In:The Present Perfect and the Preterite in Late Modern and Contemporary English: A corpus-based study of grammatical change
Xinyue Yao
[Studies in Corpus Linguistics 114] 2024
► pp. 231–235
Subject index
Published online: 8 March 2024
https://doi.org/10.1075/scl.114.si
https://doi.org/10.1075/scl.114.si
A
- accusative 53–55
- active voice 59, 82, 179
- activity (definition)22
- adjective 43, 55, 56, 130, 191
- adnominal 54, 55
- adverbial clause 115, 130
- affectee54
- agent 55–57, 128
- agreement 52, 56, 168, 169, 172
- AIC score 111, 113, 119
- already 46, 65, 140, 153, 154, 160, 172
- always 40, 41, 46, 47, 141, 156–159, 197
- American-British difference 2, 11, 63, 90, 130, 153, 160, 190, 193
- analyticity 201
- anchor 46–48, 101, 103, 132, 141, 150, 151
- anterior 67–88, 155, 167, 168, 171, 172, 175–178, 183, 187, 195–200
- anteriority 28–30, 52, 57–59, 114, 118, 123, 128, 177, 195
- aorist 78–82
- aoristic drift 1, 2, 74–75, 83, 84, 86–88, 162, 163, 169, 173, 176–180, 184, 187, 194–198, 201, 203
- aoristos 82, 83, 87
- ARCHER 4, 39, 44, 89–98, 102–107, 114, 118, 124, 130–132, 148–154, 158, 164, 183
- aspect (definition) 20, 27
- assertion 33, 101, 105, 107, 152, 181
- atelic 22, 34, 40, 43, 59, 84, 116, 120, 121, 155, 171, 197
- atelicity22
- auxiliary
1, 28, 56, 83, 85, 164, 165–169, 172, 190
- be 1, 51, 77, 97, 169
- have 1, 80, 81, 126, 163, 164, 193
B
- background knowledge 12, 26, 40, 71, 107, 108, 181, 197
- backgrounding 129, 130
- be-perfect 1, 96
- be-periphrasis 51, 52, 126
- BNC 4, 5, 40–44, 97, 127, 148, 158
- Brown family 5, 29
C
- change
- cyclical 201, 202
- functional 3, 15, 176, 177
- global 13, 14, 102, 103, 122, 125, 135, 182
- mechanism of 2, 7, 71, 73
- motivation of 2, 70–73, 172, 173, 181, 184
- channel 12, 93
- chi-square test 5, 63, 65, 97
- C-index 111, 118, 119, 142
- clause type 114–121, 128–130, 134, 135, 140–145, 190
- COCA 4, 5, 44
- coding scheme 16, 97, 116, 117, 131, 141, 149
- coefficient111
- cognitive effect 35, 36, 45, 73, 107, 181
- COHA 4, 5, 90, 164–166, 190
- cohesion 131, 152
- collinearity 112, 116, 118, 137, 139
- colloquial preterite 32, 66
- colloquialization 13, 14, 126
- colonial lag189
- Colonial Period 190, 192
- common noun59
- communication verb 57, 124–126, 156, 180, 197
- communicative intention 12, 23, 24, 32, 94
- communicative purpose 12, 14, 93, 122
- complement 4, 20, 23, 41, 56, 82, 130
- complex transitive 42, 43, 116
- conditional inference tree 112, 137, 138
- contact 3, 81, 85, 86, 167, 171, 172, 186, 187–194, 199, 200
- contemporary English 2, 5, 8, 19, 50–54, 58, 61, 62, 69, 89–92
- context-dependent 24, 37, 176, 181, 195, 197, 199
- contextual assumption 32, 34, 37–41, 107, 176, 183, 196, 199
- continuative 31, 34, 39–49, 56, 58 115, 118, 127, 135, 157, 171, 174–176, 180, 181, 194–198
- contracted form 14, 163, 165, 167
- contraction 168, 201
- conventionalization 9, 40, 59, 69, 71–73, 88, 101, 102, 155, 157, 183, 190, 199
- conversation 14, 30, 47, 63, 90, 92–94, 104–106, 108, 181
- cooperative principle35
- copula 116, 128
- cross-linguistic survey 76–87, 168–170, 203
- current relevance 30–34, 40, 43, 45, 48, 51, 57–59, 65, 69, 71, 73, 81, 85, 88, 105, 107, 147, 154, 171–176, 179, 181–185, 195–199
D
- decoding 9, 19, 23, 24
- default 102, 113, 170, 179
- definite 47, 114, 140, 154
- deictic time 18, 19, 27, 29, 46, 47, 195
- denotation 18, 38, 45, 46, 65, 169, 170, 179, 181
- descriptive grammar19
- diachronic corpora 4, 203
- dialect mixing 167, 186, 189, 190
- direct speech 63, 90, 130
- discourse context 36, 65, 130, 144, 147, 158
- discourse function 1, 36, 73, 108, 114, 115
- displacement 65, 106, 108, 164–166, 175, 185–199
- distributional potential179
- domain-general process 70, 71, 162
- drama 42, 63, 90–94, 99, 100, 104–109, 120–129, 134, 149, 158, 169, 180, 181, 188, 196
- duration 19, 22, 41, 43, 71, 103, 131, 132, 141, 147, 148, 151, 152
- durative 59, 68, 69, 85, 142, 148, 156
- durative adverbial 46, 58, 59, 62, 141, 148–150, 153, 158, 160, 182, 198
- durativity 21, 22, 147, 148, 154, 160
- dynamic147
- dynamicity 22, 40, 147, 193
E
- e (time of the situation) 29, 30, 33
- economy 8, 25, 107, 108, 181, 186, 199, 200
- effect size 98, 105
- encoded meaning 21, 22, 24–26, 32, 33, 71, 72, 105
- encoding 19, 23, 24
- entailment 24, 43
- event (definition)22
- eventive 43, 57, 58, 72, 123–125, 148, 154
- ever 141, 155–159, 197
- expansion 59, 75, 85, 148, 153, 159, 171, 174, 175, 177, 181–184, 191, 194, 196–200
- experiential 31, 40, 43–45, 48, 49, 56–58, 66, 73, 81–84, 115, 118, 124–126, 135, 151, 157, 159, 171, 174–176, 180–184, 194–197
- explicature 26, 36, 40, 43
- explicit 8, 25, 26, 37–39, 69, 73, 102, 132, 140, 154, 174, 175, 181, 182, 197
- extended now 31, 45, 49, 57, 101, 104, 128, 132, 140, 151, 154, 157, 158, 176, 198
F
- fiction 44, 63, 90, 92
- first-person pronoun 8, 59, 107, 108, 116, 120, 121, 128, 134, 135, 177, 180, 186, 197
- FLOB 5, 29
- for-adverbial 23, 103, 142, 154
- foregrounding 73, 103, 129–131, 190
- formal leveling 162–166
- formality11
- free variable 34, 35
- frequency adverbial 44, 46, 58, 141, 149, 150, 155–159, 176–178, 197, 198
- futurate 50, 147, 158
- future 18, 19, 50, 69, 159, 199, 200
G
- gender 52, 56
- generalization 2, 70, 71, 169, 177, 197, 199
- generative linguistics 6, 7, 36
- genre 13, 14
- goodness of fit 111, 113, 118, 119, 141, 142
- gradience9
- grammaticalization
7, 14, 54, 58, 67, 68, 70–75, 86–88, 96, 117–128, 134, 135, 146, 155, 171–178, 183, 196–203
- path 16, 68, 70–74, 118, 162, 167–177, 179, 196–200
- primary 74, 197
- secondary 74, 197
H
- habban 50, 53–56
- haber 167–169, 172
- habitual 20, 23, 40, 49, 50, 69, 148, 156, 158, 200
- have/be contrast 51, 52
- HAVE-perfect 51, 203
- have-perfect 55, 60, 63, 96, 128
- HAVE-periphrasis 67, 68, 70–88, 155, 168, 180, 196
- have-periphrasis 50–58, 72, 128, 156, 169
- hodiernal 169, 170, 180
- hot news 31, 40, 73, 82, 103, 108, 149, 169, 182, 183
I
- ICE-GB 5, 38, 44, 45, 92, 93, 104, 157
- ICE-US 5, 92, 93
- imperfective 20, 23, 68, 79–82, 85, 200
- imperfectivity 20, 147
- implicature 26, 36, 45, 71, 147, 157, 181
- implicit 25, 37, 38, 45, 122, 151, 153, 174, 176, 197
- indefinite 51, 151, 154
- indefinite past 85, 114, 115, 132, 140, 151, 154
- indirect speech 48, 131
- individual text 16, 100, 106, 113, 118, 119, 131, 133, 135, 139, 202
- individual-text approach 97, 98, 105, 151
- individual user 8–10, 23, 35, 204
- inference 9, 15, 23–27, 29, 32, 35, 39–41, 43, 45, 47, 58, 59, 69, 72, 147, 174, 195, 197
- inferential model 23, 24
- inflection 5, 30, 52–54, 58, 67, 165–168, 172, 194, 200
- inflectional potential178
- informality 14, 62, 107
- -ing participial 28, 29
- interaction 9, 18, 73, 94, 95, 104, 105, 113, 124, 127, 158, 202
- interaction (in statistics) 111, 112, 133, 140, 145, 160
- interaction term 111, 112, 118, 122, 123, 126–129, 134, 139, 140, 146
- interactiveness 12, 93, 106, 109
- intercept 111, 119–121, 133
- intransitive 58, 59, 82, 115, 116, 120, 121, 126, 169, 172, 177, 197
- intransitive verb 51, 53, 56, 58, 65, 71, 77, 126
- I-principle 34, 35
- irregular verb 96, 163–166
- irregularity 167, 188 ; see also regularity
- iterative 59, 68, 69, 84, 155
J
- just 46, 65, 140, 153–155, 160, 173
K
- koine 189, 201
- koineization 189, 192
L
- language acquisition 7, 188, 191, 201
- layering 9, 117, 123
- lect10
- lectal variation 10, 12, 13
- letters 63, 91–94, 99–109, 120–135, 181, 196
- lexical verb 52, 71, 96, 189
- l-form 78, 80
- lifetime effect61
- log odds ratio 113, 122–133
- logical form 24–26, 39–41, 43
- log-likelihood 65, 113, 119
M
- main clause 19, 53, 115, 117, 120, 121, 128–130, 134, 190
- main effect 111, 112, 122, 123, 128, 139, 140, 145
- main verb 1, 76, 96, 183, 193
- manner adverbial 44, 57
- Mann-Whitney U test 97, 98, 105, 106
- markedness 178, 179, 184
- mental state 42, 44, 72
- mental representation 6, 8, 72
- modal 19, 28, 29, 50, 96, 203
- modality 19, 29, 68, 70, 132, 203
- mood 19, 23, 117, 132
- multivariate method 14, 16, 114, 116, 136, 145, 176, 180, 196, 202
N
- narration 14, 63, 84, 102, 103, 114, 115, 152, 156, 170, 173
- narrative 1, 12, 69, 81, 83, 90, 102, 124, 125, 128–131, 152
- narrowing 88, 177, 178, 184, 197
- National Period 190–192
- native 46, 115, 182
- negation 16, 24, 40, 114–127, 134, 135, 140–143, 160, 176, 178, 194, 197
- negative 107, 115, 120, 121, 127, 134, 135, 178, 179, 201
- negator 116, 127, 135, 158
- neo-Gricean pragmatics 25–27, 35, 71, 196
- neutralization 183, 194
- never 46, 65, 116, 127, 141, 155–159, 197
- news 14, 44, 63, 90–95, 100, 103, 105–109, 120–133, 149, 171, 181, 183, 190, 196
- newsworthiness 31, 182, 198
- newsworthy 38, 73, 93, 95, 103, 183
- nominal form 128, 129, 180
- non-finite 28, 117, 132, 165, 203
- non-narrative 107, 114, 115
- non-native 114, 115, 181, 191, 194, 199, 203
- non-present perfect 28, 203
- non-progressive 20, 117, 140, 146–148, 178, 179, 197
- non-resultative 57, 71, 72, 126, 135, 155, 176, 197, 198
- non-standard 10, 11, 114
- non-stative 22, 27, 33, 147
- now 19, 46, 57, 140, 141, 153–156, 160
- number 52, 56, 163, 167, 178, 179, 194
O
- object 20, 41, 43, 52–58, 72, 80, 81, 116, 130, 155, 168, 172
- often 46, 57, 124, 155
- optimal relevance 35–39, 45, 195
- ostensive stimulus 35, 36
P
- paradigm 28, 82, 96, 146, 163–166, 172, 178, 188, 194
- parametric model 137, 145, 160
- partial dependence score 138, 141, 146, 149–153
- participant 12, 14, 47, 93, 106, 108, 196
- participle 80–82, 117, 168, 169, 172, 178
- past 1, 28, 43, 50–58, 68, 97, 114, 155, 163–167, 177, 193, 197, 199
- passé composé 1, 69, 71, 163
- passé simple 1, 71, 163, 179
- passive voice 59, 179
- past event 1, 14, 31, 32, 43, 49, 52, 57, 58, 68, 69, 73, 102, 103, 125, 149, 156, 171, 182, 197
- past situation 1, 2, 30–34, 48, 50, 51, 56, 58, 69, 71, 73, 79, 83, 84, 88, 107, 108, 128, 147, 152, 167, 170, 176, 195, 197, 199
- past tense 1, 19, 20, 68, 79, 87, 88, 96, 97, 137, 146, 163–165, 176, 189, 196, 198, 203
- past-time orientation 124, 125, 188
- past-time reference 105, 130, 179, 182, 195
- past with current relevance 59, 66, 72, 85, 171
- patient 55, 128
- perception verb57
- perfect state 34, 38, 45
- perfective 20, 23, 67–88, 118, 162–184, 175, 199, 201
- perfective/past 70, 71, 73–76, 86, 87, 119, 169, 173–183, 194–200
- perfectivity 69, 71, 147, 170, 171
- periphrastic 1, 50, 51, 54, 60, 68–71, 74–77, 82–84, 107, 117, 126, 162, 163, 188, 196, 199, 200–204
- pluperfect 28, 30, 47, 48, 51, 58, 60, 96, 117, 131
- plural 97, 137, 178, 179
- polarity 127, 178, 180
- positive 115, 120, 121, 127, 178, 179, 197
- possessive 56, 81, 96
- pragmatic enrichment 25, 26, 33, 34, 36
- pragmatic principle 15, 38, 72, 195
- preceding verb form 114–121, 131–144
- prehodiernal 84, 169, 170, 180
- present state 31–35, 38–40, 48, 57–59, 69, 107, 156, 157, 174, 195, 199
- present tense 1, 19, 20, 23, 47, 50, 58, 59, 76, 101, 103, 106, 115, 117, 132–135, 146, 158, 159, 163, 167, 169, 175, 203
- present-time orientation 84, 101, 104, 108, 131, 153, 158, 159, 182, 188, 197
- present-time reference 130, 140, 153
- priming131
- probabilistic 14–16, 74, 86, 114, 176
- processing circumstance 12, 93, 94, 109
- processing effort 35, 36, 39, 72
- progressive 13, 16, 20, 23, 27, 40, 116, 117, 138–149, 176–181, 194, 197–200
- progressivity 20, 69
Q
- quantifier 127, 142
- question-based model37
R
- r (effect size measure)98
- r (reference time) 29, 30, 33
- R software 112, 113, 141
- random effect 16, 112, 113, 118–122, 133, 135, 139
- random forest 6, 138–146, 159–161, 202
- recency 43, 73, 102, 140, 169, 198
- recent past 68, 79, 101, 114, 115, 149, 153, 169, 174, 175, 180, 181
- recently 46, 140, 153, 154, 160
- recoverable 39, 46, 47, 51, 140, 141, 147, 153
- reduction 2, 3, 14, 164–167
- reference level 111, 113, 122, 123, 132, 133
- reference time 28–30, 38, 47–49, 53, 69, 72, 132
- register
1–17, 63–70, 74, 77, 84, 90–109, 112, 118–148, 160, 163, 164, 179–184, 188, 189, 194–203
see also variation (register)
- formal 1, 13, 14, 65, 106, 107
- informal 11, 13, 71, 90, 126, 196
- informative 93, 106–108, 129, 196
- interactive 93, 102–109, 129, 130, 163, 179, 181, 184, 189, 194–199
- speech-based 93, 94, 104, 106, 123, 134, 148
- spoken 5, 12, 13, 105, 126
- written 1, 5, 13, 70, 104, 105, 108, 122, 188, 196
- regression
6, 110–139, 144–146, 160, 177–180, 202
- estimate 110–113, 119–123, 137, 138
- fixed-effects 113, 119
- logistic 6, 110–114, 118–121
- mixed-effects 112, 113, 119, 133, 139, 202
- regular verb 163–166, 189
- regularity 7, 74, 199 ; see also irregularity
- regularization 96, 163, 164, 189
- Reichenbachian system 15, 27–30, 33, 195
- relative clause 115, 129, 130, 190
- relevance theory 35, 195
- relevance-driven 58, 72, 73, 88, 108, 181, 199
- remote past 75, 114, 115, 140, 151, 169
- remoteness 76, 151
- resultant state 34, 43, 69, 71, 148
- resultative 31, 40–88, 115, 118, 123–126, 135, 148, 154, 155, 161, 172–184, 194
- resultativity 126, 176, 198
- retrospective 27, 132, 147
S
- s (deictic time) 29, 30, 33
- say 44, 57, 124, 125, 180
- SBC 5, 32, 45, 93, 104, 157, 177
- science 63, 92–95, 100–109, 120–123, 129, 133, 190, 196
- second-person pronoun 94, 106, 116, 128, 135, 177, 180, 186, 197
- semantic underdeterminacy 25, 33
- semantics-pragmatics interface 23, 26
- semi-modal 13, 96, 189
- sequence adverbial 141, 149, 150, 152
- shared time and space 93–95, 105, 106
- simplicity 186, 188, 194, 199
- simplification 187, 192, 194, 200, 201
- singular 53, 97, 178, 179, 186
- situation (definition)20
- situation type 3, 20–22, 52, 53, 59, 71, 115, 116, 127
- sparse data 6, 97, 114, 116, 136, 160
- speech 13, 65, 71, 83–94, 104, 109, 122, 130, 163, 164, 170, 173, 174, 180, 187, 190, 198 ; see also speech-based register
- speech act 26, 44, 181
- speech community 8, 9, 16
- standard 2, 10, 11, 58, 74, 77, 83, 84, 158, 167
- state (definition) 21, 22
- stative 20, 27, 52, 55, 58–60, 65, 72, 115, 176–178, 193, 194, 197
- stativity 21, 22
- style 13, 14, 94, 102, 103, 113, 129, 190, 202
- stylistic convention 11, 108, 109, 131, 133
- subject 8, 20, 21, 41, 45, 53–57, 59, 61, 80, 93, 116, 124, 128, 135, 167, 180, 197
- subject type 16, 59, 116, 118–121, 124, 128, 133–135, 140, 141, 144, 145, 160, 176, 177, 180
- subordinate clause 53, 117, 129, 130
- synchronic state 11, 13, 75, 84, 118, 171
- synthetic 1, 69–71, 74, 75, 82, 88, 117, 162, 168, 179, 188, 196, 198
- syntheticity 201
T
- target state 41, 43, 52, 55–58, 126, 128
- target-state construction 55, 56
- target-state result 41–44, 56–58, 70–72, 80, 88, 123, 125–128, 135, 176, 181, 197, 199
- telic 22, 70, 84, 116, 117, 120, 121, 123, 134
- telicity 21, 22, 119–125, 133–135, 140–145, 176, 177, 198
- temporal adverbial 40, 44–47, 57, 122, 125, 130, 136, 138, 140–145, 149–160, 172, 175, 223
- temporal axis 19, 29, 46, 141, 153, 182
- temporal location 18–20, 46, 71, 114, 115, 149–153, 182
- temporal relation 19, 28, 29, 33, 114, 115, 141
- temporal specification 3, 59, 71, 114–122, 132–135, 149, 160, 175–179, 182–184, 194, 196, 198
- temporal specifier 135, 182, 194
- temporal unit 19, 28
- temporally indeterminate 108, 141, 169–171, 175, 178
- temporally irrelevant 169, 171, 175, 178
- temporally specified 48, 103, 115, 120, 121, 134, 141, 149, 178, 179, 182
- temporally unspecified 103, 115, 116, 120, 121, 141, 149, 150, 151, 155, 169, 175, 178–182, 197
- tense (definition) 18, 19
- tense choice 14, 64, 102, 113, 125, 133
- tense-aspect system 3, 74, 146, 160, 176, 189, 200, 203
- theme 3, 36, 38, 43, 55, 128
- third-person pronoun 59, 116, 128
- three-part verb 164–166
- time interval 19, 24, 29–33, 43–46, 141, 155, 157 ; see also extended now
- time of the situation 19–21, 27–29, 47, 48, 50, 154, 195
- time point 18–20, 29, 30, 46
- token 92, 96, 108, 124, 125, 133, 174, 178, 179, 199
- topic 13, 14, 35–39, 48, 58, 64, 73, 77, 83, 93–95, 102, 103, 109, 113, 125, 147, 173, 195, 202
- topical prompt 38, 39
- topicality 36–38
- transitive 42, 43, 51, 56, 65, 70, 81, 82, 115, 116, 120, 121, 126, 128, 134, 135, 169, 176, 177, 189, 197
- transitivity 3, 16, 51, 114–122, 126, 133–135, 140–145, 160, 176, 189, 198
- tree-based approach137
- triangulation 4, 138
- two-part verb 164–166
- Type A 76–78, 81, 85, 86, 88
- Type B 76, 81–88, 168, 171
- Type C 76, 79, 83–86, 187
- Type D 76, 81, 83, 84, 168
- Type E 76, 83, 88, 187
U
- unanchored adverbial 46–49, 141, 153
- universal 13, 16, 67, 70, 73–75, 199
- unmarked 81, 105, 178, 179, 184, 198
- usage event 6, 7, 9, 12, 13, 18, 46, 71, 72, 94, 175, 199, 204
- usage-based approach 6–9, 12, 67, 71, 202
V
- value assignment 33, 34, 38
- variable context 117, 118
- variable importance score 138, 142, 144, 145, 160
- variance inflation factorsee VIF-score
- variation
- cross-linguistic 1, 67–88, 162, 164
- regional 1, 10–16, 50, 80, 85, 122, 135, 159, 167
- register 10–13, 16, 77, 89–109, 129, 133, 195
- synchronic 1, 7, 8, 10
- variationist sociolinguistics 7, 14, 15, 85, 111, 117, 171
- verb semantics 114, 126
- verb stem 114, 163
- VIF-score 112, 116, 118
- vivid remembrance 152, 156
W
- when-clause130
- whole-corpus approach 64, 97, 98, 105, 150, 203
- word order 52–54, 58
- writing 10, 13, 62, 65, 90, 93, 94, 101–108, 125, 129, 133, 149, 163, 167, 190, 198
X
- x (free variable) 33–35
Y
- yesterday 46, 47, 140, 170
- yet 46, 62, 65, 140, 153
