In:Perspectives on Arabic Linguistics XXIX: Papers from the Annual Symposium on Arabic Linguistics, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 2015
Edited by Hamid Ouali
[Studies in Arabic Linguistics 5] 2017
► pp. 181–204
Chapter 7Arabic first conjunct agreement and the interaction between constraints on agree & movement
Published online: 14 December 2017
https://doi.org/10.1075/sal.5.08cro
https://doi.org/10.1075/sal.5.08cro
Abstract
I argue that Arabic first conjunct agreement (FCA) is the result of interaction between independently motivated constraints on the operation agree and on movement. This analysis compares favorably to recent proposals of FCA that must stipulate that particular syntactic operations may occur late in syntactic derivation. The current proposal renders such assumptions about late operations unnecessary, while also demonstrating that analyses that rely on such operations fail to account for cases in which FCA and full agreement are realized on distinct inflection-bearing elements within the same clause. The analysis presented here is based primarily on data from Lebanese Arabic, although thoughts are also offered on the applicability of the analysis to Standard Arabic.
Article outline
- 1.Introduction
- 2.First conjunct agreement in Lebanese Arabic
- 2.1Theoretical assumptions
- 2.2Assumptions about Arabic clause structure and coordination
- 2.3The general structure of the analysis
- 2.4Clauses with no auxiliary
- 2.5Clauses with an auxiliary
- 3.Late operations analyses
- 3.1Overview of “Late Operations” analyses
- 3.2Late operations and mixed agreement
- 4.Conclusion
- 4.1First conjunct agreement in standard Arabic
- 4.2The cross-linguistic perspective
Acknowledgements Notes References
References (52)
Ackema, P. & Neelman, A. (2003). Context-sensitive spell-out. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, (21)(4), 681–735.
(2012). Agreement weakening at PF: A reply to Benmamoun and Lorimor. Linguistic Inquiry, 43(1), 75–96.
Aoun, J., Benmamoun, E., & Sportiche, D. (1994). Agreement, word order, and conjunction in some varieties of Arabic. Linguistic Inquiry, 25(2), 195–220.
Aoun, J., Benmamoun, E., & Choueiri, L. (2010). The Syntax of Arabic. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Barker, C. and Pullum, G. K. (1990). A Theory of Command Relations. Linguistics & Philosophy, 13(1), 1–34.
Barker, C. (2012). Quantificational Binding Does Not Require C-Command. Linguistic Inquiry, 43(4), 614–633.
Benmamoun, E. (2000). The Feature Structure of Functional Categories. New York: Oxford University Press.
Benmamoun, E., Bhatia, A., & Polinsky, M. (2009). Closest conjunct agreement in head final languages. In Van Craenenbroeck, J. and Rooryck, J. (Eds.) Linguistic Variation Yearbook (Vol. 9). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Benmamoun, E. and Lorimor, H. (2006). Featureless expressions: When morphophonological markers are absent. Linguistic Inquiry, 37(1), 1–23.
Bhatt, R. and Walkow, M. (2013). Locating agreement in grammar: An argument from agreement in conjunctions. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, 31(4)L 951–1013.
Bobaljik, J. (2008). Where’s phi? Agreement as a post-syntactic operation. In Harbour, D., Adger, D., & Béjar, S. (Eds.) Phi theory: Phi-features across modules and inferfaces (pp. 295–328). New York: Oxford University Press.
Bošković, Ž (2007). On the locality and motivation of Move and Agree: An even more minimal Theory. Linguistic Inquiry, 38(4), 589–644.
(2009). Unifying first and last conjunct agreement. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, 27(3), 455–496.
Chomsky, N. (1993). A minimalist program for linguistic theory. In Hale, K. & Keyser, J. (Eds.) The view from building 20 (pp. 1–52). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
(2000). Minimalist inquiries: The framework. In Martin, R., Michaels, D., & Uriagereka, J. (Eds.) Step by Step: Essays on Minimalist Syntax in Honor of Howard Lasnik (pp. 89–156). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
(2001). Derivation by phase. In Kenstowicz, M. (Ed.) Ken Hale: A Life in Linguistics (pp. 1–52). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Doron, E. (2000). VSO and left-conjunct agreement: Biblical Hebrew vs. Modern Hebrew. In Carnie, A. and Guilfoyle, E. (Eds.) The Syntax of Verb Initial Languages (pp. 75–96). New York: Oxford University Press.
Fassi Fehri, A. (1993). Issues in the Structure of Arabic Clauses and Words. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Fox, D. & Nissenbaum, J. (1999). Extraposition and scope: a case for overt QR. In Bird, S., Carnie, A., Haugen, J., & Norquest, P. (Eds.) Proceedings of West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics 18. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press.
Harbert, W. and Bahloul, M. (2002). Postverbal subjects in Arabic and the theory of agreement. In Ouhalla, J. & Shlonsky, U. (Eds.) Themes in Arabic and Hebrew Syntax (pp. 45–70). Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
van Koppen, M. (2005). One Probe – Two Goals: Aspects of agreement in Dutch dialects (Doctoral dissertation). Landelijke Onderzoekschool Taalwetenschap, Utrecht.
(2008). Agreement with coordinated subjects. A comparative perspective. Linguistic Variation Yearbook, 7, 121–161.
(2012). The distribution of phi-features in pronouns. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, 30(1), 135–177.
Larson, B. (2013). Arabic conjunct-sensitive agreement and primitive operations. Linguistic Inquiry, 44(4), 611–631.
Lebeaux, D. (1988). Language acquisition and the form of grammar (Doctoral dissertation). University of Massachusetts, Amherst.
LeTourneau, M. (2003). Interpretability, feature strength, and impoverished agreement in Arabic. In Parkinson, D. & Farwaneh, S. (Eds.) Perspectives on Arabic Linguistics (Vol. 15). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
McCloskey, J. (1986). Inflection and conjunction in modern Irish. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, 4(2), 245–281.
Merchant, J. (2011). Aleut case matters. In Yuasa, E., Bagchi, T., & Beals, K. (Eds.) Pragmatics and Autolexical Grammar: In honor of Jerry Sadock (pp. 382–411). Amsterdam: John Benjamins
Mohammad, M. (2000). Word Order, Agreement, and Pronominalization in Standard and Palestinian Arabic. Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Munn, A. (1993). Topics in the syntax and semantics of coordinate structures (Doctoral dissertation). The University of Maryland, College Park.
Nevins, A. (2004). Derivations without the activity condition. In MIT Working Papers in Linguistics 49 (pp. 287–310). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Ouali, H. (2014). Multiple agreement in Arabic. In Khamis-Dakwar, R. & Froud, K. (Eds.) Perspectives on Arabic Linguistics (Vol. 26). New York: John Benjamins.
Pesetsky, D. & Torrego, E. (2007). The syntax of valuation and the interpretability of features. In Karimi, S., Samiian, V., & Wilkins, W. (Eds.) Phrasal and Clausal Architecture: Syntactic derivation and interpretation in honor of Joseph E. Emonds (pp. 262–294). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Pollack, J. -Y. (1989). Verb Movement, Universal Grammar, and the Structure of IP. Linguistic Inquiry, 20(3), 365–424.
Ross, J. (1967). Constraints on Variables in Syntax (Doctoral dissertation). Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge.
Soltan, U. (2007). On Agree and postcyclic merge in syntractic derivations: First conjunct agreement in Standard Arabic. In Benmamoun, E. (Ed.) Perspectives on Arabic Linguistics (Vol. 19). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
(2011). On issues of Arabic syntax: An essay in syntactic argumentation. Brill’s Annual of Afroasiatic Language and Linguistics, 3, 236–280.
Tucker, M. (2011). The morphosyntax of the Arabic verb: Toward a unified syntax-prosody. In Morphology at Santa Cruz: Papers in Honor of Jorge Hankamer. Santa Cruz, CA: Linguistics Research Center Publications.
Walkow, M. (2013). When Can You Agree with a Closest Conjunct? In Santana-LaBarge, R. (Ed.) Proceedings of West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics 31. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press.
Zeijlstra, H. (2010). There is only one way to agree. Paper presented at the 33rd GLOW Colloquium. Wroclaw, Poland.
Cited by (1)
Cited by one other publication
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 1 december 2025. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.
