Cover not available

In:Building and Using the Siarad Corpus: Bilingual conversations in Welsh and English
Margaret Deuchar, Peredur Webb-Davies and Kevin Donnelly
[Studies in Corpus Linguistics 81] 2018
► pp. 185–196

Get fulltext from our e-platform
JBE logo with link
PDF logo with download linkDownload Book PDF
EPUB logo with download linkDownload Book EPUB
authorization required

References

Published online: 22 May 2018
DOI logo with link
https://doi.org/10.1075/scl.81.refs
Adalar, N., & Tagliamonte, S. (1998). Borrowed nouns; bilingual people: The case of the Londrali in Northern Cyprus. International Journal of Bilingualism, 2(2), 139–159. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Afarli, T. A., Grimstad, M. B., & Subbarao, K. V. (2013). Dakkhini and the problem of a matrix language frame in sustained language contact. In International Conference on Language Contact in India (pp. xliv–lvii). Pune, India: Deccan College Post Graduate and Research Institute.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Aitchison, J. W., & Carter, H. (2004). Spreading the Word: The Welsh Language 2001. Wales: Y Lolfa.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Alderson, J. C. (2005). Diagnosing Foreign Language Proficiency. London: Continuum.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Alexiadou, A., Lohndal, T., Afarli, T. A., & Grimstad, M. B. (2015). Language mixing: A Distributed Morphology approach. In T. Bui & D. Özyildiz (Eds.), NELS 45: Proceedings of the Forty-Fifth Annual Meeting of the North East Linguistic Society (Vol. 1, pp. 25–38). Cambridge, MA: MIT, CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Auer, P. (1998). Introduction: Bilingual conversation revisited. In P. Auer (Ed.), Code-Switching in Conversation: Language, Interaction and Identity (pp. 1–24). London: Routledge.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Auer, P., & Muhamedova, R. (2005). ’ Embedded language’ and ‘matrix language’ in insertional language mixing: Some problematic cases. Rivista Di Linguistica, 17(1), 35–54.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Backus, A. (1996). Two in One. Bilingual Speech of Turkish Immigrants in the Netherlands. Tilburg: Tilburg University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(2004). Convergence as a mechanism of language change. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 7(7), 179–181. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(2005). Codeswitching and language change: One thing leads to another? International Journal of Bilingualism, 9(4), 307–340. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(2008). Data banks and corpora. In The Blackwell Guide to Research Methods in Bilingualism and Multilingualism. Oxford: Blackwell pp. 232–248. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bailey, G. (2002). Real and apparent time. In J. K. Chambers, P. Trudgill, & N. Schilling-Estes (Eds.), Handbook of Language Variation and Change (pp. 312–332). Oxford: Blackwell pp.232–248.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bailey, G., Wikle, T., Tillery, J., & Sand, L. (1991). The apparent time construct. Language Variation and Change, 3(3), 241–264. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Baker, C. (2011). Foundations of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism (5th ed.). Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Baker, C., & Jones, M. P. (2000). Welsh language education: a strategy for revitalization. In C. Williams (Ed.), Language Revitalization: Policy and Planning in Wales (pp. 116–137). Cardiff: University of Wales Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Ball, M. (1984). Phonetics for phonology. In M. J. Ball & G. E. Jones (Eds.), Welsh Phonology: Selected Readings (pp.5–39). Cardiff: University of Wales Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Ball, M. J. (1988). The Use of Welsh: A Contribution to Sociolinguistics. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Barnett, R., Codó, E., Eppler, E., Forcadell, M., Gardner-Chloros, P., van Hout, R., … others. (2000). The LIDES Coding Manual: A document for preparing and analyzing language interaction data. International Journal of Bilingualism, 4(2), 131–271. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Beale, A. (2016). Version 6 of the 12dicts word lists. Retrieved from <[URL]>
Bentahila, A., & Davies, E. E. (1983). The syntax of Arabic-French code-switching. Lingua, 59, 301–330. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(1995). Patterns of code-switching and patterns of language contact. Lingua, 96, 75–93. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Berk-Seligson, S. (1986). Linguistic constraints on intrasentential code-switching: A study of Spanish-Hebrew bilingualism. Language in Society, 15, 313–348. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bernsten, J. (1990). The Integration of English Loans in Shona: Social Correlates and Linguistic Consequences (Unpublished PhD Dissertation). Michigan State University.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bhatt, R. M. (2015). Bilingual situations in India: Power relations between languages analysed through code-switching. UnpublishedGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Borsley, R. D., Tallerman, M., & Willis, D. (2007). The Syntax of Welsh. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bourhis, R. Y., & Giles, H. (1976). The language of co-operation in Wales. Language Sciences, 42, 13–16.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bourhis, R. Y., Giles, H., & Tajfel, H. (1973). Language as a determinant of Welsh identity. European Journal of Social Psychology, 3(4), 447–460. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Breit, F. (2012). Constraints on auxiliary deletion in colloquial Welsh. Unpublished BA dissertation, Bangor University. <[URL]>Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Broersma, M., & Bot, K. de. (2006). Triggered code-switching: A corpus-based evaluation of the original triggering hypothesis and a new alternative. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 9, 1–13. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bullock, B., & Gerfen, C. (2004). Phonological convergence in a contracting language variety. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 7(2), 95–104. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bullock, B., & Toribio, A. J. (2004). Introduction: Convergence as an emergent property in bilingual speech. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 7(7), 91–93. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Cacoullos, R. T., & Travis, C. E. (2016). Two languages, one effect: Structural priming in spontaneous code-switching. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 19(4), 733–753.
Cantone, K. F., & MacSwan, J. (2009). The syntax of DP-internal codeswitching. In L. Isurin, D. Winford, & K. de Bot (Eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Codeswitching (pp. 243–278). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Carter, D., Broersma, M., & Donnelly, K. (2016). Applying computing innovations to bilingual corpus analysis. In E. V. A. Alba de la Fuente & C. Martínez-Sanz (Eds.), Language Acquisition Beyond Parameters: Studies in Honour of Juana M. Liceras (pp. 281–301). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Carter, D., Broersma, M., Donnelly, K., & Konopka, A. (2017). Presenting the Bangor autoglosser and the Bangor automated clause splitter. Digital Scholarship in the Humanities, 33(1), , 21–28.
Carter, D., Deuchar, M., Davies, P., & Couto, M.-C. P. (2011). A systematic comparison of factors affecting the choice of matrix language in three bilingual communities. Journal of Language Contact, 4, 1–31. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Carter, P., & Cooper, S. (2012). Variation in the acoustics of laterals in Welsh. Poster presented at the 2012 Colloquium of the British Association of Academic Phoneticians, University of Leeds, 26th-28th March 2012.
Cedergren, H., & Sankoff, D. (1974). Performance as a statistical reflection of competence. Language, 50, 333–355. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Chambers, J. K. (2003). Sociolinguistic Theory: Linguistic Variation and its Social Significance. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Chambers, J. K., & Trudgill, P. (1980). Dialectology (1st ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Chambers, J. K., Trudgill, P., & Schilling-Estes, N. (Eds.). (2004). Handbook of Language Variation and Change. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Chan, B. H.-S. (2009). Code-switching between typologically distinct languages. In B. E. Bullock & A. J. Toribio (Eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of Linguistic Code-Switching (pp. 182–198). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Cheshire, J., & Gardner-Chloros, P. (1998). Code-switching and the sociolinguistic gender pattern. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 129(1), 5–34. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Chiarcos, S., Hellmann, C., & Nordhoff, S. (2011). Towards a linguistic linked open data cloud: The Open Linguistics Working Group. TAL, 3, 245–275.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Comrie, B. (2000). From potential to realization: An episode in the origin of language. Linguistics, 38, 989–1004. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Comrie, B., Haspelmath, M., & Bickel, B. (2008). Leipzig Glossing Rules: Conventions for Interlinear Morpheme-by-Morpheme Glosses. Retrieved from <[URL]>
Cooper, S. (2011). Frequency and loudness in overlapping turn onset by Welsh speakers. In Proceedings of the 17th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences (Vol. 4, pp. 516–519). Hong Kong.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Costa, A., & Santesteban, M. (2004). Lexical access in bilingual speech production: Evidence from language switching in highly proficient bilinguals and L2 learners. Journal of Memory and Language, 50, 491–511. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Coupland, N. (2010). Welsh linguistic landscapes ‘from above’ and ‘from below’. In A. Jaworski & C. Thurlow (Eds.), Semiotic Landscapes: Language, Image, Space. (pp. 77–101). London: Continuum.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Crystal, D. (2000). Language Death. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(2008). A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. Oxford: Blackwell. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Davies, J. (1993). The Welsh Language. Cardiff: University of Wales Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Davies, P. (2010). Identifying Word-order Convergence in the Speech of Welsh-English Bilinguals (Unpublished PhD dissertation). Bangor University.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(2016). Age variation and language change in Welsh: Auxiliary deletion and possessive constructions. In M. Durham & J. Morris (Eds.), Sociolinguistics in Wales. (pp.31–59). London: Palgrave Macmillan. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Davies, P., & Deuchar, M. (2010). Using the Matrix Language Frame model to identify word order convergence in Welsh-English bilingual speech. In A. Breitbarth, C. Lucas, S. Watts, & D. Willis (Eds.), Continuity and change in Grammar (pp. 77–96). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(2014). Auxiliary deletion in the informal speech of Welsh-English bilinguals: A change in progress. Lingua, 143, 224–241. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
de Bot, K. (1992). Self-assessment of minority language proficiency. In L. Verhoeven & J. H. A. L. de Jong (Eds.), The Construct of Language Proficiency: Applications of Psychological Models to Language Assessment (pp. 137–146). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Deuchar, M. (2005). Congruence and code-switching in Welsh. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 8, 255–269. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(2006). Welsh-English code-switching and the Matrix Language Frame model. Lingua, 116(11), 1986–2011. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(2012). Code switching. In C. A. Chapelle (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics (pp. 657–664). New York, NY: Wiley Online Library. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Deuchar, M., & Davies, P. (2009). Code switching and the future of the Welsh language. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 195, 15–38.
Deuchar, M., Davies, P., Herring, J.R., Couto, M. P., & Carter, D. (2014). Building bilingual corpora. In E. M. Thomas & I. Mennen (Eds.), Advances in the Study of Bilingualism (pp. 93–111). Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Deuchar, M., Donnelly, K., & Piercy, C. (2016). Mae pobl monolingual yn minority: Factors favouring the production of code-switching by Welsh-English speakers. In M. Durham & J. Morris (Eds.), Sociolinguistics in Wales (pp. 209–239). London: Palgrave Macmillan. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Deuchar, M., & Quay, S. (2000). Bilingual Acquisition: Theoretical Implications of a Case Study. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Deuchar, M., & Stammers, J. R. (2012). What IS the ‘Nonce Borrowing Hypothesis’ anyway? Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 15(3), 649–650. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(2016). English-origin verbs in Welsh: Adjudicating between two theoretical approaches. Languages, 1(1), 1–16.
Didriksen, T. (2016). Constraint Grammar Manual. Retrieved from <[URL]>
Donnelly, K. (2016). Eurfa: a free (GPL) dictionary for Welsh, v0.3. Retrieved from <[URL]>
Donnelly, K., Cooper, S., & Deuchar, M. (2011). Glossing CHAT files using the Bangor Autoglosser. In 8th International Symposium for Bilingualism. Oslo. Retrieved from <[URL]>
Donnelly, K., & Deuchar, M. (2011a). The Bangor Autoglosser: A multilingual tagger for conversational text. Wrexham, Wales: ITA11.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(2011b). Using constraint grammar in the Bangor Autoglosser to disambiguate multilingual spoken text. In Constraint Grammar Applications: Proceedings of the NODALIDA 2011 Workshop, Riga, Latvia. Tartu. Retrieved from <[URL]>
Ellis, N. C., O’Dochartaigh, C., Hicks, W., Morgan, M., & Laporte, N. (2001). Cronfa Electroneg o Gymraeg (CEG): A 1 million word lexical database and frequency count for Welsh. Retrieved from <[URL]>
Eppler, E. D. (2010). Emigranto: The syntax of German-English code-switching. Vienna: Braumüller.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Eppler, E. D., Luescher, A., & Deuchar, M. (2017). Evaluating the predictions of three syntactic frameworks for mixed determiner-noun constructions. Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory. 13(1), 27–63.
Fasold, R. (1990). The Sociolinguistics of Language. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Finlayson, R., Calteaux, K., & Myers-Scotton, C. (1998). Orderly mixing and accommodation in South African codeswitching. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 2(3), 395–420. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Fishman, J. A. (1991). Reversing Language Shift: Theoretical and Empirical Foundations of Assistance to Threatened Languages. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
French, P., & Local, J. (1983). Turn-competitive incomings. Journal of Pragmatics, 7, 701–715. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Fricke, M., & Kootstra, G. J. (2016). Primed codeswitching in spontaneous bilingual dialogue. Journal of Memory and Language, 91, 181–201. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Fricke, M., Kroll, J. F., & Dussias, P. E. (2016). Phonetic variation in bilingual speech: A lens for studying the production–comprehension link. Journal of Memory and Language, 89, 110–137. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Gal, S. (1978). Peasant men can’t get wives: Language change and sex roles in a bilingual community. Language in Society, 7(1), 1–16. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(1979). Language Shift: Social Determinants of Linguistic Change in Bilingual Austria. New York NY: Academic Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Gardner, R. C., & Lambert, W. E. (1972). Attitudes and Motivation in Second-Language Learning. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Gardner-Chloros, P. (1992). The sociolinguistics of the Greek-Cypriot community in London. In M. Karyolemou (Ed.), Plurilinguismes: Sociolinguistique du Grec et de la Grèce (Vol. 4, pp. 112–136). Paris: CERPL.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(2009). Code-switching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Gardner-Chloros, P., Moyer, M., & Sebba, M. (2007). Coding and analysing multilingual data: The LIDES project. In J. C. Beal, K. P. Corrigan, & H. L. Moisl (Eds.), Creating and Digitizing Language Corpora, Volume 1: Synchronic Databases (pp. 91–120). London: Palgrave Macmillan. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Garrett, P. (2010). Attitudes to Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Garrett, P., Coupland, N., & Williams, A. (Eds.). (2003). Investigating Language Attitudes: Social Meanings of Dialect, Ethnicity and Performance. Cardiff: University of Wales Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Gathercole, V. C. M., & Thomas, E. M. (2009). Bilingual first-language development: Dominant language takeover, threatened minority language take-up. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 12(2), 213–237. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Giles, H., Taylor, D. M., & Bourhis, R. Y. (1977). Dimensions of Welsh identity. European Journal of Social Psychology, 7(2), 165–174. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
González-Vilbazo, K., & López, L. (2011). Some properties of light verbs in code-switching. Lingua, 121(5), 832–850. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Goodz, N. S. (1989). Parental language mixing in bilingual families. Infant Mental Health Journal, 10(1), 25–44. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Grosjean, F., (2013). Bilingualism: A short introduction. In Grosjean, F. & Li, P.The Psycholinguistics of Bilingualism (pp. 5–25). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(2001). The bilingual’s language modes. In J. L. Nichol (Ed.), One Mind, Two Languages: Bilingual Language Processing (pp. 1–22). Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Gullberg, M., Indefrey, P., & Muysken, P. (2009). Research techniques for the study of code-switching. In B. E. Bullock & A. J. Toribio (Eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of Linguistic Code-switching (pp. 21–39). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Herring, J.R., Deuchar, M., Couto, M. P., & Moro Quintanilla, M. (2010). ‘I saw the madre’: Evaluating predictions about codeswitched determiner-noun sequences using Spanish-English and Welsh-English data. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 13(5), 553–573. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Johnson, D. E. (2009). Getting off the GoldVarb standard: Introducing Rbrul for mixed-effects Variable Rule analysis. Language and Linguistics Compass, 3(1), 359–383. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Jones, B. L. (1981). Welsh: Linguistic conservation and shifting bilingualism. In J. D. M. E. Haugen & D. Thomson (Eds.), Minority Languages Today (pp. 40–51). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Jones, B. M. (1990). Variation in the use of pronouns in verbnoun phrases and genitive noun phrases in child language. In M. J. Ball, J. Fife, E. Poppe & J. Rowland (Eds.), Celtic Linguistics/Ieithyddiaeth Geltaidd: Readings in the Brythonic Languages. Festschrift for T. Arwyn Watkins. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(2004). The licensing powers of mood and negation in spoken Welsh: Full and contracted forms of the present tense of bod ‘be’. Journal of Celtic Linguistics, 8, 87–107.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Jones, D. G. (1988). Literary Welsh. In M. J. Ball (Ed.), The Use of Welsh: A Contribution to Sociolinguistics (pp.125–171). Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Jones, K. (1995). Code-switching, intertextuality and hegemony: Exploring change in bilingual discourse. Proceedings of the Summer School, ‘Code-Switching and Language’, (pp.108–118). Ljouwert/Leeuwarden: Fryske Akademy.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(2000). Texts, mediation and social relations in a bureaucratized world. In M. Martin-Jones & K. Jones (Eds.), Multilingual Literacies: Reading and Writing Different Worlds (pp. 209–228). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Jones, M. C. (1998). Language Obsolescence and Revitalization. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(2005). Some structural and social correlates of single word intrasentential code­switching in Jersey Norman French. Journal of French Language Studies, 15(1), 1–23. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Jones, M., & Thomas, A. R. (1977). The Welsh Language: Studies in its Syntax and Semantics. Cardiff: University of Wales Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Jones, R. O. (1993). The sociolinguistics of Welsh. In M. J. Ball & J. Fife (Eds.), The Celtic Languages (pp. 536–604). London: Routledge.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Joshi, A. (1985). Processing sentences with intrasentential code switching. In D. R. Dowty, L. Karttunen, & A. Zwicky (Eds.), Natural Language Parsing (pp. 190–205). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Kamwangamalu, N. M. (1987). French/vernacular code mixing in Zaire: Implications for syntactic constraints on code mixing. In B. Need, E. Schiller, & A. Bosh (Eds.), Chicago Linguistics Proceedings 22 (pp. 166–180). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Linguistics Department.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Karlsson, F. (1990). Constraint grammar as a framework for parsing running text. In COLING 90 Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Computational Linguistics (pp. 168–173). Retrieved from <[URL]>
Karlsson, F., Voutilainen, A., Heikkilä, J., & Anttila, A. (Eds.). (1995). Constraint Grammar: A Language-independent System for Parsing Unrestricted Text. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
King, G. (2016). Modern Welsh: A Comprehensive Grammar (3rd ed.). London: Routledge.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Kroll, J. F., Sumutka, B. M., & Schwartz, A. I. (2005). A cognitive view of the bilingual lexicon: Reading and speaking words in two languages. International Journal of Bilingualism, 9(1), 27–48. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Labov, W. (1972). Sociolinguistic Patterns. Pennsylvania, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(1990). The intersection of sex and social class in the course of linguistic change. Language Variation and Change, 2, 205–254. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(2001). Principles of Linguistic Change, Volume II: Social Factors. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Leimgruber, J. R. E. (2013). The trouble with World Englishes: Rethinking the concept of ‘geographical varieties’ of English. English Today, 29(3), 3–7. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Levinson, S. C. (1983). Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Lewis, M. B., Gerhand, S., & Ellis, H. D. (2001). Re-evaluating age-of-acquisition effects: Are they simply cumulative-frequency effects? Cognition, 78(2), 189–205. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Lewis, W. G. (2008). Current challenges in bilingual education in Wales. Aila Review, 21(1), 69–86.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Li, W., & Milroy, L. (1995). Conversational code-switching in a Chinese community in Britain: A sequential analysis. Journal of Pragmatics, 23(3), 281–299. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Lindsay, C. F. (1993). Welsh and English in the city of Bangor: A study in functional differentiation. Language in Society, 22(01), 1–17. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Lingen, R. R. W., Symons, J. C., & Johnson, H. R. V. (1847). Reports of the Commissioners of Enquiry into the State of Education in Wales, Appointed by the Committee of Council on Education. William Clowes. Retrieved from <[URL]>
Lisker, L., & Abramson, A. S. (1964). A cross-language study of voicing in initial stops: Acoustical measurements. Word, 20(3), 384–422. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Lloyd, S. W. (2008). Variables that affect English language use within Welsh conversation in North Wales (Unpublished MA Thesis). Bangor University.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
MacSwan, Jeff. (2009). Generative approaches to code-switching. In B. Bullock & A. Toribio (Eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of Linguistic Code-Switching (pp. 309–335). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
MacWhinney, B. (2000). The CHILDES project: Tools for analyzing talk: Volume I: Transcription format and programs, Volume II: The database. Computational Linguistics, 26(4), 657–657. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
McEnery, T., & Hardie, A. (2012). Corpus Linguistics: Method, Theory and Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Meisel, J. M. (2004). The bilingual child. In T. K. Bhatia & W. C. Richie (Eds.), The Handbook of Bilingualism (pp. 91–113). Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(2010). Age of onset in successive acquisition of bilingualism: Effects on grammatical development. In M. Kail & M. Hickmann (Eds.), Language Acquisition across Linguistic and Cognitive Systems (pp. 225–248). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Meuter, R., & Allport, A. (1999). Bilingual language switching in naming: Asymmetrical costs of language selection. Journal of Memory and Language, 40, 25–40. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Milroy, L. (1980). Language and Social Networks. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(1987). Observing and Analysing Natural Language: A Critical Account of Sociolinguistic Method. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Montes-Alcalá, C. (2000). Attitudes towards oral and written codeswitching in Spanish-English bilingual youths. In A. Roca (Ed.), Research on Spanish in the U.S. (pp. 218–227). Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Montrul, S. A. (2004). Subject and object expression in Spanish heritage speakers: A case of morpho-syntactic convergence. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 7(2), 125–142. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Moro Quintanilla, M. (2014) The semantic interpretation and syntactic distribution of determiner phrases in Spanish-English code-switching. In J. MacSwan (Ed.), Grammatical Theory and Bilingual Codeswitching (pp. 213–226). Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Morris, J. (2013). Sociolinguistic Variation and Regional Minority Language Bilingualism: An Investigation of Welsh-English Bilinguals in North Wales (Unpublished PhD Dissertation). University of Manchester.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Musk, N. (2010). Code-switching and code-mixing in Welsh bilinguals’ talk: Confirming or refuting the maintenance of language boundaries. Language, Culture and Curriculum, 23(3), 179–197. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Muysken, P. (2000). Bilingual Speech: A Typology of Code-mixing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Myers-Scotton, C.. (1992). Comparing code-switching and borrowing. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 13(1–2), 19–39. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(1993). Duelling Languages: Grammatical Structure in Codeswitching (1st ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(1997). Duelling Languages: Grammatical Structure in Codeswitching (2nd ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(1998). A way to dusty death: The matrix language turnover hypothesis. In L. A. Grenoble & L. J. Whaley (Eds.), Endangered Languages: Language Loss and Community Response (pp. 289–316). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(2002). Contact Linguistics: Bilingual Encounters and Grammatical Outcomes. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Myers-Scotton, C., & Jake, J. (2015). Cross-language asymmetries in code-switching patterns. In J. W. Schwieter (Ed.), The Cambridge Handbook of Bilingual Processing (pp. 416–458). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Nartey, J. (1982). Code-switching, interference or faddism? Language use among educated Ghanaians. Anthropological Linguistics, 24(2), 183–192.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Nortier, J. (1990). Dutch-Moroccan Arabic Code Switching. Dordrecht: Foris.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Ochs, E. (1979). Transcription as theory. Developmental Pragmatics, 10(1), 43–72.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Pandharipande, R. (1990). Formal and functional constraints on code-mixing. In R. Jacobson (Ed.), Codeswitching as a Worldwide Phenomenon (pp. 15–31). Bern: Peter Lang.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Parafita Couto, M. C., Fusser, M., & Deuchar, M. (2015). How do Welsh-English bilinguals deal with conflict? Adjective-noun order resolution. In G. Stell & K. Yakpo (Eds.), Code-switching between Structural and Sociolinguistic Perspectives (pp. 65–84). Berlin: De Gruyter.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Parafita Couto, M. D. C., Boutonnet, B., Hoshino, N., Davies, P., Deuchar, M., & Thierry, G. (2017). Testing alternative account of code-switching using event-related potentials: a pilot study on Welsh-English. In F. Lauchlan & M. C. Parafita Couto (Eds.), Bilingualism and Minority Languages in Europe: Current Trends and Developments (pp. 240–254). Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Parafita Couto, M. C., Davies, P., Carter, D., & Deuchar, M. (2014). Factors influencing code-switching. In E. M. Thomas & I. Mennen (Eds.), Advances in the Study of Bilingualism (pp. 111–138). Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Paul, H. (1898). Principien der Sprachgeschichte (3rd ed.). Halle: Max Niemeyer.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Penhallurick, R. (2004). Welsh English: Phonology. In E. W. Schneider, K. Burridge, B. Kortmann & C. Upton (Eds.), A Handbook of Varieties of English, Volume 1: Phonology (pp. 98–112). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(2007). English in Wales. In D. Britain (Ed.), Language in the British Isles (pp. 152–72). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Pfaff, C. W. (1979). Constraints on language mixing: Intrasentential code-switching and borrowing in Spanish/English. Language, 55(2), 291–318. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Poplack, S. (1980). Sometimes I’ll start a sentence in Spanish y termino en español: toward a typology of code-switching. Linguistics, 18(7–8), 581–618.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(1987). Contrasting patterns of code-switching in two communities. In E. Wande, J. Anward, B. Nordberg, L. Steensland, & M. Thelander (Eds.), Aspects of Bilingualism: Proceedings from the Fourth Nordic Symposium on Bilingualism, 1984 (pp. 51–76). Uppsala: Borgström, Motala.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(1988). Contrasting patterns of codeswitching in two communities. In M. Heller (Ed.), Codeswitching. Anthropological and Sociolinguistic Perspectives (pp. 215–244). Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(2000). Sometimes I'll start a sentence in Spanish y termino en español: toward a typology of code-switching. In L. Wei (Ed.) The Bilingualism Reader (pp. 221–256). London and New York: Routledge.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(2012). What does the Nonce Borrowing Hypothesis hypothesize? Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 15(3), 644–648. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Poplack, S., & Dion, N. (2012). Myths and facts about loanword development. Language Variation and Change, 24(3), 279–315. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Poplack, S., & Meechan, M. (1998). How languages fit together in code-mixing. International Journal of Bilingualism, 2(2), 127–138. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Poplack, S., & Sankoff, D. (1984). Borrowing: the synchrony of integration. Linguistics, 22(1), 99–135. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Poplack, S., Sankoff, D., & Miller, C. (1988). The social correlates and linguistic processes of lexical borrowing and assimilation. Linguistics, 26(1), 47–104. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Prys, M. (2016). Style in the Vernacular and on the Radio: Code-switching and Mutation as Stylistic and Social Markers in Welsh (Unpublished PhD Dissertation). Bangor University.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Prys, M., Deuchar, M., & Roberts, G. (2012). Measuring bilingual accommodation in Welsh rural pharmacies. In Multilingual Individuals and Multilingual Societies (pp. 419–436). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Redinger, D. (2010). Language Attitudes and Code-switching Behaviour in a Multilingual Educational Context: The Case of Luxembourg (Unpublished PhD Dissertation). University of York.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Redknap, C. (2006). Welsh-medium and bilingual education and training: Steps towards a holistic strategy. In C. Redknap, W. G. Lewis, S. R. Williams, & J. Laugharne (Eds.), Welsh-Medium and Bilingual Education (pp. 1–20). Bangor: School of Education, Bangor University.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Roberts, I. G. (2005). Principles and Parameters in a VSO Language: A Case Study in Welsh. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Rosignoli, A. (2011). Flagging in English-Italian Code-switching (Unpublished PhD Dissertation). Bangor University.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Sandalo, F. (1995). A Grammar of Kadiwé (Unpublished PhD Dissertation). University of Pittsburgh.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Sankoff, D., & Labov, W. (1979). On the uses of variable rules. Language in Society, 8 (2–3), 189–222. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Sankoff, D., Poplack, S., & Vanniarajan, S. (1990). The case of the nonce loan in Tamil. Language Variation and Change, 2(1), 71–101. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Sankoff, D., Tagliamonte, S., Smith, E. (2005). GoldVarb X: a variable rule application for Macintosh and Windows. <[URL]>Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Savage, M., Devine, F., Cunningham, N., Taylor, M., Li, Y., Hjellbrekke, J., Le Roux, B., & Miles, A. (2013). A new model of social class? Findings from the BBC’s Great British Class Survey experiment. Sociology, 47(2), 219–250. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Schmitt, E. (2000). Overt and covert codeswitching in immigrant children from Russia. International Journal of Bilingualism, 4, 9–28. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(2001). Beneath the Surface: Signs of Language Attrition in Immigrant Children in Russia (Unpublished PhD dissertation). University of South Carolina.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Silva-Corvalán, C. (1994). Language Contact and Change: Spanish in Los Angeles. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Smith, D. J. (2006). Thresholds leading to shift: Spanish/English codeswitching and convergence in Georgia, U.S.A. International Journal of Bilingualism, 10(2), 207–240. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Stammers, J. (2010). The Integration of English-origin Verbs into Welsh: A Contribution to the Debate over Distinguishing between Code-switching and Lexical Borrowing. Saarbrücken: VDM Verlag.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Stammers, J., & Deuchar, M. (2012). Testing the nonce borrowing hypothesis: Counter-evidence from English-origin verbs in Welsh. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 15(3), 630–643. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Tagliamonte, S. A. (2012). Variationist Sociolinguistics: Change, Observation, Interpretation. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Thomas, A. R. (1992). The Welsh language. In M. J. Ball & J. Fife (Eds.), The Celtic Languages (pp. 251–345). London: Routledge.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Thomas, E. M., Williams, N., Jones, L. A., Davies, S., & Binks, H. (2014). Acquiring complex structures under minority language conditions: Bilingual acquisition of plural morphology in Welsh. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 17(3), 478–494. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Thomas, H. C. (1982). Registers in Welsh. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 35, 87–115.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Thomason, S., & Kaufman, T. (1988). Language Contact, Creolization, and Genetic Linguistics. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Toribio, A. J. (2002). Spanish-English code-switching among US Latinos. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 158, 89–120.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(2004). Convergence as an optimization strategy of bilingual speech: Evidence from codeswitching. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 7, 165–173. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Treffers-Daller, J. (1992). French-Dutch codeswitching in Brussels: Social factors explaining its disappearance. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 13(1–2), 143–156. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(1994). Mixing Two Languages: French-Dutch Contact in a Comparative Perspective. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Wang, S.-L. (2007). Evaluating Competing Models of Code-switching with Reference to Mandarin/Tsou and Mandarin/Southern Min Data (Unpublished PhD Dissertation). Bangor University.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(2017). The PF Disjunction Theorem to Southern Min/Mandarin code-switching. International Journal of Bilingualism 21 (5), 541–558.
Weber-Fox, C., & Neville, H. (1999). Functional neural subsystems are differentially affected by delays in second language immersion: ERP and behavioural evidence in bilinguals. In D. Birdsong (Ed.), Second Language Acquisition and the Critical Period Hypothesis (pp. 23–38). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Weinreich, U. (1953). Languages in Contact: Findings and Problems. New York, NY: Linguistic Circle.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Welsh Assembly Government. (2003). Iaith Pawb: National Action Plan for a Bilingual Wales. Welsh Government. Retrieved from.
Welsh Government. (2012). A Living Language: A Language for Living. Retrieved from <[URL]>
Williams, C. (2004). Iaith Pawb: The doctrine of plenary inclusion. Contemporary Wales, 17, 1–27.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(2013). Minority Language Promotion, Protection and Regulation: The Mask of Piety. London: Palgrave Macmillan. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Willis, D. (2016). Cyfieithu iaith y caethweision yn Uncle Tom’s Cabin a darluniadau o siaradwyr ail iaith mewn llenyddiaeth Gymraeg, Llên Cymru 39(1), 56–72.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(2017). Investigating geospatial models of the diffusion of morphosyntactic innovations: The Welsh strong second-person singular pronoun chdi . Journal of Linguistic Geography, 5(1), 41–61. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Wilson, A., & Worth, C. (2003). Building and annotating corpora of spoken Welsh and Gaelic. In Proceedings of the Corpus Linguistics 2003 Conference (pp. 909–917). Cardiff: University Centre for Computer Corpus Research on Language Technical Papers.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Wilson, C., & Deuchar, M. (2017). Extralinguistic factors influencing the pronunciation of English by Welsh-English bilinguals. In F. Lauchlan & M. C. Parafita Couto (Eds.), Bilingualism and Minority Languages in Europe: Current Trends and Developments (pp. 48–69). Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Wurm, S. A. (1998). Methods of language maintenance and revival, with selected cases of language endangerment in the world. In K. Matsumura (Ed.), Studies in Endangered Languages: Papers from the International Symposium on Endangered Languages (pp. 191–211). Tokyo: Hituzi Syobo.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Mobile Menu Logo with link to supplementary files background Layer 1 prag Twitter_Logo_Blue