Cover not available

In:Corpus Linguistics and African Englishes
Edited by Alexandra U. Esimaje, Ulrike Gut and Bassey E. Antia
[Studies in Corpus Linguistics 88] 2019
► pp. 97–118

Get fulltext from our e-platform
JBE logo with link
PDF logo with download linkDownload Book PDF
authorization required

Chapter 1.4
Introducing a corpus of English(es) spoken in post-independence Namibia

Insights into corpus design and quantitative analyses

 | Bayreuth University
Published online: 13 February 2019
DOI logo with link
https://doi.org/10.1075/scl.88.05ste
Abstract
The possibility of an evolving “Namibian English” was already suggested more than 30 years ago (Chamberlain 1981: 46). However, detailed analyses of the English(es) used in Namibia were only recently initiated (e.g. Otaala 2006; Buschfeld & Kautzsch 2014; Kautzsch & Schröder 2016; Steigertahl 2017). The present chapter adds to previous research on morphosyntactic structures, introducing the Corpus of English(es) Spoken by Black Namibians post Independence (ESBNaPI). First, the Namibian linguistic situation will be introduced before procedures of data collection and methodology will be presented. Afterwards, morphosyntactic examples from the corpus will be given and compared to South African English(es) (SAE) to address potential generalizations of post-Independence English(es). The overall goal is to raise awareness of corpus resources in southern Africa.
Article outline
  • Introduction
  • The Namibian linguistic situation
  • The Corpus of ESBNaPI
    • Data collection
    • Methodology
  • Morphosyntactic forms of English(es) spoken by black Namibians
  • Conclusion
  • Notes
  • References
References (110)
References
Adegbija, Efurosibina. 1994. The context of language planning in Africa: An illustration with Nigeria. In Language Contact and Language Conflict, Martin Pütz (ed.), 139–163. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Allwood, Jens & Hendrikse, Andries. 2003. The spoken language corpora for the nine official African languages of South Africa. Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies 21(4): 189–201. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Allwood, Jens, Hammarström, Harald, Hendrikse, Andries, Ngcobo, Mtholeni N., Nomdebevana, Nozibele, Pretorius, Laurette & van der Merwe, Mac. 2010. Work in spoken (multimodal) language corpora in South Africa. In Proceedings of the Seventh Conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC) 2010, Nicoletta Calzolari, Khalid Choukri, Bente Maegaard, Joseph Mariani, Jan Odijk, Stelios Piperidis, Mike Rosner & Daniel Tapias (eds), 885–889. Valletta, Malta: European Language Resources Association (ELRA).Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Arndt, Susan. 2005. Mythen des weißen Subjekts: Verleugnung und Hierarchisierung von Rassismus. In Mythen, Masken und Subjekte. Kritische Weißseinsforschung in Deutschland, Maureen Maisha Eggers, Grada Kilomba, Peggy Piesche & Susan Arndt (eds), 340–362. Münster: Unrast.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2012. Die 101 wichtigsten Fragen: Rassismus. Munich: Beck. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Arndt, Susan & Ofuatey-Alazard, Nadja (eds). 2011. Wie Rassismus aus Wörtern spricht. (K)Erben des Kolonialismus im Wissensarchiv deutsche Sprache. Ein kritisches Nachschlagewerk. Münster: Unrast.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Beck, Anke. 1995. Language and nation in Namibia: The fallacies of modernization theory. In Discrimination through Language in Africa? Perspectives on the Namibian Experience [Contribution to the Sociology of Language 69], Martin Pütz (ed.), 207–222. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bogdan, Robert C. & Knopp Biklen, Sari. 1992. Qualitative Research for Education. An Introduction to Theory and Methods. Boston MA: Allyn and Bacon.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
du Bois, John W. 2006. Basic symbols for discourse transcription. Level 3+ by topic. In Representing Discourse. Department of Linguistics University of California, Santa Barbara. <[URL]> (3 December 2014).
Bologna, Anna. 2013. Rezension: Wie Rassismus aus Wörtern spricht. MDÜ – Fachzeitschrift für Dolmetscher und Übersetzer 4/13(59): 58–65.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bongartz, Christiane M. & Buschfeld, Sarah. 2011. English in Cyprus: Second language variety or learner English? In Exploring Second-Language Varieties of English and Learner Englishes. Bridging a Paradigm Gap [Studies in Corpus Linguistics 44], Joybrato Mukherjee & Marianne Hundt (eds), 35–54. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bowerman, Sean. 2008. White South African English: Morphology and syntax. In Varieties of English, 4: Africa, South and Southeast Asia, Rajend Mesthrie (ed.), 472–487. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Branford, William. 1996. English in South African society: A preliminary overview. In Focus on South Africa [Varieties of English around the World 15], Vivian de Klerk (ed.), 35–52. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Branford, Jean & Branford, William. 1991. A Dictionary of South African English. Cape Town: OUP.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Brock-Utne, Birgit. 2000. Whose Education for All? The Recolonization of the African Mind. London: Falmer Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Buschfeld, Sarah. 2013. English in Cyprus or Cyprus English? An Empirical Investigation of Variety Status [Varieties of English Around the World G46] Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Buschfeld, Sarah & Kautzsch, Alexander. 2014. English in Namibia. A first approach. English World-Wide 35(2): 121–160. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2016. Towards an integrated approach to postcolonial and non-postcolonial Englishes. World Englishes [First View].Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Chamberlain, R. 1981. Toward a Language Policy for Namibia: English as the Official Language; Perspectives and Strategies [Namibia Studies Series 4]. Lusaka: United Nations Institute for Namibia.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Chisanga, Teresa. 2001. Current studies in black South African English: A brief survey. In Guardian of the Word. Literature, Language and Politics in SADC Countries, Brian Harlech-Jones, Ismael Mbise & Helen Vale (eds), 141–149. Windhoek: Macmillan.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
CIA (Central Intelligence Agency). 2014. The World Factbook. Africa: Namibia. Washington, DC. <[URL]> (19 August 2015).
Corder, Stephen Pit. 1981. Error Analysis and Interlanguage. Oxford: OUP.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Cukor-Avila, Patricia & Bailey, Guy. 2001. The effects of the race of the interviewer on sociolinguistic fieldwork. Journal of Sociolinguistics 5(2): 254–270. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Deutsches Institut für Menschenrechte. 2017. Schwarz. Glossar – Deutsches Institut für Menschenrechte. <[URL]> (9 May 2017).
Diekmann, Andreas. 2007. Empirische Sozialforschung: Grundlagen, Methoden, Anwendungen, 17th edn. Reinbek: Rowohlt.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Etjikeme, Anene. 2011. Culture and Customs of Namibia. Santa Barbara CA: Greenwood.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Faculty of Education University of Pretoria. 2004. Guidelines for creating questionnaires. <[URL]> (10 October 2013).
Feagin, Crawford. 2004. Entering the community: Fieldwork. In The Handbook of Language Variation and Change, Jack K. Chambers, Peter Trudgill & Natalie Schilling-Estes (eds), 20–39. Malden MA: Blackwell.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Fink, Arlene & Kosecoff, Jacqueline. 1985. How to Conduct Surveys. A Step-by-Step Guide. Beverly Hills CA: Sage.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Fourie, David J. 1997. Educational language policy and the indigenous languages of Namibia. International Journal of the Sociology of Language (IJSL) 125: 29–42.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Fourie, Katie. 1995. Afrikaans – The unwanted lingua franca of Namibia. In Discrimination through language in Africa? Perspectives on the Namibian Experience [Contribution to the Sociology of Language 69], Martin Pütz (ed.), 315–325. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Frydmann, Jenna. 2011. A critical analysis of Namibia’s English-only language policy. In Selected Proceedings of the 40th Annual Conference on African Linguistics: African Languages and Linguistics Today, Eyamba G. Bokamba, Ryan K. Shosted & Bezza Tesfaw Ayalew (eds), 178–189. Somerville MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Gallois, Cindy, Watson, Bernadette & Brabant, Madeleine. 2009. Attitudes to Language and Communication. In Handbook of Language and Communication: Diversity and Change, Marlis Hellinger & Anne Pauwels (eds), 595–618. Berlin: De Gruyter.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Ghomeshi, Jila & Massam, Diane. 2012. The count mass distinction: Issues and perspectives. In Count and Mass across Languages, Diane Massam (ed.), 1–8. Oxford: OUP. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Government of South Africa. 1996. The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa. Pretoria: Government Printer.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Greenbaum, Sidney. 1996. Comparing English Worldwide. The International Corpus of English. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Groves, Julie. 2010. Error or feature? The issue of interlanguage and deviations in non-native varieties of English. HKBU Papers in Applied Language Studies 14: 108–129.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Haacke, Wilfrid H. G. 1994. Language policy and planning in independent Namibia. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics (ARAL) 14: 240–253. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Harlech-Jones, Brian. 1995. The role of English in Namibia: A sociocultural and linguistic account. In Discrimination through Language in Africa? Perspectives on the Namibian Experience [Contribution to the Sociology of Language 69], Martin Pütz (ed.), 224–243. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 1997. Looking at means and ends in language policy in Namibia. In Language Choices: Conditions, Constraints, and Consequences [Impact: Studies in Language and Society 1], Martin Pütz (ed.), 223–249. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Harris, Priscilla G. 2011. Language Schools in Namibia. The Missing Link in Educational Achievement? In The Urban Trust of Namibia [Monograph No 1]. Windhoek: Solitaire Press. <[URL]> (8 March 2013).
Kachru, Braj B. 1985. Standards, codification, and sociolinguistic realism: The English language in the outer circle. In English in the World: Teaching and Learning the Language and Literature, Randolph Quirk & Henry G. Widdowson (eds), 11–30. Cambridge: CUP.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Kautzsch, Alexander & Schröder, Anne. 2016. English in multilingual and multiethnic Namibia: Some evidence on language attitudes and on the pronunciation of vowels. In Anglistentag 2015 Paderborn. Proceedings, Christoph Ehland, Ilka Mindt & Merle Tönnies (eds), 277–288. Trier: WVT.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Kennedy, Graeme D. 1998. An Introduction to Corpus Linguistics. London: Longman.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
de Klerk, Vivian. 2006. Corpus Linguistics and World Englishes. An Analysis of Xhosa English. London: Continuum.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Knappert, Jan. 1981. Namibia. Land and Peoples. Myths and Fables. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Krug, Manfred & Sell, Katrin. 2013. Designing and conducting interviews and questionnaires. In Research Methods in Language Variation and Change, Manfred Krug & Julia Schlüter (eds), 69–98. Cambridge: CUP. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Labov, William. 1972. Sociolinguistic Patterns. Philadelphia PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Lass, Roger. 2004. South African English. In Legacies of Colonial English. Studies in Transported Dialects, Raymond Hickney (ed.), 363–386. Cambridge: CUP.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Lewis, M. Paul, Simons, Gary F. & Fennig, Charles D. 2016. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 19th edn. Dallas TX: SIL International. <[URL]>
Maho, Jouni Filip. 1998. Few People, Many Tongues. The Languages of Namibia. Windhoek: Gamsberg Macmillan.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2008. NAMLOB – Namibian Languages Online Bibliography. <[URL]> (25 August 2014).
Malan, Johan S. 2005. Die Völker Namibias. Göttingen: Klaus Hess.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Mazrui, Alamin M. 2004. English in Africa. After the Cold War. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
McCormick, Kay. 2008. Cape Flats English: Morphology and syntax. In Varieties of English, 4: Africa, South and Southeast Asia, Rajend Mesthrie (ed.), 521–534. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Mendelsohn, John, Jarvis, Alice, Roberts, Carole & Robertson, Tony. 2009. Atlas of Namibia. A Portrait of the Land and its People. Cape Town: Sunbird Publishers.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Mesthrie, Rajend. 2008a. Black South African English: Morphology and syntax. In Varieties of English, 4: Africa, South and Southeast Asia, Rajend Mesthrie (ed.), 488–500. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2008b. Indian South African English: Morphology and syntax. In Varieties of English, 4: Africa, South and Southeast Asia, Rajend Mesthrie (ed.), 501–520. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Mesthrie, Rajend & Bhatt, Rakesh M. 2008. World Englishes: The Study of New Linguistic Varieties. Cambridge: CUP. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Meyerhoff, Miriam, Adachi, Chie, Nanbakhsh, Golnaz & Strycharz, Anna. 2012. Sociolinguistic fieldwork. In The Oxford Handbook of Linguistic Fieldwork, Nicolas Thieberger (ed.), 121–146. Oxford: OUP.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Milroy, Lesley. 1980. Language and Social Networks. Baltimore MD: University Perk Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 1987. Observing and Analysing Natural Language. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Minow, Verena. 2010. Variation in the Grammar of Black South African English [European University Studies: Reihe 21, Linguistics, 362]. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Mollin, Sandra. 2006. Euro-English. Assessing Variety Status. Tübingen: Narr.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Mohr, Susanne. 2016. From Accra to Nairobi: The use of pluralized mass nouns in East and West African postcolonial Englishes. In Aspects of (Post)Colonial Linguistics, Daniel Schmidt-Brücken, Susanne Schuster & Marina Wienberg (eds), 157–188. Berlin: De Gruyter. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Möhlig, Wilhelm & Seidel, Frank. 2007. Namibian languages. In Atlas of Cultural and Environmental Change in Arid Africa, Olaf Bubenzer, Andreas Bolten & Frank Darius (eds), 146–147. Cologne: Heinrich-Barth Institute.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Nampala, Lovisa T. & Shigwedha, Vilho. 2006. Aambo Kingdoms, History and Cultural Change. Perspectives from Northern Namibia [Basel Namibia Studies Series 8/9]. Basel: P. Schlettwein.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Nelson, Gerald. 1996. The design of the corpus. In Comparing English Worldwide. The International Corpus of English, Sidney Greenbaum (ed.), 27–35. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Neuman, W. Lawrence. 1994. Social Research Methods. Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches, 2nd edn. Boston MA: Allyn and Bacon.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
New Era. 2015. Is Afrikaans now Namibia’s second official language? New Era, May 22, 2015. <[URL]> (15 April 2015).
NSA (Namibia Statistics Agency). 2001. Namibia 2001. Population and Housing Census Main Report. <[URL]> (1 June 2015).
. 2011. Namibia 2011. Population and Housing Census Main Report. <[URL]> (1 June 2015).
Otaala, Laura Ariko. 2006. Consonant devoicing by Namibian speakers of English. In The Study and Use of English in Africa, Arua E. Arua, Mompoloki M. Bagwasi, Tiro Sebina & Barolong Seboni (eds), 165–176. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Pauli, Julia. 2017. ‘Of course I can speak English more than my mother tongue!’ Sprache und Identität aufstrebender Mittelklassen im postkolonialen Namibia. In Form und Funktion. Festschrift für Angelika Redder zum 65. Geburtstag, Arne Krause, Gesa Lehrmann, Winfried Thielmann & Caroline Trautmann (eds), 409–421. Tübingen: Stauffenburg.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Percillier, Michael. 2016. World Englishes and Second Language Acquisition. Insights from Southeast Asian Englishes [Varieties of English around the World G58]. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Pienaar, Leela & de Klerk, Vivian. 2009. Towards a corpus of South African English: Corralling the sub-varieties. Lexikos 19: 353–371. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Platt, John, Weber, Heidi & Lian, Ho Mian. 1984. The New Englishes. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Pütz, Martin. 1995a. Attitudes and language: An empirical investigation into the status and use of English in Namibia. In Discrimination through Language in Africa? Perspectives on the Namibian Experience [Contribution to the Sociology of Language 69], Martin Pütz (ed.), 245–284. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 1995b. Official monolingualism in Africa: A sociolinguistic assessment of linguistic and cultural pluralism in Namibia. In Discrimination through Language in Africa? Perspectives on the Namibian Experience [Contribution to the Sociology of Language 69], Martin Pütz (ed.), 155–173. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Rickford, John R. & McNair-Knox, Faye. 1994. Addressee and topic-influence style shift: A quantitative sociolinguistics study. In Sociolinguistic Perspectives on Register, Douglas Biber & Edward Finegan (eds), 235–276. Oxford: OUP.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
van Rooy, Bertus. 2013. Corpus linguistic work on black South African English. English Today 113(29/1): 10–15. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Scherz, Anneliese, Scherz, Ernst Rudolf, Taapopi, G. & Otto, Antje. 1981. Hairstyles, Head-Dresses and Ornaments in South West Africa/Namibia and Southern Angola. Windhoek: Gamsberg Uitgewers.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Schilling, Natalie. 2013. Sociolinguistic Fieldwork. Cambridge: CUP. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Schröder, Anne. 2003. Status, Functions, and Prospects of Pidgin English: An Empirical Approach to Language Dynamics in Cameroon. Tübingen: Gunter Narr.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2004. Deeper insights through triangulation: Experiences from a sociolinguistic study on Pidgin English in Cameroon. In Crossing Borders. Interdisciplinary Approaches to Africa [Afrikanische Studien 23], Anne Schröder (ed.), 151–181. Münster: LIT.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Seidel, Frank. 2015. Describing endangered languages. Experiences from a PhD grammar project in Africa. In Language Documentation and Endangerment in Africa [Culture and Language Use 17], James Essegbey, Brent Henderson & Fiona Mc Laughlin (eds), 277–312. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Siemund, Peter. 2013. Varieties of English. A Typological Approach. Cambridge: CUP. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Smith, David. 2015. Lüderitz v !Nami≠nüs: Dispute over Town’s Name Divides Namibia. The Guardian, February 26, 2015. <[URL]> (15 April 2016).
Sow, Noah. 2008. Deutschland Schwarz weiß: Der alltägliche Rassismus. Munich: Bertelsmann.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Spradley, James P. 1979. The Ethnographic Interview. Belmont CA: Wadsworth.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Steigertahl, Helene. 2010. The Role of the Official Language English in a Namibian Community: An Empirical Study on Language Use and Language Attitude in Lüderitz. State Examination Thesis, University of Heidelberg.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2015. Language use and attitudes. How do they contribute to identity-formation? In Acta Germanica [German Studies in Africa 43], Carlotta von Maltzan (ed.), 90–98. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2017. English(es) Spoken by Black Namibians: Linking Variety Status with Educational Policy in Post-Independence Namibia. PhD dissertation, University of Bayreuth.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. Submitted. Similarities and differences between varieties of speech in Namibia – Expressions of language ideologies and attitudes in four Namibian communities. SOAS Working Papers in Linguistics.
Stell, Gerald. 2009. Is there a Namibian Afrikaans? Recent trends in grammatical variation in Afrikaans varieties within and across Namibia’s borders. Stellenbosch Papers in Linguistics PLUS 39: 85–105.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2014. Uses and functions of English in Namibia’s multiethnic settings. World Englishes 33(2): 223–241. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Stell, Gerald & Groenewald, Gerald. 2016. ’n Perseptuele verslag van Afrikaans in Namibië: Tussen lingua franca en sosiaal-ekslusiewe taal. A perceptual account of Afrikaans in Namibia: Between lingua franca and socially exclusive language. Tydskrif vir Geesteswetenskappe 56(4–1): 1–21. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Tagliamonte, Sally. 2006. Analysing Sociolinguistic Variation. Cambridge: CUP. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Tötemeyer, Andree-Jeanne. 2009. Multilingualism/ Multiculturalism in Africa and its Impact on a Reading Culture: The Namibian Experience. <[URL]> (14 January 2014).
. 2010. Multilingualism and the Language Policy for Namibian Schools [PRAESA (= Project for the Study of Alternative Education in South Africa) Occasional Papers No. 37]. Cape Town: PRAESA. <[URL]> (14 January 2014).
Trudgill, Peter & Hannah, Jean. 2002. International English. A Guide to Varieties of Standard English, 4th edn. London: Arnold.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Trüb, Regina. 2008. American English Impact on South African English: An Empirical Analysis of its Manifestations and Attitudes towards it. PhD dissertation, University of Regensburg.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Turner III, Daniel W. 2010. Qualitative interview design: A practical guide for novice investigators. The Qualitative Report 15(3): 754–760.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Wallace, Marion & Kinahan, John. 2011. A History of Namibia. From the Beginning to 1990. Johannesburg: Jacana Media.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Webb, Vic. 1994. Revalorizing the autochthonous languages of Africa. In Language Contact and Language Conflict, Martin Pütz (ed.), 181–203. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Wiese, Heike. 2012. Collectives in the intersection of mass and count nouns: A cross-linguistics account. In Count and Mass across Languages, Diane Massam (ed.), 54–74. Oxford: OUP. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Williamson, Kay & Blench, Roger. 2000. Niger-Congo. In African Languages: An Introduction, Bernd Heine & Derek Nurse (eds), 11–42. Cambridge: CUP.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Wolf, Hans-Georg. 2004. Cultural approaches to second language varieties of English: A call for new methodologies and a review of some findings on (West) African English. In Crossing Borders. Interdisciplinary Approaches to Africa [Afrikanische Studien 23], Anne Schröder (ed.), 133–149. Münster: LIT.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Wolff, H. Ekkehard. 2016. Language and Development in Africa. Perceptions, Ideologies and Challenges. Cambridge: CUP. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Cited by (2)

Cited by two other publications

Iipinge, Kristof & Kate Huddlestone
2023. English lingua franca as a language of learning and teaching in northern Namibia: A report on Oshiwambo teachers' experiences. Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies 41:3 ► pp. 280 ff. DOI logo
Stell, Gerald
2021. English in Namibia. In The dynamics of English in Namibia [Varieties of English Around the World, G65], ► pp. 21 ff. DOI logo

This list is based on CrossRef data as of 1 december 2025. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.

Mobile Menu Logo with link to supplementary files background Layer 1 prag Twitter_Logo_Blue