In:Patterns and Representation in Arabic Place Assimilation
Islam Youssef
[Studies in Arabic Linguistics 13] 2023
► pp. 227–230
Index
Published online: 9 November 2023
https://doi.org/10.1075/sal.13.index
https://doi.org/10.1075/sal.13.index
A
- acquisition of phonology 16, 17, 22, 28, 207
- active articulators18
- Active Feature Specification12
- affrication 4, 147
- Arabic dialects
- Lebanese143
- Libyan 36, 47, 146
- Maltese96n
- Palestinian 102n, 126, 143, 153n
- Qatari191
- Ṣaʻīdi Egyptian 44, 87
- Ṣanʻānī 3, 137, 155n
- Sudanese44
- Syrian 55n, 77, 126, 137, 201
- Arabic vernaculars
- Bedouin 6, 8, 10–11
- eastern vs. western 5, 105
- geographical groups5
- Maghrebi10
- Mesopotamian gilit 8, 10, 149
- Peninsular 10, 206
- sedentary vs. Bedouin 5, 6
- urban 7, 8, 10–11, 90
- assimilation1
- cross-category20
- local 30, 76
- long-distance85
- partial 31, 42, 72
- total31
- association line crossing 157–58
- autonomy of phonology 12, 14–15 ; See also division of labor
- Autosegmental Phonology 17–18, 83
B
- back consonants
145, 147, 149, 150, 154
- non-emphatic 146, 147, 150, 156–57
- bimoraicity
165, 180
- constraint185
- broken plurals 107, 139
C
- Cairene Arabic
- educated speakers 7, 38, 60, 139, 173
- semi-literate spoken 7, 10
- class nodes 18, 22, 28, 207
- closed syllable shortening 184–86, 201
- coalescence 66, 81, 162, 176
- coda extrametricality 184–85, 202 ; See also Weight-by-Position
- coda formation 185, 186, 202
- computational analysis 27, 211
- consonant inventories9
- consonant reflexes 6, 9–10
- consonant-vowel interactions 2, 20–21, 24, 160, 210
- constraints
- faithfulness 27, 173
- feature alignment 59, 82, 134–35
- feature co-occurrence 134–35
- feature-encoded 27–28
- markedness 27, 158, 159, 180
- constriction
- degrees of 22, 24
- fricatives49
- stops 49, 74
- Contrastive Hypothesis12
- coronal feature split 50, 75
- correlations
- constriction-vowel height24
- length-stress165
- low vowels-pharyngeals 24, 142
- rounded vowels-emphatics137
D
- ḍād-ḍāʾ merger 10, 120–21, 131
- de-emphasis
- adjacency restriction 113, 134
- derivations 108–9, 201
- paradigm faithfulness108
- tautosyllabic triggers 105–6, 129
- degemination 70, 71, 193–94, 202–3
- derived environment blocking 185, 186–87, 206
- Derived Environment Effects186
- devoicingSee voicing assimilation
- diphthongs
- borrowings 173, 190, 195
- derived 174, 178, 185–86, 201–2
- falling 11, 161
- rising 161, 181
- underlying 169, 171, 183, 192, 200, 204
- word-final open syllables 177, 183, 197
- distinctive features 13–15
- division of labor 12, 207
E
- Element Theory 16n, 22, 25, 182
- Emergent Feature Theory (EFT) 16–17
- emphasis
- acoustic correlates 86, 92–94, 116–19
- backing gesture 116, 119
- gradience 94, 104, 119
- lip protrusion 86, 91
- emphasis spread
- blockers 118–19, 126, 131, 133
- constraint interactions 114, 134–35
- directional asymmetry 125–27, 135
- natural class of triggers 98, 109, 124
- opacitySee blockers
- two domains 112–13, 132–33, 136
- unblocked 90, 93
- emphatic low vowel 96–97, 122–23
- emphatics
- constriction 85, 91, 109, 119
- coronal obstruents 88, 94–95, 120–21, 135
- glottal states116
- lateral 121–22, 124, 129
- multiple 97–98, 123–24
- primary88
- primary articulation 91, 109
- secondary 88–89, 96, 122–23
- secondary articulation 85, 86, 109
- secondary conjunct 88, 122
- sonorants 10, 105
- English 97n, 162
- epenthesis in Baghdadi
- derivations 71, 72
- final clusters 68, 72, 144–45
- initial clusters 60, 61, 69
- longer sequences69
- opacity72
F
- feature-based typology6
- Feature Class Theory26
- Feature Economy 22, 25, 28, 210
- feature geometry models 2, 18, 26, 137, 207
- feature merger 52, 76, 162, 210
- feature privativity16
- features
- abstract 12, 17, 21, 22
- articulator-based 22, 23
- as autosegments 17–18, 114, 134
- as cognitive categories17
- contrastive 15, 210 ; See also distinctive features
- emergent 17, 22
- innate universal16
- phonetic interpretation 15–16
- redundant 25, 116, 155, 199
- feature sharing 1, 72, 83
- final glide deletion177
- foreign phonemes 10–11, 75n
- freedom of analysis27
- free ride algorithm 171, 174, 193
- full specification 15, 116
G
- geminate glides 171, 184, 193, 203
- geminate inalterability 184, 202
- geminate integrity 70, 71, 133
- geminates
- fake 31, 34, 69–71
- true 69–70, 133, 184
- generative phonology 13, 14, 207
- ǧīm10
- glides
- consonantal function161
- paradigm convergence 174n, 176, 196
- syllabic position 155, 181, 199
- glottal stop
- epenthetic 33, 49, 60, 74
- inherent 10, 33
I
- inconsistency-of-analysis problem3
- innate feature theory 16, 17
- interdentals10
K
- kāf10
L
- labialization in Baghdadi
- /a/-contexts 148, 159
- complementary distribution 144, 149, 160
- cross-category effects 156–57, 159, 160
- exceptions 146, 147, 150
- /i/-contexts 147–48, 150–51
- paradigm uniformity146
- prefix vowels 151–53, 157–58
- strict locality 157–59, 160
- labialization in Cairene
- /a/-contexts 139–40, 142–43
- complementary distribution 139–40
- labiovelarization155
- laryngeal features 25, 116 ; See also voice feature
- local consonant assimilation
- autosegmental strategies83
- constraint interactions 59, 82–83
- long mid vowels
- contrasts 164, 187–88
- loanwords 170–71, 192–93
- synchronic-contrast approach204
- underlying 171, 193, 198
- low vowel split 11, 96, 135 ; See also emphatic low vowel
M
- Major Class Features 18, 25, 210
- mannerless segments 74–75, 130–31
- manner node22
- markedness
14, 26, 42
- hierarchy201
- structural166
- minimization of articulatory effort30
- Modern Standard ArabicSee Standard Arabic
- Modified Contrastive Specification 12, 14
- monophthongization
- complementary distribution 179, 204
- constraint interactions180
- exceptional patterns 178–79, 198
- historical 162, 163, 166, 174
- synchronic 162, 204
- moon letters 33, 60
- moraic theory179
- diphthongs 179–80, 199
- glide-high-vowel sequences180
- long vowels 179–81, 199
N
- nasal allophones 51, 76
- nasal place underspecification51n
- natural classes 1, 19, 20–21
- NC sequences 30, 56
- neutralizations 15, 138, 165
- No Crossing Condition (NCC)21
O
- Obligatory Contour Principle (OCP)31
- across tiers 52, 55, 77
- repairs 52, 82, 83
- Old Arabic (OA)6n
- onset formation 181, 185
- Optimality Theory (OT)
26–28
- constraint set (Con)27
- Evaluator function (Eval) 27–28, 114
- Generator function (Gen)27
- orthography 97, 123–24
P
- palatalization 19–20
- Parallel Structures Model (PSM)
- architecture 22–23
- class nodes 26, 28
- feature recursion22
- laryngeal tier25
- manner tier24
- parallelism22
- parsimony 25, 28
- place tier 23–24
- unit segment26
- pharyngealization 19–20, 85, 109
- pharyngeals
- acoustic correlates118
- constriction 51, 92, 142
- Phonetically-Driven Phonology14
- phonetic content 13, 14, 21
- phonetic form (PF)12
- phonetic representations13
- phonology-phonetics
- interface22
- mapping 12, 13
- place assimilation2
- placeless segments
- Baghdadi 74, 75, 142
- Cairene 49–50, 51, 53
- place node 22, 207
- place of articulation1
- positional faithfulness183
- position asymmetry31
- PSM diagrams
- full sound systems 208–9
- surface consonants 48, 73–74
Q
- qāf10
- quadriliterals 172, 194
- quantity-sensitive stress 179, 202
R
- Radical Substance-Free Phonology 14–15
- redundancy rules14
- reduplication 97–98, 123–24, 172
- representational complexity 26, 28
- Representational Economy 15, 25, 26
- resyllabification 69, 175, 202 ; See also coda formation
- Revised Articulator Theory26
- Richness of the Base180
- root-and-pattern morphology5n
- root co-occurrence restrictions 38, 40, 47
- R phonemes 89, 96, 105
S
- sandhi145
- secondary articulation 19–20, 23
- short mid vowels
- absence of 11, 166, 199, 206
- allophonic 164, 188–89
- Sibawayh 30, 51n, 86, 105
- sociolinguistic factors 5, 7, 32, 90
- sonority
24, 39, 51, 184
- hierarchy110
- Sound Pattern of English (SPE) 13, 16–17
- Standard Arabic 3, 6n, 9, 60, 90, 173
- Structural Economy 22, 25, 28, 182, 210
- structure preservation144
- suffixes
- dual marker 178, 197
- negation 41–42, 55
- nisba 107–8, 194–95
- sun letters
34, 61–62
- optional35
- superheavy syllables177
- surface representation (SR) 12–13
- syllabification 41, 179, 195, 202
- syllable prominence42
- syllable weight 162, 179, 185, 202
- synchronic microvariation 7, 84
- syncope
- Baghdadi 201–2, 203
- Cairene 174, 184–87
- system of oppositions14
- Systemzwang183n
T
- tafxīm 85, 86
- target place asymmetry31
- templatic patterns 5n, 102
- tongue root retraction 85, 115, 119
- Toronto School of Contrast 14, 15
- transcription schemes12
- trigger place asymmetry31
U
- underlying representation (UR) 12–13
- Underspecification Theory14
- Unified Features Theory (UFT) 18–21
- Universal Grammar (UG)16
- universal phonetic properties 83, 210
- unnatural classes16
- uvular backing 92, 118, 123
- uvularization85
V
- variation
- free 3, 72, 144, 150, 178
- inter-speaker 32, 93, 107
- intra-speaker 32, 195
- velarization 19, 85
- velar-uvular distinction 50, 75
- vocalic labializationSee vowel rounding
- voice feature 25, 50
- voiceless-voiced-emphatic triangles 130–31
- Voice Onset Time (VOT)116
- voicing assimilation
- Baghdadi 62, 67, 122
- Cairene 37, 40, 41, 46, 47
- vowel harmony 21, 152–53, 157–58
- vowel inventories11
- vowel length 165, 166, 180
- vowel rounding137
- vowel shortening 164–65, 174–75, 176 ; See also closed syllable shortening
W
- weak roots 166–67
- Weight-by-Position179
