Cover not available

Article published In: Register Studies: Online-First Articles

Get fulltext from our e-platform
JBE logo with link
EPUB logo with download linkDownload EPUB

Experimental assessment of phonetic register variation in situated interaction

ORCiD logo with link | Universität Bielefeld
ORCiD logo with link | Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena
ORCiD logo with link | Leibniz Zentrum Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft
Open Access logo
Available under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) 4.0 license.

For any use beyond this license, please contact the publisher at rights@benjamins.nl.

Open Access publication of this article was funded through a Transformative Agreement with Bielefeld University.

Published online: 25 September 2025
DOI logo with link
https://doi.org/10.1075/rs.24020.dur
Abstract
This study analyses phonetic variation in cross-situational conversational speech styles in German by varying situations in terms of the level of perceived formality of the addressee and the function of an interaction as well as the space in which the interaction took place. We propose an experimental paradigm for controlled elicitation of intra-individual phonetic variation in situated interaction. Several stimulus videos were created and rated in which the identical person was dressed in different guises varying between formal and informal. The person acted in a choreographed way across the videos. Two types of tasks were given to each participant of the production experiment: one posed a potential face-threat, while the other consisted of casually conversing with the informal persona shown in the video. We analyzed vowel dispersion, mean fundamental frequency and its range in formal vs. informal situations. Results show complex effects of formality interacting with space and speaker gender.
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
    • 1.1Our study
      • 1.1.1Register based variation in fundamental frequency
      • 1.1.2Register based variation in vowel space size
    • 1.2Structure of this paper
  • 2.Video stimuli
    • 2.1Creation of videos
    • 2.2Rating of videos
    • 2.3Results
      • 2.3.1Formality ratings of picture stimuli
      • 2.3.2Job ratings of pictures and videos
      • 2.3.3Personality ratings of pictures and videos
    • 2.4Summary: Stimulus rating
  • 3.Production experiment
    • 3.1Experimental Setup
    • 3.2Participants
    • 3.3Speech material
    • 3.4Data processing and analysis
    • 3.5Results
      • 3.5.1Modelling mean f
      • 3.5.2Modelling f range
      • 3.5.3Modelling vowel dispersion
      • 3.5.4Summary: Production data
  • 4.Discussion
  • Ethics approval
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
References (117)
References
Avery, J. D., & Liss, J. M. (1996). Acoustic characteristics of less-masculine-sounding male speech. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 99(6), 3738–3748. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Aung, T., & Puts, D. (2020). Voice pitch: a window into the communication of social power. Current opinion in psychology, 331, 154–161. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Aung, T., Hill, A. K., Hlay, J. K., Hess, C., Hess, M., Johnson, J., Doll, L., Carlson, S. M., Magdinec, C., G-Santoyo, I., Walker, R. S., Bailey, D., Arnocky, S., Kamble, S., Vardy, T., Kyritsis, T., Atkinson, Q., Jones, B., Burns, J., … Puts, D. (2024). Effects of Voice Pitch on Social Perceptions Vary With Relational Mobility and Homicide Rate. Psychological Science, 35(3), 250–262. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Agha, A. (2003). The social life of cultural value. Language & Communication, 23(3–4), 231–273. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(2005). Registers of Language. In A. Duranti (Ed.), A Companion to Linguistic Anthropology (1st ed., pp. 23–45). Wiley. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(2007). Language and Social Relations. Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Barlow, M., & Kemmer, S. (Eds.). (2000). Usage-based models of language. CSLI Publications, Center for the Study of Language and Information.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bartoń, K. (2024). MuMIn: Multi-Model Inference. Retrieved from [URL]
Bates, D., Mächler, M., Bolker, B., & Walker, S. (2015). Fitting Linear Mixed-Effects Models Using lme4. Journal of Statistical Software, 67(1), 1–48. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Beattie, G. W., Cutler, A., & Pearson, M. (1982). Why is Mrs Thatcher interrupted so often? Nature, 300(5894), 744–747. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bell, A. (1982). Radio: The Style of News Language. Journal of Communication, 32(1), 150–164. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(1984). Language Style as Audience Design. Language in Society, 13(2), 145–204. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Ben-Aderet, T., Gallego-Abenza, M., Reby, D., & Mathevon, N. (2017). Dog-directed speech: Why do we use it and do dogs pay attention to it? Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 284(1846), 20162429. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Berry, D. S. (1991). Accuracy in social perception: Contributions of facial and vocal information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(2), 298–307. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Biber, D. (1995). Dimensions of Register Variation: A Cross-Linguistic Comparison. Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Biber, D., & Conrad, S. (2009). Register, Genre, and Style. Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Biber, D., & Egbert, J. (2016). Using Grammatical Features for Automatic Register Identification in an Unrestricted Corpus of Documents from the Open Web. Journal of Research Design and Statistics in Linguistics and Communication Science, 2(1), 3–36. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Boersma, P., & Weenink, D. (2022). Praat: Doing phonetics by computer. [URL]
Bradlow, A. R., Torretta, G. M., & Pisoni, D. B. (1996). Intelligibility of normal speech I: Global and fine-grained acoustic-phonetic talker characteristics. Speech Communication, 20(3–4), 255–272. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Brown, B. L. (1982). Experimentelle Untersuchungen zur Personenwahrnehmung aufgrund vokaler Hinweisreize. In: Scherer, K. (Hg.): Vokale Kommunikation. Weinheim und Basel: Beltz Verlag, 211–227.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Brown, P. (2015). Politeness and Language. In International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (pp. 326–330). Elsevier. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Brown, P., & Levinson, S. C. (1987). Politeness: Some universals in language usage. Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Burgoon, J. K., Manusov, V., & Guerrero, L. K. (2021). Nonverbal Communication (2nd ed.). New York: Routledge. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Cartei, V., Bond, R., & Reby, D. (2014). What makes a voice masculine: Physiological and acoustical correlates of women’s ratings of men’s vocal masculinity. Hormones and Behavior, 66(4), 569–576. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Claßen, K., Dogil, G., Jessen, M., Marasek, K., & Wokurek, W. (1998). Stimmqualität und Wortbetonung im Deutschen. Linguistische Berichte, 1741, 202–245.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Costa, P. T. jr. & McCrae, R. (1992). Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO PI — R) and NEO Five Factor Inventory. Professional Manual. Odessa, Florida: Psychological Assessment Resources.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Coupland, N. (1980). Style-shifting in a Cardiff work-setting. Language in Society, 9(1), 1–12. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
DiCanio, C., Nam, H., Amith, J. D., García, R. C., & Whalen, D. H. (2015). Vowel variability in elicited versus spontaneous speech: Evidence from Mixtec. Journal of Phonetics, 481, 45–59. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Diehl, R. L., Lindblom, B., Hoemeke, K. A., & Fahey, R. P. (1996). On explaining certain male-female differences in the phonetic realization of vowel categories. Journal of Phonetics, 241, 187–208. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
D’Onofrio, A. (2020). Personae in sociolinguistic variation. WIREs Cognitive Science, 11(6), 1–14. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Duran, D., & Auer, P. (2024). The vowel space of multiethnolectal (Stuttgart) German. Phonetica. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Duran, D., & Jannedy, S. (2023). Register differences in ÄH–ÄHM filler particles? In S. Betz, B. Ludusan, & P. Wagner (Eds.), Disfluency in Spontaneous Speech (DiSS) Workshop 2023 (pp. 48–52). ISCA.
Duran, D., Weirich, M., & Jannedy, S. (2023). Assessing register variation in local speech rate. In R. Skarnitzl & J. Volín (Eds.), Proceedings of the 20th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, Prague 2023 (pp. 2314–2318). [URL]
Eckert, P. (2012). Three Waves of Variation Study: The Emergence of Meaning in the Study of Sociolinguistic Variation. Annual Review of Anthropology, 41(1), 87–100. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Eckert, P., & Labov, W. (2017). Phonetics, phonology and social meaning. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 21(4), 467–496. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Fant, G. (1966). A note on vocal tract size factors and non-uniform F-pattern scalings. STL-QPSR, 41, 22–30.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(1970). Acoustic theory of speech production: With Calculations based on X-Ray Studies of Russian Articulations (2nd ed.). The Hague, Paris: Mouton.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Feinberg, D. R. (2008). Are human faces and voices ornaments signaling common underlying cues to mate value? Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews, 17(2), 112–118. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Ferguson, S. H., & Kewley-Port, D. (2007). Talker Differences in Clear and Conversational Speech: Acoustic Characteristics of Vowels. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 50(5), 1241–1255. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Fiske, S. T. (2018). Stereotype Content: Warmth and Competence Endure. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 27(2), 67–73. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Fiske, S. T., Cuddy, A. J. C., & Glick, P. (2007). Universal dimensions of social cognition: Warmth and competence. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 11(2), 77–83. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Fox, R. A., & Jacewicz, E. (2017). Reconceptualizing the vowel space in analyzing regional dialect variation and sound change in American English. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 142(1), 444–459. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Giles, H. (1973). Accent mobility: A model and some data. Anthropological Linguistics, 15(2), 87–105.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(Ed.). (2016). Communication Accommodation Theory: Negotiating Personal Relationships and Social Identities Across Contexts. Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Goffman, E. (1967). Interaction Ritual: Essays in Face-to-face Behavior. Aldine Publishing Company.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Goldinger, S. D. (1996). Words and voices: Episodic traces in spoken word identification and recognition memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 22(5), 1166–1183. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Guillemot, C., & Sano, S. (2020). Gender- and register-biased patterns in f use: How does prosody contribute to (in)formality in Japanese? In Proceedings of Speech Prosody 2020, 725–729. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Gussenhoven, C. (2002). Intonation and Interpretation: Phonetics and Phonology. Proc. Speech Prosody 2002, 47–57. ISCA Archive. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Harnsberger, J. D., Wright, R., & Pisoni, D. B. (2008). A new method for eliciting three speaking styles in the laboratory. Speech Communication, 50(4), 323–336. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Hay, J., Jannedy, S., & Mendoza-Denton, N. (2010). Oprah and /ay/: Lexical frequency, referee design, and style. In E. Schleef & M. Meyerhoff (Eds.), The Routledge sociolinguistics reader (pp. 53–59). Routledge.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Hazan, V., & Baker, R. (2010). Does reading clearly produce the same acoustic-phonetic modifications as spontaneous speech in a clear speaking style? DiSS-LPSS Joint Workshop (DiSS 2010), 7–10.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Heffernan, K. (2010). Mumbling is macho: Phonetic distinctiveness in the speech of American radio DJs. American Speech, 85(1), 67–90. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Hillenbrand, J., Getty, L. A., Clark, M. J., & Wheeler, K. (1995). Acoustic characteristics of American English vowels. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 97(5), 3099. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Jacewicz, E., Fox, R. A., & Salmons, J. (2007). Vowel Space Areas Across Dialects and Gender. In J. Trouvain & W. J. Barry (Eds.), ICPhS XVI: 16th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences (pp. 1465–1468).Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Jannedy, S., Mendoza-Denton, N., & Weirich, M. (2019). Social capital and the production and perception of fine phonetic detail in Berlin. In T. Heyd, F. Mengden, & B. Schneider (Eds.), The Sociolinguistic Economy of Berlin (pp. 125–144). De Gruyter. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Johnson, K. (1997). Speech Perception without Speaker Normalization: An Exemplar Model. In K. Johnson & J. Mullennix (Eds.), Talker Variability in Speech Processing (pp. 145–165). Academic Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Jongman, A., Wayland, R. & Wong, S. (2000). Acoustic characteristics of English fricatives. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 1081, 1252–1263. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Kisler, T., Reichel, U., & Schiel, F. (2017). Multilingual processing of speech via web services. Computer Speech & Language, 451, 326–347. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Kleiner, S., Knöbl, R., Dudenredaktion (Bibliographisches Institut), & Institut für Deutsche Sprache (Eds.). (2015). Duden, das Aussprachewörterbuch (7th ed.). Dudenverlag; Institut für Deutsche Sprache.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Klofstad, C. A., Anderson, R. C., & Nowicki, S. (2015). Perceptions of Competence, Strength, and Age Influence Voters to Select Leaders with Lower-Pitched Voices. PLOS ONE, 10(8), e0133779. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Knief, U., & Forstmeier, W. (2021). Violating the normality assumption may be the lesser of two evils. Behavior Research Methods, 53(6), 2576–2590. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Ko, S. J., Judd, C. M., & Blair, I. V. (2006). What the Voice Reveals: Within- and Between-Category Stereotyping on the Basis of Voice. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32(6), 806–819. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Koch, P., & Oesterreicher, W. (1985). Sprache der Nähe — Sprache der Distanz. Mündlichkeit und Schriftlichkeit im Spannungsfeld von Sprachtheorie und Sprachgeschichte. Romanistisches Jahrbuch, 36(1), 15–43. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(2012). Language of immediacy — language of distance. Orality and Literacy from the perspective of language theory and linguistic history. In C. Lange, B. Weber, & G. Wolf (Eds.), Communicative Spaces: Variation, Contact, and Change. Papers in Honour of Ursula Schaefer (pp. 441–473). Peter Lang.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Kohler, K. (1990). German. Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 20(1), 48–50. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Kohler, K. J. (2000). Investigating Unscripted Speech: Implications for Phonetics and Phonology. Phonetica, 57(2–4), 85–94. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Kuhl, P. K., Andruski, J. E., Chistovich, I. A., Chistovich, L. A., Kozhevnikova, E. V., Ryskina, V. L., Stolyarova, E. I., Sundberg, U., & Lacerda, F. (1997). Cross-language analysis of phonetic units in language addressed to infants. Science, 277(5326), 684–686. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Kuznetsova, A., Brockhoff, P. B., & Christensen, R. H. B. (2017). lmerTest Package: Tests in Linear Mixed Effects Models. Journal of Statistical Software, 82(13), 1–26. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Labov, W. (1966). The Social Stratification of English in New York City. Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(2006). The Social Stratification of English in New York City (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. First published 1966. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Lancien, M., & Côté, M.-H. (2021). Hypoarticulation as a tool for assessing social distance: An acoustic study of speech addressed to different types of interlocutors. Studii de Lingvistica, 111, 55–84.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Leech, G. N. (1983). Principles of pragmatics. Longman.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Lehmann, N., Serova, D., Lukassek, J., Döring, S., Goymann, F., Lüdeling, A., & Akbari, R. (2023). Guidelines for the Annotation of Parameters of Narration. REALIS: Register Aspects of Language in Situation, 21. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Lenth, R. V. (2022). emmeans: Estimated Marginal Means, aka Least-Squares Means. Retrieved from [URL]
Leongómez, J. D., Mileva, V. R., Little, A. C., & Roberts, S. C. (2017). Perceived differences in social status between speaker and listener affect the speaker’s vocal characteristics. PLoS One, 12(6), e0179407. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Lüdecke, D., Ben-Shachar, M., Patil, I., Waggoner, P., & Makowski, D. (2021). performance: An R Package for Assessment, Comparison and Testing of Statistical Models. Journal of Open Source Software, 6(60), 3139. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Luke, S. G. (2017). Evaluating significance in linear mixed-effects models in R. Behavior Research Methods, 49(4), 1494–1502. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Mathôt, S., Schreij, D., & Theeuwes, J. (2012). OpenSesame: An open-source, graphical experiment builder for the social sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 44(2), 314–324. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Munson, B. (2007). The Acoustic Correlates of Perceived Masculinity, Perceived Femininity, and Perceived Sexual Orientation. Language and Speech, 50(1), 125–142. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Ohala, J. J. (1984). An Ethological Perspective on Common Cross-Language Utilization of F₀ of Voice. Phonetica, 41(1), 1–16. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Osgood, C. E., Suci, G. J., Tannenbaum, P. H. (1957). The measurement of meaning. University of Illinois.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Pätzold, M., & Simpson, A. P. (1997). Acoustic analysis of German vowels in the Kiel Corpus of Read Speech. In Arbeitsberichte Des Instituts Für Phonetik Und Digitale Sprachverarbeitung (AIPUK): Vol. 32. The Kiel Corpus of Read/Spontaneous Speech Acoustic data base, processing tools and analysis results (pp. 215–247). Kiel: Universität Kiel.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Pescuma, V. N., Serova, D., Lukassek, J., Sauermann, A., Schäfer, R., Adli, A., Bildhauer, F., Egg, M., Hülk, K., Ito, A., Jannedy, S., Kordoni, V., Kuehnast, M., Kutscher, S., Lange, R., Lehmann, N., Liu, M., Lütke, B., Maquate, K., … Knoeferle, P. (2023). Situating language register across the ages, languages, modalities, and cultural aspects: Evidence from complementary methods. Frontiers in Psychology, 131. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Picheny, M. A., Durlach, N. I., & Braida, L. D. (1986). Speaking Clearly for the Hard of Hearing II: Acoustic Characteristics of Clear and Conversational Speech. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 29(4), 434–446. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Pierrehumbert, J. B. (2001). Exemplar dynamics: Word frequency, lenition, and contrast. In J. L. Bybee & P. J. Hopper (Eds.), Frequency and the Emergence of Linguistic Structure (pp. 137–157). John Benjamins Publishing Company. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Pisanski, K., & Bryant, G. A. (2019). The Evolution of Voice Perception. In N. S. Eidsheim & K. Meizel (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Voice Studies (pp. 268–300). Oxford University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Podesva, R. J. (2007). Phonation type as a stylistic variable: The use of falsetto in constructing a persona. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 11(4), 478–504. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Puts, D. A., Hodges, C. R., Cárdenas, R. A., & Gaulin, S. J. C. (2007). Men’s voices as dominance signals: Vocal fundamental and formant frequencies influence dominance attributions among men. Evolution and Human Behavior, 28(5), 340–344. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
R Core Team. (2022). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing (version 4.2.2). R Foundation for Statistical Computing. [URL]
Raiche, G., & Magis, D. (2022). nFactors: Parallel Analysis and Other Non Graphical Solutions to the Cattell Scree Test. [URL]
Ramers, K. H. (1988). Vokalquantität und -qualität im Deutschen. Max Niemeyer. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Schielzeth, H., Dingemanse, N. J., Nakagawa, S., Westneat, D. F., Allegue, H., Teplitsky, C., Réale, D., Dochtermann, N. A., Garamszegi, L. Z., & Araya-Ajoy, Y. G. (2020). Robustness of linear mixed-effects models to violations of distributional assumptions. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 11(9), 1141–1152. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Schild, C., Aung, T., Kordsmeyer, T. L., Cardenas, R. A., Puts, D. A., & Penke, L. (2020). Linking human male vocal parameters to perceptions, body morphology, strength and hormonal profiles in contexts of sexual selection, Scientific Reports, 10 (1), 1–16. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Sell, A., Bryant, G. A., Cosmides, L., Tooby, J., Sznycer, D., Von Rueden, C., Krauss, A., & Gurven, M. (2010). Adaptations in humans for assessing physical strength from the voice. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 277(1699), 3509–3518. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Sharma, D., & McCarthy, K. (2018). Attentional Load and Style Control. University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics, 24(2), 127–135.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Silverstein, M. (2003). Indexical order and the dialectics of sociolinguistic life. Language & Communication, 23(3–4), 193–229. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Simpson, A. P., & Weirich, M. (2015). Gender-specific differences in sibilant contrast realizations in English and German. 18th International Congress of the Phonetic Sciences (ICPhS), Glasgow.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Smiljanić, R., & Bradlow, A. R. (2005). Production and perception of clear speech in Croatian and English. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 118(3), 1677–1688. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(2009). Speaking and Hearing Clearly: Talker and Listener Factors in Speaking Style Changes. Language and Linguistics Compass, 3(1), 236–264. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Szmrecsanyi, B., & Engel, A. (2023). A variationist perspective on the comparative complexity of four registers at the intersection of mode and formality. Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory, 19(1), 79–113. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Sorokowski, P., Puts, D., Johnson, J., Zółkiewicz, O., Oleszkiewicz, A., Sorokowska, A., Kowal, M., Borkowska, B., & Pisanski, K. (2019). Voice of Authority: Professionals Lower Their Vocal Frequencies When Giving Expert Advice. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 43(2), 257–269. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Steiner, M. D., & Grieder, S. (2020). EFAtools: An R package with fast and flexible implementations of exploratory factor analysis tools. Journal of Open Source Software, 5(53), 2521. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Stevens, J. (1992). Applied multivariate statistics for the social sciences (2. ed). Erlbaum.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Stevens, K. N. (1972). The Quantal Nature of Speech: Evidence from Articulatory-Acoustic Data. In Edward E. David Jr. & P. B. Denes (Eds.), Human Communication: A Unified View (pp. 51–66). New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Titze, I. R. (1989). Physiologic and acoustic differences between male and female voices. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 85(4), 1699–1707. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Turnbull, R. (2019). Listener-oriented phonetic reduction and theory of mind. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience, 34(6), 747–768. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Wängler, H.-H. (1981). Atlas deutscher Sprachlaute (7th ed.). Akademie-Verlag. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Weirich, M., & Simpson, A. P. (2014). Differences in acoustic vowel space and the perception of speech tempo. Journal of Phonetics, 431, 1–10. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(2018). Gender identity is indexed and perceived in speech. PLOS ONE, 13(12), e0209226. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Weirich, M., & Simpson, A. (2019). Effects of gender, parental role, and time on infant-and adult-directed read and spontaneous speech. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 62(11), 4001–4014. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Whiteside, S. P. (2001). Sex-specific fundamental and formant frequency patterns in a cross-sectional study. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 1101, 464–478. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Wickham, H., Averick, M., Bryan, J., Chang, W., McGowan, L. D., François, R., Grolemund, G., Hayes, A., Henry, L., Hester, J., Kuhn, M., Pedersen, T. L., Miller, E., Bache, S. M., Müller, K., Ooms, J., Robinson, D., Seidel, D. P., Spinu, V., Takahashi, K., Vaughan, D., Wilke, C., Woo, K., Yutani, H. (2019). Welcome to the tidyverse. Journal of Open Source Software, 4(43), 1686. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Winkler, R., Fuchs, S., & Perrier, P. (2006). The relation between differences in vocal tract geometry and articulatory control strategies in the production of French vowels: Evidence from MRI and modelling. Proceedings of the International Seminar on Speech Production, 509–516. CEFALA Ubatuba, Brazil. Retrieved from [URL]
Winter, B., & Grawunder, S. (2012). The phonetic profile of Korean formal and informal speech registers. Journal of Phonetics, 40(6), 808–815. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Winter, B., Oh, G. E., Hübscher, I., Idemaru, K., Brown, L., Prieto, P., & Grawunder, S. (2021). Rethinking the frequency code: A meta-analytic review of the role of acoustic body size in communicative phenomena. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 376(1840), 20200400. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Zehr, J., & Schwarz, F. (2022). PennController for Internet Based Experiments (IBEX). Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Zuckerman, M., Kunitate, M., & Elkin, C. S. (1995). Effects of attractiveness and maturity of face and voice on interpersonal impressions. Journal of Research in Personality, 29(2), 253–272. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Cited by (1)

Cited by one other publication

Oschkinat, Miriam, Melanie Weirich, Daniel Duran & Stefanie Jannedy
2025. Register effects of imagined addressees on f0 across generations. JASA Express Letters 5:11 DOI logo

This list is based on CrossRef data as of 30 november 2025. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.

Mobile Menu Logo with link to supplementary files background Layer 1 prag Twitter_Logo_Blue