This book is a study of the L1 attrition of German among German Jews who emigrated to anglophone countries under the Nazi regime. It places the study of language attrition within the historical and sociocultural framework of Weimar and Nazi Germany, applying issues of identity and identification to first language loss and maintenance. Morphosyntactic features of German are looked at in free spoken discourse, in an analysis of both ‘interferences’ or ‘errors’ and their overall (correct) use. The picture of L1 proficiency which emerges from these investigations is then related to a taxonomy of intensity of persecution, clearly demonstrating this to be the decisive factor in language attrition, while showing other factors such as age at emigration and intermediate use to be inconclusive.In order to give a full and tangible picture of language attrition and maintenance, the book comes with an Audio-CD, featuring excerpts from more than twenty of the interviews analyzed.
“Schmid's outstanding study brings together a well-theorized and comprehensive linguistic analysis with an in-depth sociohistorical examination of life trajectories of German Jews in anglophone countries.”
Aneta Pavlenko, Temple University, Philadelphia
“Overall, the monograph is an outstanding source for researchers in language attrition and bilingualism. It summarises the current state of research in the field and proposes new venues in methodology and interpretation of results.”
Elena Schmitt,Southern Connecticut State University, in International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 6(5), 2003
“By focusing on a group who had been deprived of their former identity, this innovative monograph will make a substantial contribution to the language-identity nexus as well as to language attrition.”
Michael Clyne,University of Melbourne
“Schmid's work is very effective in addressing head-on a topic of research that investigates many underdeveloped and controversial issues. This work adds to the ongoing discussion of structural and sociolinguistic decay of variants of German - both in the form of L1 attrition of 'standard' German and German American heritage dialects (i.e., Sprachinseln) - over time. ”
Michael T. Putnam, Carson-Newman College, in Yearbook of German-American Studies 43: 204-207
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2013. Language attrition as a complex, non-linear development. International Journal of Bilingualism 17:6 ► pp. 675 ff.
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2012. The effects of heritage language instruction on first language proficiency: a psycholinguistic perspective. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 15:5 ► pp. 593 ff.
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2013. Investigating the impact of attitude on first language attrition and second language acquisition from a Dynamic Systems Theory perspective. International Journal of Bilingualism 17:6 ► pp. 716 ff.
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2012. Singing a different tune in your native language: first language attrition of prosody. International Journal of Bilingualism 16:1 ► pp. 101 ff.
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2012. Memory and first language forgetting. In Memory, Language, and Bilingualism, ► pp. 319 ff.
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2012. Affective processing in bilingual speakers: Disembodied cognition?. International Journal of Psychology 47:6 ► pp. 405 ff.
RUNNQVIST, ELIN & ALBERT COSTA
2012. Is retrieval-induced forgetting behind the bilingual disadvantage in word production?. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 15:2 ► pp. 365 ff.
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2011. Grammar without speech production: The case of Labrador Inuttitut heritage receptive bilinguals. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 14:3 ► pp. 301 ff.
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2010. Interpreter-mediated interaction as bilingual speech: Bridging macro- and micro-sociolinguistics in codeswitching research. International Journal of Bilingualism 14:4 ► pp. 466 ff.
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2010. VARIABLES IN SECOND LANGUAGE ATTRITION. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 32:1 ► pp. 1 ff.
Betten, Anne
2010. Sprachbiographien der 2. Generation deutschsprachiger Emigranten in Israel. Zur Auswirkung individueller Erfahrungen und Emotionen auf die Sprachkompetenz. Zeitschrift für Literaturwissenschaft und Linguistik 40:4 ► pp. 29 ff.
FLORES, CRISTINA
2010. The effect of age on language attrition: Evidence from bilingual returnees. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 13:4 ► pp. 533 ff.
FLORES, CRISTINA
2012. Differential effects of language attrition in the domains of verb placement and object expression. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 15:3 ► pp. 550 ff.
FLORES, CRISTINA
2015. Losing a language in childhood: a longitudinal case study on language attrition. Journal of Child Language 42:3 ► pp. 562 ff.
Flores, Cristina
2020. Attrition and Reactivation of a Childhood Language: The Case of Returnee Heritage Speakers. Language Learning 70:S1 ► pp. 85 ff.
KIM, JI-HYE, SILVINA MONTRUL & JAMES YOON
2010. Dominant language influence in acquisition and attrition of binding: Interpretation of the Korean reflexivecaki. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 13:1 ► pp. 73 ff.
Schmid, Monika S. & Elise Dusseldorp
2010. Quantitative analyses in a multivariate study of language attrition: the impact of extralinguistic factors. Second Language Research 26:1 ► pp. 125 ff.
Schmid, Monika S. & Kristy Beers Fägersten
2010. Disfluency Markers in L1 Attrition. Language Learning 60:4 ► pp. 753 ff.
STOLBERG, DORIS & ALEXANDRA MÜNCH
2010. “Die Muttersprache vergisst man nicht” – or do you? A case study in L1 attrition and its (partial) reversal,. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 13:1 ► pp. 19 ff.
Bylund, Emanuel
2009. Maturational Constraints and First Language Attrition. Language Learning 59:3 ► pp. 687 ff.
BYLUND, EMANUEL
2009. Effects of age of L2 acquisition on L1 event conceptualization patterns. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 12:3 ► pp. 305 ff.
2009. Language attrition. Theoretical perspectives. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 12:4 ► pp. 477 ff.
SCHMITT, ELENA
2010. When boundaries are crossed: Evaluating language attrition data from two perspectives. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 13:1 ► pp. 63 ff.
Gürel, Ayşe
2008. Review article: Research on first language attrition of morphosyntax in adult bilinguals. Second Language Research 24:3 ► pp. 431 ff.
Gürel, Ayşe
2015. First language attrition of constraints on wh-scrambling: Does the second language have an effect?. International Journal of Bilingualism 19:1 ► pp. 75 ff.
2007. The Neurofunctional Components of the Bilingual Cognitive System. In Cognitive Aspects of Bilingualism, ► pp. 3 ff.
Hatoss, Anikó
2006. Language, Acculturation and Identity in the German Community of Rural South East Queensland. Language Awareness 15:2 ► pp. 80 ff.
Myers-Scotton, Carol
2006. Michael Clyne, Dynamics of language contact: English
and immigrant languages. Language in Society 35:1 ► pp. 129 ff.
Montrul, Silvina
2005. Second language acquisition and first language loss in adult early bilinguals: exploring some differences and similarities. Second Language Research 21:3 ► pp. 199 ff.
Montrul, Silvina
2006. On the bilingual competence of Spanish heritage speakers: Syntax, lexical-semantics and processing. International Journal of Bilingualism 10:1 ► pp. 37 ff.
Montrul, Silvina
2009. Knowledge of tense-aspect and mood in Spanish heritage speakers. International Journal of Bilingualism 13:2 ► pp. 239 ff.
2005. First language attrition and linguistic creativity. International Journal of Bilingualism 9:3-4 ► pp. 435 ff.
Tannenbaum, Michal & Marina Berkovich
2005. Family Relations and Language Maintenance: Implications for Language Educational Policies. Language Policy 4:3 ► pp. 287 ff.
Ecke, Peter
2004. Language attrition and theories of forgetting: A cross-disciplinary review. International Journal of Bilingualism 8:3 ► pp. 321 ff.
Keijzer, Merel
2004. First language attrition: A cross-linguistic investigation of Jakobson's regression hypothesis. International Journal of Bilingualism 8:3 ► pp. 389 ff.
KEIJZER, MEREL
2010. The regression hypothesis as a framework for first language attrition. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 13:1 ► pp. 9 ff.
Schmid, Monika S.
2004. First language attrition: The methodology revised. International Journal of Bilingualism 8:3 ► pp. 239 ff.
SCHMID, MONIKA S.
2010. Languages at play: The relevance of L1 attrition to the study of bilingualism. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 13:1 ► pp. 1 ff.
Schmid, Monika S.
2011. Language Attrition and Identity. In Culture and Neural Frames of Cognition and Communication [On Thinking, ], ► pp. 185 ff.
2013. First language attrition. WIREs Cognitive Science 4:2 ► pp. 117 ff.
Schmid, Monika S.
2014. The Debate on Maturational Constraints in Bilingual Development: A Perspective from First-Language Attrition. Language Acquisition 21:4 ► pp. 386 ff.
Schmid, Monika S.
2016. Introduction. In Designing Research on Bilingual Development [SpringerBriefs in Linguistics, ], ► pp. 1 ff.
Schmid, Monika S.
2019. Language Attrition as a Problem for LADO. In Language Analysis for the Determination of Origin [Language Policy, 16], ► pp. 155 ff.
Schmid, Monika S.
2023. The final frontier? Why we have been ignoring second language attrition, and why it is time we stopped. Language Teaching 56:1 ► pp. 73 ff.
Schmid, Monika S. & Kees de Bot
2004. Language Attrition. In The Handbook of Applied Linguistics, ► pp. 210 ff.
Withers, Andrea C.
2004. Hmong Language and Cultural Maintenance in Merced, California. Bilingual Research Journal 28:3 ► pp. 425 ff.
Clyne, Michael
2003. Dynamics of Language Contact,
Goral, Mira, Erika S. Levy & Loraine K. Obler
2002. Neurolinguistic aspects of bilingualism. International Journal of Bilingualism 6:4 ► pp. 411 ff.
Weyerts, Helga, Martina Penke, Thomas F. Münte, Hans-Jochen Heinze & Harald Clahsen
2002. Word Order in Sentence Processing: An Experimental Study of Verb Placement in German. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 31:3 ► pp. 211 ff.
[no author supplied]
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2021. Grammatical Aspects of Heritage Languages. In The Cambridge Handbook of Heritage Languages and Linguistics, ► pp. 579 ff.
[no author supplied]
2021. Heritage Languages around the World. In The Cambridge Handbook of Heritage Languages and Linguistics, ► pp. 11 ff.
[no author supplied]
2022. Multilingualism. In The Cambridge Handbook of Language Contact, ► pp. 27 ff.
[no author supplied]
2022. Language Loss in Adults and Children. In The Mysteries of Bilingualism, ► pp. 59 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 3 december 2025. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.
