In:Register and Discourse through the Lens of Corpus Linguistics
Edited by Nuria Yáñez-Bouza, Dolores González-Álvarez and Esperanza Rama-Martínez
[Studies in Corpus Linguistics 127] 2026
► pp. 323–327
Index
Published online: 24 March 2026
https://doi.org/10.1075/scl.127.index
https://doi.org/10.1075/scl.127.index
A
- abusive13, 16, 20, 23–24, 29
- academic writing6, 71, 76,
80–84, 87,
269, 290, 301
- academic prose47, 54, 58–61, 76, 83, 261
- accommodation215, 217
- African American English (AAE)108–110
- African English(es)71, 75, 84–87
- ain’t6, 91–97, 99, 102, 104–105, 107–108, 111, 113–114, 118–122
- America’s Historical Newspaper (AHN)6, 94–96
- American14, 72, 74, 84, 91, 94, 96–99, 110, 113, 158–159, 200; see also US/U.S.
- American English (AmE)5–6, 71–72, 74, 76, 79, 82, 84–87, 91–94, 98, 114, 184–185, 204–205, 301
- ANSARD corpus8, 209, 212, 222
- argumentation9, 227, 243, 247–248, 251, 255, 261, 266–270, 272–273, 276–277, 280–282, 284, 289–291, 297–298, 300
- Asian English(es)71, 75, 84–87
- attitude5, 14–17, 102, 123, 128, 139–141, 145, 147, 149, 183, 193, 273
- attitudinal4, 10, 127, 140, 144, 266, 268–270, 272–277, 282, 284, 290–291
B
- Black speaker6, 92–93, 98, 107–114; see also characterological figure
- boosting10, 127, 268, 273
- bootstrapping78–83
- Brexit229, 233–235
- British5, 8, 13–14, 19–22, 29, 38, 61, 92, 99, 101, 117, 126, 212, 215, 222, 229, 232, 244; see also UK
- British English (BrE)5, 8, 43–48, 50–53, 66, 71, 84–85, 114, 205, 301
- British National Corpus (BNC)5, 25, 35,
43, 46–47, 53–54, 57–60
- BNC199418–19, 47, 52–54, 56, 58–66
- BNC20145, 13, 18–19, 21–37, 47, 52–54, 56, 58–66
C
- caricature6, 105, 109–113
- certainty3–4, 10–11, 126, 144–146, 151, 196, 210, 218, 268–269, 273, 276–277, 281–283, 288,
290–291, 297–298, 307, 318–319
- uncertainty7, 123, 125–126, 140, 142–146, 149–151, 194, 258, 296–297, 299, 308, 313–314; see also necessity
- characterological figure6, 91–93, 97–98, 101, 105, 107–108, 113–114; see also Black speaker, Newsboy, Yankee
- claim expositives10, 266, 268, 273, 287
- Clinton Email Corpus8, 182–183, 186–187, 198–203
- cluster6–7, 10, 57–58, 82, 84, 86, 111, 123, 131–132, 136–142, 144, 156–157
- cognitive attitude (CGA)8, 209, 211, 213–214, 219–220, 225–236
- colligation124
- colligational127, 131, 133, 136–138
- collocation123–124, 127,
131–132, 135–136, 138–140, 142,
144, 155
- collocational7, 127, 131, 133, 135
- colloquial46, 48, 53, 242
- colloquialization4–5, 43–48, 51–53, 58, 61–62, 65–66
- Complex Modifier Construction6, 73, 86
- Comparative Modifier Construction (ComparativeMC)6, 73, 77, 79–83, 85–86, 88
- complex prenominal modifier3, 5–6, 71–80, 82–84, 86–88
- Tough-Modifier Construction (ToughMC)6, 72–73, 77–79, 81–83, 85–86, 88
- complexity75, 77, 83, 86–87, 244, 247, 291
- compositional57–58, 161
- noncompositional49–50, 63–64
- concordance55, 95, 123, 131–133, 135–139, 141–142, 145–147, 164–165, 242, 251, 254, 256, 272, 302
- Construction Grammar (CxG)4, 49, 71–73
- contextual4, 7, 31,
52, 196, 230, 319
- contextualization cues123–125, 128–129, 133, 135, 143, 147, 151, 188, 214
- contrastive corpus linguisticssee cross-linguistic
- conversation5, 7, 16, 18–19, 21, 43, 45, 47–49, 51–53, 59, 62, 65–66, 76, 158, 160, 162, 164, 166, 173, 187, 192–193, 202, 214–216, 218, 241–242, 246, 269
- Coronavirus Corpus (CC)7, 130–131, 133–134, 141, 144, 150, 155–157; see also COVID-19
- Corpus-Assisted Discourse Studies (CADS)2, 4, 7, 10, 158–159, 164, 266
- Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA)6, 76–78, 80–83, 87–88
- Corpus of Historical American English (COHA)5, 76–82, 87
- Corpus of London Teenage Language (COLT)5, 13, 18–19, 21–22, 24–37
- COVID-197, 123–126, 128, 130–131, 134, 136, 142, 145, 149–151, 186, 245; see also Coronavirus Corpus, pandemic discourse
- credibility9, 210, 241, 246, 259
- Critical Discourse Analysis2, 209, 218
- cross-linguistic4, 9–10, 17, 126, 266, 268, 281, 290, 295–296, 299, 302–303, 318–319
D
- densification4, 6, 71–72, 74, 82–83, 87
- dialect91, 93, 97–98, 104–105, 109, 113–114
- dialect humour97–100, 103, 105, 108–109
- dialect literature97, 99
- eye-dialect104
- literary dialect97
- dialogic7, 123, 140, 144, 146, 149–151, 192
- Dictionary of American Regional English (DARE)99, 102, 105, 107
- disclaimer9, 241, 243, 256, 258–261
- discourse analysis1–2, 159, 209, 218, 241, 248, 260, 269, 298
E
- e-language5, 54, 58–61
- economic(s) discourse3–4, 9–11, 266–268, 270–272, 282, 291, 295, 298,
306, 313, 318
- economic claim266, 268, 270, 272–273, 291
- emotion8, 13–17, 19, 113, 182–185, 192–195, 197–198, 202–206, 214, 232, 235, 242–243; see also expressive speech act
- email interaction3, 182, 185
- enregisterment4, 6, 91–93, 97
- Enron Corpus8, 182–183, 185–188, 190–191, 194, 197–198, 200–203, 205
- entrenchment72–73
- epistemic stance9–10, 144,
209–214, 216,
218–219, 224–227, 229, 235–237, 266, 273, 276–277, 281, 284, 317–318
- nonpersonal epistemic stance3, 8, 209, 211–213, 219, 221, 225–226, 229, 231, 233, 235
- expert knowledge3, 9, 224,
241–243, 246,
248, 261
- expertise4, 8–9, 241–250, 252, 256–262
- expletive5, 13, 16, 31–34, 36–38, 193
- expressive speech act3, 7–8, 182–186, 188–198, 200, 204–206
- surface expressives8, 195–197; see also emotion, style—expressive style
- evidentiality210–211, 218–219
F
- factivity209, 211, 213–214, 218–219, 225–226, 235
- factive (FV)8–9, 212–213, 216, 219–221, 225–234, 236
- fiction5–6, 47,
54, 58–61, 65, 76, 80–83, 87, 92–93, 97, 109,
113, 310, 314
- nonfiction76, 81–84, 87
- Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC)7, 158–163, 165–166, 169–170, 173, 178–179
- FOMC corpus158–159, 161–162, 173, 178–179
- forecastsee prediction
- formality16, 46, 160,
173
- informality46, 65–66
- formulaic49–50, 161, 190, 198
- fragment3, 5, 43–45, 48–67
- futurity138, 141
G
- generalized am109, 111
- genre1–2, 46, 53, 83, 93, 98, 125, 127–128, 147, 149–151, 158, 161, 202, 267, 269, 272, 282, 290
- global English(es)4, 6, 71, 74, 84, 86–87
- grammaticalization5, 18, 38
H
- heatmap274–275
- hedging3, 7–8, 10, 143–144, 189, 196, 203–204, 267–268, 270, 273, 285–288, 290–291, 297, 299
- Historical Thesaurus of English (HTE)247, 251–252
- humour3, 7–8, 16, 19, 72, 97–100, 103, 105, 108–109, 158–159, 161–162, 164–169, 178–179; see also dialect—dialect humour, laughter
I
- idiomatic5, 19, 31,
33–34, 36–38, 44, 48,
51, 57–58, 61
- idiomaticity63–64
- immigration8–9, 209–210, 212–216, 221–224, 226–227, 229–236; see also refugee crisis, refugee discourse
- implicit113, 132, 148,
168, 209–211, 213, 215–216, 227–230, 232–237, 287–288
- implicitness9, 209–212, 214, 235
- inference10–11, 129, 214, 306–307, 309, 319
- Inner Circle84–86
- intensifier16, 19, 31–35, 37, 99
- interactional sociolinguistics158, 162
- interpersonal3, 7–8, 50, 57, 162, 183–184, 187, 191–192, 198, 204, 221
- interruption3, 7–8, 158–160, 162–165, 169–179; see also turn-taking
- Italian4, 9–11, 266–277, 279–285, 287, 290–291, 295–296, 299–303, 305–310, 312–316, 318–319
J
- journalismsee news discourse
L
- #LancsBox X46, 53–56, 61
- laughter56, 100, 159, 161–166, 168–169, 171–173, 178–179; see also humour
- leadership7–8, 160, 185, 201, 223, 230
- LexEcon corpus9, 266–268, 271, 274–279, 291, 295, 299–301, 303–305, 311–313, 319
- lexical item/unit73, 124–125, 127, 143, 150, 190–192, 216, 243, 246–247, 251, 268, 290
- lexical verb10, 137, 295–296, 299–303, 310–312, 314, 318–319
- lexicogrammatical3, 9, 74, 123–125, 131–132, 138–139, 145, 148, 151, 241, 243, 247, 251, 255, 259
- linguistic discriminationsee stigmatization
- Linguistic Innovators Corpus (LIC)5, 13, 19, 21–22, 24–37
- local grammar4, 9, 241, 243, 247, 251, 254, 256, 259–260
M
- magazine6, 54, 58–60, 71–72, 77, 79–84, 87–88, 98, 107, 267
- popular magazine6, 71, 74–77, 79, 82, 86
- web-based magazine71, 76–77, 84, 87, 130
- meeting discourse162, 171, 178–179
- high-stakes meeting4, 7–8, 158–159, 201
- meeting interaction158–162, 168, 173, 179
- migration discoursesee immigration
- minstrel109–113
- modal verb10, 137–138, 143, 145–146, 219, 227–228, 230, 288, 295–296, 298–300, 302–309, 318–319
- modality10, 57, 139–141, 145, 147, 149, 211, 218, 295, 302–303, 306–307, 309, 318
- monetary114, 158–159, 163, 167, 176, 178
N
- necessity3–4, 10, 148, 276–277, 281–283, 290, 303; see also certainty, obligation
- negation44–46, 48,
52, 138–140, 144, 216, 257
- multiple negation92, 94, 99, 104, 108, 114
- no-/not-negation5, 43–52, 58, 257
- Newsboy6, 92–93, 105–107, 120–121; see also characterological figure
- news discourse7, 123–127, 142, 150–151see also News on the Web corpus, The Telegraph
- historical newspaper3, 6, 91, 93–99, 105–108, 110, 114, 117
- newspaper opinion discoursesee opinion journalism
- newspaper text6, 54, 58–61, 71–72, 74–77, 79–84, 86–88, 123, 130–131, 150, 267
- News on the Web corpus (NOW)6, 76, 78, 84–85, 87, 130–131, 133–134, 150; see also news discourse
- n-gram190–192
- nonstandard3–4, 6, 91–94, 97–100, 107–108, 113–114, 143
- normality4, 7, 77, 80, 88, 123–124, 126, 131, 134, 140, 142, 144–146, 151
O
- obligation10, 148, 228, 236, 295, 303, 306–307, 309, 318; see also necessity
- offensive language13, 15, 20, 23, 29–31, 38, 110, 112
- official document53–54, 58–61, 65–66
- opinion (stance)140, 146, 151, 195–197, 199, 205, 242, 244–246, 267
- opinion journalism3, 8, 72, 209, 212–214, 222, 224–229, 235–236
- Outer Circle84
- Oxford English Dictionary (OED)21, 30, 102, 110, 247
P
- pandemic discourse123–126, 145, 149; see also COVID-19
- parliamentary discourse3, 8–9, 209, 211–214, 222–226, 232, 234–236, 244, 247; see also political discourse
- persuasive discourse8–9, 209–213, 221, 235–236, 244–245, 259–261, 268
- persuasiveness210, 244–245
- phraseology3, 7, 123–124, 127–129, 132–133, 138, 142–146, 150, 161, 182, 190, 199, 203–204
- political discourse4, 126–127, 209, 236, 245see also parliamentary discourse
- political satire6, 100–101, 112
- politics9, 100, 108–110, 126, 139, 212, 218, 241–242, 244–245, 249–250, 252, 265
- possibility3–4, 10, 138, 141–142, 145, 275–276, 281–282, 290, 295, 299, 303, 306–308, 318; see also probability
- pragmatics2, 11, 13,
17, 38, 125, 162, 182–184, 188–189, 204,
241
- metapragmatic128, 133
- pragmatic1, 7, 9–10, 16, 19, 31, 49–50, 81, 88, 123, 125, 128–129, 132, 144, 182, 184, 187–188, 192, 197–198, 206, 210–211, 217, 241, 243, 247, 260, 273, 290
- prediction3–4, 9–11, 140, 267,
269–270, 272,
282, 285, 287–291, 295–303, 306–310, 313–319
- predictions of colloquialization47–48, 58
- prescriptivism91–93
- presupposition3, 8–9, 209–222, 224–236
- probability3–4, 10, 281–282; see also possibility
- productivity52–53, 56, 63, 66, 86–88, 90, 285
- professional3–4, 7–8, 184, 186–187, 195, 198–199, 202, 204–206, 303
- public discourse9, 15, 114, 241–243, 245, 249
Q
- quotation marks (QMs)3, 7, 123–126, 128–130, 132–135, 138, 142–151
- partial direct quote126, 128–129, 132–133, 135, 140, 143
- scare quote125–126, 128–129, 132–133, 135, 143
R
- Reddit3–4, 9,
241–243, 245–247, 249–250, 254,
259–261
- Reddit Expertise Corpus9, 249–250, 252, 254, 261–262, 265
- subreddit9, 242, 246, 249–254, 256, 261, 265
- refugee crisis8, 209, 212–213, 222–224, 226–233, 235–236; see also immigration
- refugee discourse209, 229, 231, 236; see also immigration
- register1–4, 6,
9, 11, 43, 46–47, 49, 51–54, 58–62, 65–67, 71–72, 74–84, 86–88, 91, 97, 113–114, 128, 149, 158,
161, 209, 221–222, 226, 236, 241–242, 261
- online register76, 84, 87, 128, 130, 242
- register levelling4–5, 43, 48, 62, 65–66
- register variation1–2, 4, 6, 46, 213, 221
- spoken register/text3, 5, 22, 31, 44–46, 48, 51–54, 61, 66, 76, 81–83, 87, 159, 192, 213, 221–222, 226; see also speech
- subregister6, 9, 46, 61, 74, 76, 88
- written register/text5–6, 43–48, 51–54, 58–61, 65–66, 71, 74, 76, 79, 84, 87, 183–184, 213, 226, 235, 258; see also writing
- reified6, 94, 98, 113–114
- rhetoric232–233, 236,
267–268
- rhetorical9, 15, 128, 218, 221, 226, 229, 232–234, 236, 241–245, 248, 257, 268, 270, 285, 290–291
S
- science9, 128, 241–242, 244, 246, 249–250, 252–253, 258, 265, 267, 286, 296
- semantic preference7, 123–127, 131–133, 138, 145, 149–151
- semantic prosody7, 32, 123–128, 133, 145, 149, 151–152
- sliding window78, 80–83
- slur4–5, 13–15, 20, 23–24, 29–30, 38
- speech5, 43–48, 51, 54, 62,
65–67, 99,
104, 213see also register—spoken register/text
- formal speech53–54
- informal speech53–54, 58–60
- speech community53, 75, 84
- speech text5, 43, 46–47, 49, 52, 61, 65–66, 82, 119, 121, 144, 146, 159–160, 164–165, 214, 221, 225, 226, 231
- speech act3–4, 7–8, 138, 140, 144, 146, 161, 182–186, 188–192, 194–195, 197, 204–206, 210, 247, 295, 298, 306
- stereotype3, 6, 91–92, 107, 109, 110–112, 128, 133, 143
- stigmatization4, 6, 91–94
- style2, 7, 9, 43, 46, 48, 65–66, 71, 92, 213,
247, 261, 290–291
- discursive style159–162, 171, 179
- expressive style15, 53, 64, 83–84, 87; see also expressive speech act
- stylistic1, 2, 5, 43, 45–48, 52–53, 61–62, 65–67, 72, 74, 83, 179, 222, 261
- swear word4–5, 13–21, 23–24, 26–29, 31, 37–38
- bloody5, 13–14, 16–17, 19, 23–27, 29, 32, 38
- fuck5, 13–14, 16–20, 23–28, 31–38
- shit5, 13, 15–16, 19, 23–29, 37–38
- swearing3, 5, 13–20, 38–39
- Systemic Functional Grammar2, 57
T
- taboo5, 13–16, 18, 20, 23–24, 31–32, 38–39
- technology9, 241–242, 249, 258
- teen talk3, 5, 13–14, 16, 18–21, 25–26, 28–29, 31–32, 38
- The Telegraph8, 14, 209–210, 212–214, 222, 224–227, 229, 231, 235; see also news discourse
- third-person singular
- don’t92, 100, 104, 114
- zero marked111
- th-stopping108, 111, 114
- transcript(ion)3, 7, 47, 76, 96, 117, 158–159, 162–165, 168–171, 178–179, 187
- turn-taking3, 54, 159–161, 173; see also interruption
- TV and movies76, 80–83
U
- UK29, 126, 186, 209–214, 216, 221–222, 225–227, 229, 231, 234–237; see also British
- US/U.S.7, 72, 76, 84, 96, 98, 110, 123–125, 128, 130–131, 134, 141–142, 144, 149–151, 155–159, 163, 168, 186–187, 201–202, 205, 245; see also American
V
- vernacular91–92, 99, 108–109, 161
- voice plurality123, 140, 145–146, 148–149
- volition191, 193–194, 303
- v-to-b110–111
W
- World Englishes11, 71, 74, 84, 87
- workplace4, 7–8, 158, 162, 182–185, 187, 189, 190, 192–193, 196, 198, 204–206
- writing3, 5–6, 43–48, 51, 54, 58, 62, 65–67, 71, 213, 221; see also register—written register/text
- Wmatrix266, 268, 272, 277, 280
Y
- Yankee6, 92–93, 98–103, 105; see also characterological figure
