In:Introducing Chinese Linguistics: A handbook for Chinese language teachers and learners
Hang Zhang and Lan Zhang
[Studies in Chinese Language and Discourse 16] 2022
► pp. 277–283
Index
Published online: 14 December 2022
https://doi.org/10.1075/scld.16.index
https://doi.org/10.1075/scld.16.index
A
- a 啊186see also sentence final particles
- acoustic phonetics26
- adverb
64, 71, 88, 88n, 93, 111–112, 129–130, 143, 152–158, 163, 166, 181, 191, 193
- manner adverb 111, 152–153
- negation adverb 152, 154–155, 157, 163, 191
- adverbial phrase 152, 161
- adversity 207–209, 211–212, 252 ; see also passive
- agent
110, 140, 155, 194–196, 207–209
- in serial verb constructions 194–196
- in the bèi 被 passive construction 207–209
- affix
60, 89–90, 101–102, 104, 106–107, 109
- prefix 89–90, 102–104, 109
- infix 89–90, 96, 102–104, 109, 170
- suffix 2, 36, 59, 68, 90, 102, 104–109, 150, 159, 255
- affricates 30–31, 46 ; see also manner of articulation
- allophone 27, 37–38, 47, 61, 75 ; see also variant
- alveolar 30–31, 35, 46 ; see also place of articulation
- A-not-A question 93, 156, 187–188, 193 ; see also interrogative
- anthropological linguistics7
- apology 239–240, 243–245 ; see also speech act
- applied linguistics 7–8
- approximant 30–31 ; see also manner of articulation
- arbitrariness1
- arbitrary 1–2, 5, 7, 87–88
- argument 133–134, 136, 142
- articulatory phonetics26
- aspect
2, 90, 96, 100–101, 107–110, 113, 129–130, 158–164, 159n, 160n, 163n, 166, 171–173, 184–185, 193, 196, 198–200, 204, 255
- delimitative aspect 96, 110, 113 ; see also tentative aspect
- durative aspect164see also -zhe 着
- experiential aspect162see also -guo 过
- perfective aspect 108, 129, 158, 160, 162, 163n, 171, 193, 199, 204 ; see also -le 了
- progressive aspect 108, 158–159, 163–164, 255 ; see also zài 在
- aspectual morpheme 159, 166 ; see also aspectual suffix
- aspectual suffix108see also aspectual morpheme
- aspiration (aspirated/unaspirated) 27, 30–31, 42–43, 46
- auditory phonetics26
- auxiliary verb 2, 103, 104, 156 ; see also modal
B
- ba 吧 191, 193, 241–242, 248 ; see also sentence final particles
- bǎ 把 71, 88, 179, 201–206, 209–212
- báihuà 白话18see also vernacular Mandarin
- base form 62–63, 68, 75, 89 ; see also underlying form
- bèi 被 179, 207–209, 211–212, 252 ; see also passive
- běifāng fāngyán 北方方言 12–14, 16, 18, 36 ; see also Northern dialect; Mandarin Chinese
- bĭ shùn 笔顺 224, 226 ; see also stroke order
- bié 别 153, 158, 166, 191, 193 ; see also negation adverb
- Bronze Inscription 218–219, 218n ; see also jīn wén 金文
- bù 不 67–68, 93, 96, 103, 130, 153–154, 157–158, 164–166, 170 ; see also negation adverb
- bùjiàn 部件226see also component (of a character)
- bùshǒu 部首226see also radical
C
- Cantonese 13–16, 252n ; see also Yue dialect
- causative 195–196, 210
- character-unit theory118see also zì běn wèi 字本位
- Chinese Internet language 237, 253, 255–256, 259
- citation form 57–58, 62 ; see also base form
- classical Chinese 18, 91, 101 ; see also wényán 文言; literary Chinese
- classifier 10, 71, 107, 112–113, 129, 130, 134–136, 138, 141–142, 166–168, 173, 181 ; see also measure word
- Clerical Script 218–219, 218n ; see also lì shū 隶书
- closed-mouth final (hékǒuhū 合口呼, Row-u final) 32–34, 33n ; see also sìhū classification 四呼
- colloquial Chinese (colloquial Mandarin) 20, 71–72, 111, 112n, 117
- comment 179, 182–183, 193
- complementary distribution 49, 79
- complex sentence 179, 192–193
- component (of a character) 226–232 ; see also bùjiàn 部件
- compound character 221, 225–226 ; see also hétǐ zì 合体字
- compound indicative 219–220, 220n, 221n, 222–223, 225 ; see also huìyì 会意
- compound word
91, 100, 114, 119, 171
- verb-object compound (V-O compound, líhécí 离合词) 91–92, 96–101, 110, 113, 144
- modifier-head compound92
- parallel compound (coordinative compound) 92–94
- subject-predicate compounds 92–93
- resultative verb compounds (RVC) 92, 94–96, 103–104, 171
- compound sentence 179, 192–193
- computational linguistics7
- consonant 3, 15, 25–35, 38–40, 42, 44–46, 56, 72, 74, 78, 80 ; see also fǔyīn 辅音
- constituency131
- constituent 9, 94, 96–97, 100–101, 115, 129, 131–134, 143, 152, 179, 197
- content word88
- contour 55–63, 69–70, 73, 75–77 ; see also pitch movement 56, 58, 60, 75
- contour tone 10–11, 45n, 63, 74, 76–77
- count noun 129, 134–136
D
- David Wilkins113
- declarative 93, 179, 184–189, 193, 238
- definite 137, 142, 149, 160, 174, 199–200, 202–204, 206, 209
- definiteness 129, 136, 148, 200
- delimitative aspect 96, 110, 113 ; see also tentative aspect
- dental 25n, 30–31, 34 ; see also place of articulation
- derivational morpheme (derivational affix)
36, 89–90, 102, 104–105, 109
- derivational prefix102
- derivational suffix 36, 104–105, 109
- developmental error10
- diachronic linguistics7
- dialect
11–20, 36, 41–42, 60, 105, 112n, 246, 254–256
- Northern dialect (Mandarin) 12–14, 16, 18, 36
- Southern dialect 15–16, 254
- Yue dialect (Cantonese) 13–16, 252n
- Wu dialect 12–16, 246
- Gan dialect 13–16
- Min dialect 12–16, 18–19
- Kejia dialect (Hakka) 13–16
- Xiang dialect 13–16
- diphthong34
- direct speech act 238–239
- directional RVC 95–96, 103–104, 171, 206, 211 ; see also resultative verb compounds (RVC); compound word
- disjunctive question 187–188, 193 ; see also interrogative
- displacement 2, 5, 7
- displacement verb 95, 151, 166, 205–206, 214
- disposal 206, 210, 212 ; see also bǎ 把
- distinctive feature 26–27, 31–32, 55, 72, 211 ; see also phonemic feature
- ditransitive verb 145, 158, 166
- duality 2, 5, 7
- duration (of tone duration) 57, 59–60, 62–63, 70, 75
- dútǐ zì 独体字225see also simple character
- duration phrase 147–149, 151, 158, 166, 198–200
- durative aspect164see also -zhe 着
E
- Early-Modern Chinese17see also jìndài hànyǔ 近代汉语
- echo method 78–79
- empty rhyme35see also kōngyùn 空韵; syllabic consonant
- -ér儿105see also rhotacization (érhuà 儿化)36
- even-teeth final (qíchǐhū 齐齿呼, Row-i final) 32–34, 33n ; see also sìhū classification 四呼
- experiential aspect162see also -guo 过
- external supportive move 242, 243 ; see also request
F
- fǎnqiè 反切 40–41, 43–44
- final (of a Chinese syllable) 27–29, 31–35, 38–44 ; see also yùnmǔ 韵母
- first language (L1) 8–11, 44–47, 70, 72, 80, 121, 228–229
- first language (L1) transfer 9, 45, 80
- formulaic expressions (formulaic sequence) 117–118, 257
- fossilized8
- frequency phrase 143, 147–149, 151, 158, 166, 198–200
- fricative 28, 30 ; see also manner of articulation
- fǔyīn 辅音 3, 15, 25–35, 38–40, 42, 44–46, 56, 72, 74, 78, 80 ; see also consonant
- full third tone (quánsānshēng 全三声) 61–62, 68, 75–76 ; see also Long-T3
- function word 59, 71, 88, 88n
G
- Gan dialect 13–16
- gender 90, 107, 109, 237, 246–249
- glottal30see also place of articulation
- gradable adjective 181, 181n
- grammar 2, 4–11, 15, 17, 19–20, 78, 87, 113, 117, 146n, 169, 245, 256–257
- gratitude 239–241, 243, 245, 258 ; see also speech act
- -guo 过 108, 109, 162 ; see also experiential aspect
- guóyǔ 国语 16, 18–20, 42–43 ; see also national language
- guānhuà 官话 13–14 ; see also Mandarin Chinese
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh (GR) 国语罗马字 40, 42, 44 ; see also national romanization
H
- Hakka 13–16 ; see also Kejia dialect
- half third tone (bànsānshēng 半三声) 61–65, 68, 70, 74–76 ; see also Short-T3
- Han ethnic group 12, 20
- hànyǔ pīnyīn 汉语拼音 33n, 43–44 ; see also Pinyin
- head
3, 65, 92–93, 101–102, 119, 132, 134, 138, 140–142, 168–169
- of a compound 92–93, 101–102, 119
- of a phrase 132, 134, 138, 140–142, 168–169
- head-final 3, 141–142, 168
- hétǐ zì 合体字225see also compound character
- historical linguistics7see also diachronic linguistics7
- Hu Shih 胡适18
- huáběi fāngyán 华北方言 (Northern proper) 13–14 ; see also Northern dialect
- huìyì 会意 219, 222–223 ; see also compound indicative
I
- imperative 153, 166, 179, 186, 190–191, 193, 238, 241, 243
- indefinite 135, 137, 138, 142, 182, 199–200, 202–203
- indicative 219–220, 220n, 221n, 222–223, 225 ; see also zhǐshì 指事
- indirect speech act238
- infix 89–90, 96, 102–104, 109, 170 ; see also affix
- inflectional morpheme (inflectional affix) 89–90, 101, 107, 109
- inflectional suffix 107, 255 ; see also morpheme
- initial (of a Chinese syllable) 15, 26–29, 31–35, 37, 39–41, 43–45, 60 ; see also shēngmǔ 声母
- interlanguage 8–11
- internal modifier242see also request
- International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) 25, 25n, 29, 33, 36, 46
- interrogative
5, 179, 185–188, 190, 193, 238, 241
- A-not-A question 93, 156, 187–188, 193
- disjunctive question 187–188, 193
- particle question 187–188, 190, 193
- tag question 187–188, 193, 241
- wh-question 187, 189, 190, 193
- intonation 25, 55–56, 60, 69–74, 78–79
- intransitive verb 116, 144, 147, 151, 166
J
- jiǎ gǔ wén 甲骨文 17, 217–220 ; see also Oracle-bone Script; Shell-bone Script
- jiānghuái fāngyán 江淮方言 (River/Lower Yangzi ) 13–14 ; see also Northern dialect
- jìndài hànyǔ 近代汉语17see also Early-Modern Chinese
- jīn wén 金文218see also Bronze Inscription
K
- kăi shū 楷书 218–220 ; see also Model Script
- Kejia dialect 13–16 ; see also Hakka
- kōngyùn 空韵35see also empty rhyme; syllabic consonant
L
- labial 25n, 30 ; see also place of articulation
- láizhe 来着185see also sentence final particles
- language contact 10, 15, 237, 249, 251–252, 252n, 260
- language variety 12, 246, 249, 253, 256
- lateral 26, 30–31 ; see also manner of articulation
- L2 acquisition 8–11, 44–47, 72, 74–75, 78, 80, 87, 96, 113–114, 116–117, 119–121, 166–169, 171–173, 179, 209, 211, 228, 231–232, 256–257, 259 ; see also second language acquisition
- -le 了 108–109, 129, 160–163, 160n, 166, 171–173, 185, 193, 196, 204 ; see also perfective aspect
- le 了 160n, 163n, 171, 184–186, 193 ; see also sentence final particles
- lexical category 36, 88, 90, 105, 107, 130, 134 ; see also word class
- lexicon 6, 17, 87–88, 113–114, 118, 171, 230, 249, 251–253, 255–256
- líhécí 离合词 91–92, 96–101, 110, 113, 144 ; see also verb-object compound; compound word
- lì shū 隶书 218, 219 ; see also Clerical Script
- lingua franca 16, 20
- linguist 1–2, 5–7, 17, 26, 30, 33, 35–36, 42–44, 58, 60, 62, 69, 75n, 88, 88n
- linguistic competence6
- linguistic performance6
- linguistics 5–8, 28, 32–33, 45n, 62, 68, 75, 87–88, 90, 100, 110n, 146n
- literary Chinese18see also classical Chinese; wényán 文言
- liùshū 六书 see principles of character formation
- loanword 39, 39n, 250–251, 255
- localizer150see also locative particle
- location 96, 150–151, 157–158, 189, 205–206
- locative phrase 129, 143, 150–151, 158, 166
- locative particle 150, 211 ; see also localizer
- Long-T3 61–62, 61n, 68, 75–76 ; see also full third tone (quánsānshēng 全三声); tone
M
- ma 嘛186see also sentence final particles
- ma 吗 187, 190 ; see also sentence final particles
- Mandarin Chinese 1–2, 5, 11, 15, 25, 27–30, 32–39, 44, 46, 55–57, 59–61, 68–70, 72, 74, 80, 88, 90, 96–97, 101, 104–105, 107, 109, 113, 117–118 ; see also Northern dialect (běifāng fāngyán 北方方言)
- manner of articulation
26, 30
- affricate 30–31, 46
- approximant 30–31
- fricative 28, 30
- lateral 26, 30–31
- nasal 28–30, 33, 35–36, 38–40
- stop/plosive 26, 28, 30–31, 42
- markedness45n
- mass noun 134–136
- Matteo Ricci41
- measure word 100–101, 112–113, 130, 134–136, 142 ; see also classifier
- méiyǒu 没有 153–154, 163, 166 ; see also negation adverb
- Middle Chinese17see also zhōnggǔ hànyǔ 中古汉语
- Min dialect 12–16, 18–19
- minimal pair 26–27, 60, 77
- modal 71, 129, 143, 152, 154n, 156, 158, 165, 166, 258 ; see also auxiliary verb
- Model Script 218–220 ; see also kăi shū 楷书
- modern standard Chinese 16–18, 20, 43, 88–89, 91, 101, 114, 117, 219–221, 228, 249, 251–252, 256 ; see also national language
- modifier-head compound92see also compound word
- monophthong34
- morpheme (císù 词素)
2, 6, 28–29, 36, 55, 57, 59, 64, 88–94, 96, 99, 101–105, 107–110, 114–115, 118–119
- free morpheme 64, 89–91, 102–103, 114
- bound morpheme 36, 89–91, 102–103
- derivational morpheme (derivational affix) 36, 89–90, 102, 104–105, 109
- inflectional morpheme (inflectional affix) 89–90, 101, 107, 109
- morphology 6–7, 36, 87, 91, 113–114, 121
- morphosyntax6
N
- nasal 28–30, 33, 35–36, 38–40 ; see also manner of articulation
- national language 18, 20, 42 ; see also guóyǔ 国语; pǔtōnghuà 普通话; Mandarin Chinese; modern standard Chinese
- national romanization 40, 42, 44 ; see also Gwoyeu Romatzyh (GR) 国语罗马字
- ne 呢185see also sentence final particles
- negation adverb (negation word)
152–155, 157, 163, 166, 187, 191
- bié 别 153, 158, 166, 191, 193
- bù 不 67–68, 93, 96, 103, 130, 153–154, 157–158, 164–166, 170
- méiyǒu 没有 153–154, 163, 166
- neutral tone (T0, qīngshēng 轻声) 41, 59–61, 61n, 68–70, 105, 110
- nominal modifier 129, 138–142, 152, 157, 192
- non-gradable adjective 112–113, 112n, 181n
- Norman, Jerry 16, 228
- Northern dialect (běifāng fāngyán 北方方言)
12–14, 16, 18, 36
- Northern proper (huáběi fāngyán 华北方言) 13–14
- Northwestern (xīběi fāngyán 西北方言) 13–14
- Southwestern (xīnán fāngyán西南方言) 13–14
- River/Lower Yangzi (jiānghuái fāngyán 江淮方言) 13–14
- noun phrase 3, 97, 129, 132, 134, 136, 137, 140–142, 149–150, 166, 173, 181–183, 196, 203, 209
O
- object
9, 91–92, 95–101, 107, 110, 113, 116, 129–130, 133, 140, 142–151, 158, 160, 166, 168–169, 182, 185, 192, 197–201, 203–206, 208, 210–212
- with a frequency or duration phrase 148–149
- in post-verbal constituents 143–146
- in the bǎ 把 construction 201, 203–206, 210–212
- in verb copying construction 146n, 197–200
- in V-O compound 91–92, 96–101
- Old Chinese17see also shànggǔ hànyǔ 上古汉语
- onset (of syllable onset) 28, 45, 46
- Ontogeny Model10
- open-mouth final (kāikǒuhū 开口呼) 32–34, 33n ; see also sìhū classification 四呼
- Oracle-bone Script 17, 217–221, 218n ; see also Shell-bone Script; jiǎ gǔ wén 甲骨文
P
- palatal 30–31, 34, 37, 45–46 ; see also place of articulation
- parallel compound (coordinative compound) 92–94 ; see also compound word
- particle question 187–188, 190, 193 ; see also interrogative
- passive 179, 182, 207–209, 211–212 ; see also bèi 被
- patient 207, 211
- patterning 2, 6–7
- pedagogical grammar8
- People’s Republic of China 18, 20, 226, 228 ; see also zhōnghuá rénmín gònghéguó 中华人民共和国
- perfective aspect 108, 129, 158, 160, 162–163, 171, 193, 199, 204 ; see also -le 了
- pharyngeal30see also place of articulation
- Phoneme 25–27, 37–38, 44, 46
- phonemic feature 26–27 ; see also distinctive feature
- phonetics 6, 25–26, 78 ; see also articulatory phonetics; acoustic phonetics; auditory phonetics
- phonetic transliteration 250, 252 ; see also loanword
- phonology 2, 6–7, 17, 25–26, 32–33, 38, 58, 62, 69, 72, 80, 113, 252
- phrase structure rule 132–134
- pictographic 217, 219–220, 220n, 222–223, 225 ; see also xiàngxíng 象形
- Pinyin 18–20, 25, 29, 29n, 32–33, 35–47, 37n, 59, 62, 76, 78, 228, 231–232, 254 ; see also hànyǔ pīnyīn 汉语拼音
- pitch height 56, 58, 60, 74–76 ; see also register
- pitch movement 56, 58, 60, 75 ; see also contour
- pitch value 58–59, 61, 61n, 63, 68, 75
- place of articulation
26, 30, 46
- labial 25n, 30
- dental 25n, 30–31, 34
- alveolar 30–31, 35, 46
- palatal 30–31, 34, 37, 45–46
- velar 30–31, 34–36, 39
- uvula30
- pharyngeal30
- glottal30
- potential form 96, 103–104, 109
- pragmatic competence 257, 259
- pragmatics 7, 121, 237–238, 239n, 245, 256–257, 259–261
- predicate 66, 92–93, 132, 179–182, 185, 194
- prefix 89–90, 102–104, 109 ; see also affix
- preposition 71, 88, 97–98, 144, 150, 201
- prepositional phrase
97–98, 129, 143, 150, 152, 157–158, 166, 194, 206
- in post-verbal constituents 150, 158
- in pre-verbal constituents 152, 157–158
- principles of character formation
219, 222–223
- compound indicative 220, 220n, 221n, 222–223, 225 ; see also huìyì 会意
- indicative 219–220, 220n, 221n, 222–223, 225 ; see also zhǐshì 指事
- pictographic 217, 219–220, 220n, 222–223, 225 ; see also xiàngxíng 象形
- semantic-phonetic compound 219–223, 221n, 222n ; see also xíngshēng 形声
- productivity 4, 171, 253
- progressive aspect 108, 158–159, 163–164, 255 ; see also zài 在
- prosodic unit 66, 84
- prosodic feature78
- prosodic structure 65, 74, 80
- prosodic word39n
- prosody 55–56, 69, 71–72, 78, 256
- psycholinguistics7
- pǔtōnghuà 普通话 16, 18–20 ; see also national language
R
- radical 220–223, 221n, 225–227, 229–232, 247 ; see also bùshǒu 部首
- reduplication 87, 90, 96–97, 109–113, 159n
- register 58–61, 73–75 ; see also pitch height
- relative clause 3, 129, 140–142, 166, 168–169, 173, 192
- Republic of China18see also zhōnghuá míngguó 中华民国
- request 179, 186, 237–239, 241–243, 245, 248, 257–258, 260 ; see also speech act
- resultative verb compounds (RVC) 92, 94–96, 103–104, 171 ; see also compound word; directional RVC
- rhyme 28, 35–36, 41, 44
- rhotacization (érhuà 儿化)36see also -ér儿
- River/Lower Yangzi (jiānghuái fāngyán 江淮方言) 13–14 ; see also Northern dialect
- root 89–91, 102 ; see also stem
- rounded-lip final (cuōkǒuhū 撮口呼, Row-ü final) 32–34, 33n, 37 ; see also sìhū classification 四呼
S
- Sandhi-T3 61, 61n, 63–65, 68 ; see also tone
- scope of modification142
- second language acquisition (SLA) 7–10, 11, 44, 46, 72, 74–75, 78, 80, 87, 96, 113–114, 116–117, 119–121, 166–169, 171–173, 179, 209, 211, 228, 231–232, 256–257, 259 ; see also L2 acquisition
- segmental feature 25, 27, 44
- semantic-phonetic compound 219–223, 221n, 222n ; see also xíngshēng 形声
- semantics 2, 6–7, 97, 220
- semantic translation 250–252 ; see also loanword
- sentence final particles
160, 171, 179, 184–186, 191, 193, 241–242, 248
- a 啊186
- ba 吧 191, 193, 241–242, 248
- láizhe 来着185
- le 了 160n, 163n, 171, 184–186, 193
- ma 嘛186
- ma 吗 187, 190
- ne 呢185
- serial verb construction 179, 194, 196
- shànggǔ hànyǔ上古汉语17see also Old Chinese
- Shell-bone Script 217–218 ; see also Oracle-bone Script; jiǎ gǔ wén 甲骨文
- shēngmǔ 声母 15, 26–29, 31–35, 37, 39–41, 43–45, 60 ; see also initial
- Short-T3 61–65, 61n, 68, 70, 74–76 ; see also half third tone (bànsānshēng 半三声)
- shūmiànyǔ 书面语111, 113, 117, 117n ; see also written style
- sìhū classification 四呼
32–34
- closed-mouth final (hékǒuhū 合口呼 or Row-u final) 32–34, 33n
- rounded-lip final (cuōkǒuhū 撮口呼 or Row-ü final) 32–34, 33n, 37
- even-teeth final (qíchǐhū 齐齿呼 or Row-i final) 32–34, 33n
- open-mouth final (kāikǒuhū 开口呼) 32–34, 33n ; see also final; syllable medial
- simple character 225–226 ; see also dútǐ zì 独体字
- simplified character 25, 226–228
- Small Seal 218–219, 218n, 226 ; see also xiăo zhuàn 小篆; Qin Seal
- social distance 243, 245, 251, 256
- sociolinguistics7
- sonority scale (sonority hierarchy) 27–28
- sound-notating/denoting symbols 19, 37n, 40–44, 46–47 ; see also zhùyīn fúhào 注音符号
- southern dialect 15–16, 254
- speech act
237–239, 242–243, 245, 256–258
- apology 239, 240, 243–245
- direct speech act 238, 239
- gratitude 239–241, 243, 245, 258
- indirect speech act238
- request 179, 186, 237–239, 241–243, 245, 248, 257, 258, 260
- standard Chinese 7, 12, 17–20, 36, 43, 61, 91, 227 ; see also national language
- stem 89–91, 102 ; see also root
- stop (plosive) 26, 28, 30–31, 42 ; see also manner of articulation
- stress 25, 55, 60, 69–72
- stroke 217, 219, 223–228, 230–232
- stroke order 224–225, 231 ; see also bĭ shùn 笔顺
- subject
9, 66, 92–93, 95, 107–108, 110n, 132–133, 140, 142, 146, 150, 155, 165, 168–169, 179, 180, 182, 190–194, 201, 206–207
- in compound 92, 93, 95
- in relative clause 140, 142, 168–169
- in sentence 132–133, 179–180, 182, 190–193
- in serial verb construction194
- in the bǎ 把 construction 201, 206
- in the bèi 被 passive construction207
- subject-predicate compounds 92–93 ; see also compound word
- suffix 2, 36, 59, 68, 90, 102, 104–109, 150, 159, 255 ; see also affix
- suprasegmental feature 25, 55, 70, 72
- syllabic consonant35see also empty rhyme; kōngyùn 空韵
- syllable structure
3, 27–29, 38, 57
- (syllable) onset 28, 45, 46
- (syllable) rhyme
28, 35–36, 41, 44
- syllable nucleus 27–28, 32, 34–35, 39
- syllable medial 28–29, 32–34, 39, 41, 43–44
- syllable coda (terminal) 28, 32, 38 ; see also initial; final
- synchronic linguistics7
- synonym 93, 116–117, 121, 171
- syntax 2, 6–7, 17, 65, 129, 179, 252
T
- tag question 187–188, 193, 241 ; see also interrogative
- Taiwanese (Táiyǔ 台语)18
- tense 2, 10, 90, 107–109, 159, 159n, 161–162, 166, 172–173
- tentative aspect 109–110, 113 ; see also delimitative aspect
- theoretical linguistics 8, 146n
- third tone sandhi (T3 sandhi) 60, 61n, 63–68, 75 ; see also tone sandhi
- tone (lexical tone)
10–11, 15, 28–29, 40–44, 55–64, 66–80, 105, 110, 231, 252n
- Tone 1 (T1, yīnpíng 阴平) 10, 57–61, 63, 67–68, 70, 74, 76–77
- Tone 2 (T2, yángpíng 阳平) 10, 57–61, 61n, 63–64, 66–68, 70, 73–77
- Tone 3 (T3, shǎngshēng 上声) 57–68, 61n, 70, 73–77 ; see also Short-T3 (or half third tone, bànsānshēng 半三声)
- Long-T3 (or full third tone, quánsānshēng 全三声)
- Sandhi-T3
- Tone 4 (T4, qùshēng 去声) 10, 57–61, 63, 67–68, 70, 73–74, 76–77
- neutral tone (T0, qīngshēng) 41, 59–61, 68–70, 105, 110
- tone distribution 10, 61
- tone language (tonal language) 55–56, 60, 68, 70, 72–73
- tone sandhi 15, 60, 62, 66–68
- topic 179, 182–184, 193
- topic-comment structure 208–210
- traditional character 227–228
- transitive verb 97, 143–145, 151, 158, 166
- typing 42, 228, 231–232, 254, 256
U
- undergoer 195–196
- underlying form 60, 62, 64, 66–68 ; see also base form
- universal grammar11
- unstress 60, 69–72, 76
- uvula30see also place of articulation
V
- variant 13, 15, 27, 37–38, 60–62, 64, 67–68, 75, 226–228 ; see also allophone
- V-de 得 129, 143, 146–147
- velar 30–31, 34–36, 39 ; see also place of articulation
- verb complement 129, 166, 169–171, 173, 211
- verb copying 146n, 149n, 179, 197–200
- verb-object compound (V-O compound) 91–92, 96–101, 110, 113, 144 ; see also líhécí 离合词; compound word
- verb phrase
3, 15, 61n, 104, 111, 132, 134, 143, 146, 152, 154, 166, 169, 180, 194–196, 205–206, 209–212
- in serial verb construction 194–196
- in the bǎ 把 construction 205–206, 209–212
- Vernacular Literature Movement18
- vernacular Mandarin18see also báihuà 白话
- vocal cord (vocal fold) 6, 26, 30–31, 56
- voicing 15, 26
- volition110n
- volitional verb 110, 113
- vowel 26–29, 31–32, 34–39, 41, 43–45 ; see also yuányīn元音
W
- Wade-Giles system (wēituǒmǎ pīnyīn 威妥玛拼音, wěishì pīnyīn 韦氏拼音) 40–42, 44
- wényán 文言18see also classical Chinese, literacy Chinese
- wh-question 187, 189–190, 193 ; see also interrogative
- word class 88–89 ; see also lexical category
- written style 111, 113, 117, 117n ; see also shūmiànyǔ 书面语
- writing system 5, 7, 43, 88, 217, 219–220, 223, 228, 249, 255
- Wu dialect 12–16, 246
X
- Xiang dialect 13–16
- xiàngxíng 象形 219, 222–223 ; see also pictographic
- xiăo zhuàn 小篆218see also Small Seal; Qin Seal
- xīběi fāngyán 西北方言 (Northwestern) 13–14 ; see also Northern dialect
- xīnán fāngyán西南方言 (Southwestern ) 13–14 ; see also Northern dialect
- xíngshēng 形声 219, 222–223 ; see also semantic-phonetic compound
- Xǔ Shèn 许慎219
Y
- yuányīn元音 26–29, 31–32, 34–39, 41, 43–45 ; see also vowel
- Yue dialect (Cantonese) 13–16, 252n
- Yuen-Ren Chao 42–44
- yùnmǔ 韵母
27–29, 31–35, 38–44
- yùnfù 韵腹 28, 32 ; see also syllable nucleus
- yùntóu 韵头 (jièyīn 介音) 28, 32 ; see also sìhū classification 四呼; syllable medial
- yùnwěi 韵尾 28, 32 ; see also syllable coda (terminal)see also final; syllable structure
Z
- zài 在 163–166 ; see also progressive aspect
- -zhe 着 108–109, 159, 164–166 ; see also durative aspect
- zhǐshì 指事 219, 222–223 ; see also indicative
- zhōnggǔ hànyǔ 中古汉语17see also Middle Chinese
- zhōnghuá míngguó 中华民国18see also Republic of China
- zhōnghuá rénmín gònghéguó 中华人民共和国1 8, 20, 226, 228 ; see also People’s Republic of China
- zhùyīn fúhào 注音符号 (sound-notating/denoting symbols) 19, 37n, 40–44, 46–47 ; see also zhùyīn zìmǔ 注音字母 (bopomofo)
- zhùyīn zìmǔ 注音字母 (bopomofo)40see also zhùyīn fúhào 注音符号
- zì běn wèi 字本位118see also character-unit theory
