In:Corpus Approaches to Social Media:
Edited by Sofia Rüdiger and Daria Dayter
[Studies in Corpus Linguistics 98] 2020
► pp. 89–110
Chapter 4Patterns of intra-individual variation in a Swiss WhatsApp corpus
Analysing real-time change and long-term accommodation
Published online: 4 November 2020
https://doi.org/10.1075/scl.98.04fel
https://doi.org/10.1075/scl.98.04fel
Abstract
Analysing written data from a large WhatsApp corpus, which was collected in Switzerland in 2014, this study examines how individuals may change their linguistic behaviour over time and how such changes are connected to the language use of the interlocutor. Therefore, this is one of the very first studies analysing intra-individual real-time change and long-term accommodation processes in written digital data. Focussing on WhatsApp chats that are primarily written in Swiss German, evidence for the possibility of rapid changes within the language use of individuals on several linguistic levels is presented: dialectal variation, phoneme-grapheme correspondence, punctuation, lexis, and use of emojis/emoticons. Furthermore, based on multiple examples from the corpus, several different types of long-term accommodation processes in two-person chats are distinguished.
Article outline
- 1.Introduction
- 2.Theoretical background: Aspects of intra-individual variation
- 3.Properties of WhatsApp text messaging with a focus on Swiss German
- 4.Data and methods
- 5.Change over time: Examples on different linguistic levels
- 6.Types of long-term accommodation in two-person chats
- 7.Conclusion
Notes References
References (27)
Androutsopoulos, Jannis. 2007. Neue Medien – neue Schriftlichkeit? Mitteilungen des deutschen Germanistenverbandes 54(1): 72–97.
. 2011. From variation to heteroglossia in the study of computer-mediated discourse. In Digital Discourse: Language in the New Media, Crispin Thurlow & Kristine Mroczek (eds), 277–298. Oxford: OUP.
. 2014. Mediatization and sociolinguistic change: Key concepts, research traditions, open issues. In Mediatization and Sociolinguistic Change [Linguae & Litterae 36], Jannis Androutsopoulos (ed.), 3–48. Berlin: De Gruyter.
Bowie, David. 2015. Phonological variation in real time: Patterns of adult linguistic stability and change. In Language Development: The Lifespan Perspective [Impact: Studies in Language and Society 37], Annette Gerstenberg & Anja Voeste (eds), 39–58. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Britain, David. 2012. Koineization and cake baking: Reflections on methods in dialect contact research. In Methods in Contemporary Linguistics [Trends in Linguistics 247], Andrea Ender, Adrian Leemann & Bernhard Wälchli (eds), 219–237. Berlin: de Gruyter.
Brook, Marisa, Jankowski, Bridget L., Konnelly, Lex & Tagliamonte, Sali A. 2018. ‘I don’t come off as timid anymore’: Real-time change in early adulthood against the backdrop of the community. Journal of Sociolinguistics 22(4): 351–374.
Buchstaller, Isabelle, Krause, Anne, Auer, Anja & Otte, Stefanie. 2017. Levelling across the life-span? Tracing the face vowel in panel data from the North East of England. Journal of Sociolinguistics 21(1): 3–33.
Dragojevic, Marko, Gasiorek, Jessica & Giles, Howard. 2016. Accommodative strategies as core of the theory. In Communication Accommodation Theory – Negotiating Personal Relationships and Social Identities across Contexts, Howard Giles (ed.), 36–59. Cambridge: CUP.
Felder, Samuel. 2020. Individuelle Verschriftungsmuster in schweizerdeutschen WhatsApp-Chats. Stilistische Variation und Akkommodation als Einflussfaktoren auf die Graphemwahl. In Register des Graphischen. Variation, Interaktion und Reflexion in der digitalen Schriftlichkeit, Jannis Androutsopoulos & Florian Busch (eds), 93–131. Berlin: De Gruyter.
. In preparation. Individuelle sprachliche Variation in WhatsApp-Chats. Stil, Akkommodation und Real-Time-Change. PhD dissertation, Universität Leipzig.
Frick, Karina. 2017. Elliptische Strukturen in SMS. Eine korpusbasierte Untersuchung des Schweizerdeutschen [Empirische Linguistik 7]. Berlin: de Gruyter.
Giles, Howard (ed). 2016. Communication Accommodation Theory. Negotiating Personal Relationships and Social Identities across Contexts. Cambridge: CUP.
Hotzenköcherle, Rudolf & Baumgartner, Heinrich (eds). 1969. Sprachatlas der deutschen Schweiz Vol. 4. Bern: Francke.
Imo, Wolfgang. 2019. Das Medium ist die Massage. Interaktion und ihre situativen und technischen Rahmenbedingungen. In Interaktion und Medien. Interaktionsanalytische Zugänge zu medienvermittelter Kommunikation [OraLingua 17], Konstanze Marx & Axel Schmidt (eds), 35–58. Heidelberg: Winter.
König, Katharina. 2019a. Narratives 2.0: A multi-dimensional approach to semi-public storytelling in WhatsApp voice messages. Journal for Media Linguistics 2(2): 30–59.
. 2019b. Sequential patterns in SMS and WhatsApp dialogues: Practices for coordinating actions and managing topics. Discourse & Communication 13(6): 612–629.
. 2019c. Stance taking with ‘laugh’ particles and emojis: Sequential and functional patterns of ‘laughter’ in a corpus of German WhatsApp chats. Journal of Pragmatics 142: 156–170.
König, Katharina & Hector, Tim Moritz. 2019. Neue Medien – neue Mündlichkeit? Zur Dialogizität von WhatsApp-Sprachnachrichten. In Interaktion und Medien. Interaktionsanalytische Zugänge zu medienvermittelter Kommunikation [OraLingua 17], Konstanze Marx & Axel Schmidt (eds), 59–84. Heidelberg: Winter.
Lötscher, Andreas. 1989. Probleme und Problemlösungen bei der Mundartschreibung des Schweizerdeutschen. Zeitschrift für Dialektologie und Linguistik 56(3): 273–297.
Rowe, Charley. 2011. Whatchanade? Rapid language change in a private email sibling code. Language@Internet 8: Article 6. <[URL]> (11 April 2020).
Sankoff, Gillian. 2018. Language change across the lifespan. Annual Review of Linguistics 4: 297–316.
Sebba, Mark. 2012. Orthography as social action: Scripts, spelling, identity and power. In Orthography as Social Action. Scripts, Spelling, Identity and Power [Language and Social Processes 3], Alexandra Jaffe, Jannis Androutsopoulos, Mark Sebba & Sally Johnson (eds), 1–19. Berlin: De Gruyter.
Siebenhaar, Beat. 2006. Code choice and code-switching in Swiss-German internet relay chat rooms. Journal of Sociolinguistics 10(4): 481–506.
Tagg, Caroline. 2016. Heteroglossia in text-messaging: Performing identity and negotiating relationships in a digital space. Journal of Sociolinguistics 20(1): 59–85.
Cited by (3)
Cited by three other publications
Fernandez, Guillaume P.
Xanthos, Aris
2025. Quantitative assessment of paralinguistic accommodation in WhatsApp chats. In Mathematical Modelling in Linguistics and Text Analysis [Current Issues in Linguistic Theory, 370], ► pp. 226 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 1 december 2025. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.
