.M, Jun, S.A., & Au, T.K.F. (2003). Production benefits of childhood overhearing. Journal of the Acoustic Society of America 114(1), 465–474.
Leeman, J. (2005). Engaging critical pedagogy. Spanish for native speakers. Foreign Language Annals, 38(1), 35–45.
. (2012). Investigating language ideologies in Spanish as a heritage language. In S. Beaudrie & M. Fairclough (Eds.), Spanish as a heritage language in the US: State of the field (pp. 43–59). Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.
Martin, C., Swender, E., & Rivera-Martinez, M. (2013). Assessing the oral proficiency of heritage speakers according to the ACTFL Proficiency Guidelines 2012–Speaking. Heritage Language Journal, 10(2), 73–87.
Martínez, G. (2003). Classroom based dialect awareness in heritage language instruction: A critical applied linguistic approach. Heritage Language Journal, 1(1), 1–14.
Moje, E.B. (2008). Foregrounding the disciplines in secondary literacy teaching and learning: A call for change. Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy, 52(2), 96–107.
Montrul, S. (2012a). Is the heritage language like a second language? Eurosla Yearbook 12(1): 1–29.
. (2012b). The grammatical competence of Spanish heritage speakers. In S. Beaudrie & M. Fairclough (Eds.), Spanish as a heritage language in the US: State of the field (pp. 101–120). Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.
Montrul, S., & Bowles, M. (2010). Is grammar instruction beneficial for heritage language learners? Dative case marking in Spanish. The Heritage Language Journal 7(1), 47–73. <[URL]>
Montrul, S., Foote, R., & Perpiñán, S. (2008). Gender agreement in adult second language learners and Spanish heritage speakers: The effects of age and context of acquisition. Language Learning, 58(3), 503–553.
Ogle, D.M. (1986). KWL: A teaching model that develops active reading of expository text. The Reading Teacher, 39(6), 564–570.
Potowski, K. (2002). Experiences of Spanish heritage speakers in university foreign language courses and implications for teacher training. ADFL Bulletin, 33(3), 35–42.
. (2012). Identity and heritage learners. Moving beyond essentializations. In S. Beaudrie & M. Fairclough (Eds.), Spanish as a heritage language in the US: State of the field (pp. 179–199). Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.
Potowski, K., Jegerski, J., & Morgan-Short, K. (2009). The effects of instruction on subjunctive development among Spanish heritage language speakers. Language Learning, 59(3), 537–579.
Shanahan, T., & Shanahan, C. (2008). Teaching disciplinary literacy to adolescents: Rethinking content area literacy. Harvard Educational Review 78(1), 40–59.
Tomlinson, C.A. (2009). The differentiated classroom: Responding to the needs of all learners. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.
. (2003). Fulfilling the promise of the differentiated classroom. Strategies and tools for responsive teaching. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.
Tomlinson, C.A., & McTighe, J. (2006). Integrating differentiated instruction & understanding by design: Connecting content and kids. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.
Torres, J. (2013). Heritage and second language learners of Spanish: The roles of task complexity and inhibitory control. Unpublished PhD dissertation. Georgetown University.
Valdés, G. (1997). The teaching of Spanish to bilingual Spanish-speaking students: Outstanding issues and unanswered questions. In C. Colombi & F.X. Alarcón (Eds.), La enseñanza del español a hispanohablantes. Praxis y teoría (pp. 8–44). Boston, MA: DC Heath & Company.
Valdés, G., Fishman, J., Chávez, R., & Pérez, D.W. 2006. Developing minority language resources: The case of Spanish in California. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters.
Cited by (29)
Cited by 29 other publications
Albrecht, Sarah
Kisselev, Olesya, Irina Dubinina, Dmitrii Pastushenkov & Jason Merrill
Padilla, Lillie & Rosti Vana
Vana, Rosti
Yao, Jianlong, Meiju Li & Bin Yang
Kemp, Jason A. & Elizabeth Goulette
Pinzl, Michelle Marie
2024. Non-scripted role-playing with heritage speakers and second language
learners in the medical interpreting classroom. Translation and Translanguaging in Multilingual Contexts 10:2 ► pp. 206 ff.
Carando, Agustina, Sophia Minnillo, Paloma Fernández-Mira, Sam Davidson, Kenji Sagae & Claudia Sánchez-Gutiérrez
Marijuan, Silvia
2023. Spanish heritage speakers as pre-departure conversation partners. Study Abroad Research in Second Language Acquisition and International Education 8:2 ► pp. 259 ff.
Yan, Dave
2022. The evidence-based intervention for teaching the Chinese language in Australian classrooms. Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 45:1 ► pp. 50 ff.
Beaudrie, Sara
Carreira, Maria M.
Gavriilidou, Zoe & Lydia Mitits
González Darriba, Patricia, Benjamin Kinsella, Crystal Marull & Nathan Campbell
Beaudrie, Sara M.
Elola, Idoia & Josh Prada
Fernández-Dobao, Ana
2020. Exploring interaction between heritage and second language
learners in the Spanish language classroom. In Languaging in Language Learning and Teaching [Language Learning & Language Teaching, 55], ► pp. 91 ff.
Fernández-Dobao, Ana
Fernández‐Dobao, Ana
Fernández–Dobao, Ana
Kisselev, Olesya, Irina Dubinina & Maria Polinsky
Azevedo-Gomes, Juliana
Domínguez, Laura, Glyn Hicks & Roumyana Slabakova
Gironzetti, Elisa & Flavia Belpoliti
Lacorte, Manel
Aravossitas, Themistoklis & Marianthi Oikonomakou
Aravossitas, Themistoklis & Marianthi Oikonomakou
[no author supplied]
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 1 december 2025. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.
