Article published In: Register Studies
Vol. 1:1 (2019) ► pp.76–99
Register in variationist linguistics
Published online: 26 April 2019
https://doi.org/10.1075/rs.18006.szm
https://doi.org/10.1075/rs.18006.szm
Abstract
Benedikt Szmrecsanyi, Professor of Linguistics in the Quantitative Lexicology and Variational Linguistics research
group at the Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, writes this article exploring the connections between register and variationist
linguistics. He is involved with various large-scale research projects in areas such as probabilistic grammar, variationist
sociolinguistic research, linguistic complexity, and dialectology/dialectometry. Szmrecsanyi’s books include Grammatical
Variation in British English Dialects: A Study in Corpus-based Dialectometry ( (2013). Grammatical variation in British English dialects: A study in corpus-based dialectometry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. , Cambridge) and
Aggregating Dialectology, Typology, and Register Analysis: Linguistic Variation in Text and Speech (Szmrecsanyi, B., & Wälchli, B. (Eds.). (2014). Aggregating dialectology, typology, and register analysis: Linguistic variation in text and speech. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. , Mouton de Gruyter). He is currently a principal
investigator on a major grant-funded research project titled ‘The register-specificity of probabilistic grammatical knowledge in
English and Dutch’, a project aimed at exploring the question of whether register differences lead to differences in the processes
of making linguistic choices. In sharp contrast to the status quo in variationist linguistics, where register is often ignored
entirely, much of Szmrecsanyi’s variationist research treats register as a variable of primary importance. The findings from these
studies have led Benedikt Szmrecsanyi to state that “we need more empirical/variationist work to explore the differences that
register makes” ( (2017). Variationist sociolinguistics and corpus-based variationist linguistics: Overlap and cross-pollination potential. Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue Canadienne de Linguistique,
62
(4), 1–17. : 696).
Article outline
- 1.How is register conceptualized in variationist linguistics?
- 2.How does register relate to the research goals within variationist linguistics?
- 3.What are the major methodological approaches that are used to analyze or account for register in variationist linguistics?
- 4.What does a typical register study look like in variationist linguistics?
- 4.1Selection of the variable
- 4.2Circumscription of the variable context
- 4.3Retrieval and annotation
- 4.4Analysis
- 4.5Interpretation
- 5.What are the most promising areas of future register research in variationist linguistics?
- Acknowledgements
- Notes
References
References (58)
Bates, D., Mächler, M., Bolker, B., & Walker, S. (2015). Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. Journal of Statistical Software,
67
(1). 1–48.
Biber, D., & Conrad, S. (2004). Corpus-based comparisons of registers. In C. Coffin, A. Hewings, & K. O’Halloran (eds.), Applying English grammar: Functional and corpus approaches (pp. 40–56). London: Hodder Arnold.
Biber, D., Egbert, J., Gray, B., Oppliger, R., & Szmrecsanyi, B. (2016). Variationist versus text-linguistic approaches to grammatical change in English: Nominal modifiers of head nouns. In M. Kytö & P. Pahta (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of English historical linguistics (pp. 351–375). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Biber, D., Johansson, S., Leech, G., Conrad, S., & Finegan, E. (1999). Longman grammar of spoken and written English. Harlow: Longman.
Cacoullos, R., & Walker, J. A. (2009). The present of the English future: Grammatical variation and collocations in discourse. Language,
85
(2), 321–354.
Cedergren, H., & Sankoff, D. (1974). Variable rules: Performance as a statistical reflection of competence. Language,
50
(2), 333.
D’Arcy, A., & Tagliamonte, S. A. (2015). Not always variable: Probing the vernacular grammar. Language Variation and Change,
27
(3), 255–285.
Eckert, P. (2000). Linguistic variation as social practice: The linguistic construction of identity in Belten High (Language in Society 27). Malden, MA: Blackwell.
(2018). Meaning and linguistic variation: The third wave in sociolinguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Eckert, P., & Rickford, J. R. (2001). Style and sociolinguistic variation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Grafmiller, J. (2014). Variation in English genitives across modality and genres. English Language and Linguistics,
18
(3), 471–496.
Grafmiller, J., & Szmrecsanyi, B. (in press). Mapping out particle placement in Englishes around the world. A case study in comparative sociolinguistic analysis. Language Variation and Change.
Grafmiller, J., Szmrecsanyi, B., & Hinrichs, L. (2016). Restricting the restrictive relativizer. Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory,
14
(2), 309–355 . <[URL]> (1 March, 2018).
Gries, S. T. (2005). Syntactic priming: A corpus-based approach. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research,
34
(4), 365–399.
(2015). The most under-used statistical method in corpus linguistics: Multi-level (and mixed-effects) models. Corpora,
10
(1), 95–125.
Grondelaers, S., Speelman, D., & Geeraerts, D. (2008). National variation in the use of er “there”. Regional and diachronic constraints on cognitive explanations. In G. Kristiansen, & R. Dirven, Cognitive sociolinguistics: Language variation, cultural models, social systems (pp. 153–204). Berlin: De Gruyter.
(2013). The cognitive coherence of sociolects: How do speakers handle multiple sociolinguistic variables? Journal of Pragmatics,
52
1, 63–71.
Guy, G. R., & Hinskens, F. (2016). Linguistic coherence: Systems, repertoires and speech communities. Lingua, 172–173, 1–9.
Heller, B. (2017). Stability and fluidity in syntactic variation world-wide: The genitive alternation across varieties of English. Unpublished PhD dissertation, KU Leuven.
Heylen, K. (2005). Zur Abfolge (pro)nominaler Satzglieder im Deutschen. Eine korpusbasierte Analyse der relativen Abfolge von nominalem Subjekt und pronominalem Objekt im Mittelfeld. Unpublished PhD dissertation, KU Leuven.
Hinrichs, L., Smith, N., & Waibel, B. (2010). Manual of information for the part-of-speech tagged, post-edited “Brown” corpora. ICAME Journal,
34
1, 189–231.
Hinrichs, L., Szmrecsanyi, B., & Bohmann, A. (2015). Which-hunting and the Standard English relative clause. Language,
91
(4), 806–836.
Hothorn, T., Hornik, K., & Zeileis, A. (2006). Unbiased recursive partitioning: A conditional inference framework. Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics,
15
(3), 651–674.
Labov, W. (1966). The Social Stratification of English in New York City. Washington DC: Center for Applied Linguistics.
(1969). Contraction, deletion, and inherent variability of the English copula. Language,
45
1, 715–762.
(2010). Principles of linguistic change. Vol. 3: Cognitive and cultural factors (Language in Society 39). Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
Levshina, N. (2011). Doe wat je niet laten kan [Do what you cannot let]: A usage-based analysis of Dutch causative constructions. Unpublished PhD dissertation, KU Leuven.
Lohmann, A. (2011). Help vs help to: A multifactorial, mixed-effects account of infinitive marker omission. English Language and Linguistics,
15
(3), 499–521.
Pijpops, D., & Van de Velde, F. (2014). A multivariate analysis of the partitive genitive in Dutch. Bringing quantitative data into a theoretical discussion. Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory,
10
1, 1–30. . <[URL]> (14 February, 2018).
Rickford, J. R., & Eckert, P. (2001). Introduction: John R. Rickford and Penelope Eckert. In P. Eckert & J. R. Rickford (Eds.), Style and Sociolinguistic Variation (pp. 1–18). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. . <[URL]> (31 December, 2017).
Rickford, J. R., & McNair-Knox, F. (1994). Addressee-and topic-influenced style shift: A quantitative sociolinguistic study. In D. Biber & E. Finegan (Eds.), Perspectives on register: Situating register variation within sociolinguistics (pp. 235–276). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Rohdenburg, G. (1996). Cognitive complexity and increased grammatical explicitness in English. Cognitive Linguistics,
7
1, 149–182.
Rosemeyer, M., & Enrique-Arias, A. (2016). A match made in heaven: Using parallel corpora and multinomial logistic regression to analyze the expression of possession in Old Spanish. Language Variation and Change,
28
(3), 307–334.
Röthlisberger, M., Grafmiller, J., & Szmrecsanyi, B. (2017). Cognitive indigenization effects in the English dative alternation. Cognitive Linguistics,
28
(4), 673–710.
Sankoff, D. (1988). Sociolinguistics and syntactic variation. In F. J. Newmeyer (Ed.), Linguistics: The Cambridge survey (pp. 140–161). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Scherre, M., & Naro, A. (1991). Marking in discourse: “Birds of a feather.” Language Variation and Change,
3
1, 23–32.
Strobl, C., Boulesteix, A., Kneib, T., Augustin, T. & Zeileis, A. (2008). Conditional variable importance for random forests. BMC Bioinformatics,
9
(1), 307.
Strobl, C., Boulesteix, A., Zeileis, A., & Hothorn, T. (2007). Bias in random forest variable importance measures: Illustrations, sources and a solution. BMC Bioinformatics,
8
(1), 25.
Szmrecsanyi, B. (2005). Language users as creatures of habit: A corpus-based analysis of persistence in spoken English. Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory,
1
(1), 113–150.
(2006). Morphosyntactic persistence in spoken English: A corpus study at the intersection of variationist sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, and discourse analysis. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
(2013). Grammatical variation in British English dialects: A study in corpus-based dialectometry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
(2017). Variationist sociolinguistics and corpus-based variationist linguistics: Overlap and cross-pollination potential. Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue Canadienne de Linguistique,
62
(4), 1–17.
Szmrecsanyi, B., Biber, D., Egbert, J., & Franco, K. (2016). Toward more accountability: Modeling ternary genitive variation in Late Modern English. Language Variation and Change,
28
(1), 1–29.
Szmrecsanyi, B., & Wälchli, B. (Eds.). (2014). Aggregating dialectology, typology, and register analysis: Linguistic variation in text and speech. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
Tagliamonte, S. (2012). Variationist sociolinguistics change, observation, interpretation. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. <[URL]> (29 August, 2013).
Tagliamonte, S., Smith, J., & Lawrence, H. (2005). No taming the vernacular! Insights from the relatives in northern Britain. Language Variation and Change,
17
(1), 75–112.
Tagliamonte, S. A., & Baayen, R. H. (2012). Models, forests, and trees of York English: Was/were variation as a case study for statistical practice. Language Variation and Change,
24
(2), 135–178.
Weiner, J., & Labov, W. (1983). Constraints on the agentless passive. Journal of Linguistics,
19
1, 29–58.
Wolk, C., Bresnan, J., Rosenbach, A., & Szmrecsanyi, B. (2013). Dative and genitive variability in Late Modern English: Exploring cross-constructional variation and change. Diachronica,
30
(3), 382–419.
Cited by (19)
Cited by 19 other publications
Shadrova, Anna
BIBER, DOUGLAS, BENEDIKT SZMRECSANYI, RANDI REPPEN & TOVE LARSSON
Egbert, Jesse, Douglas Biber, Daniel Keller & Marianna Gracheva
Lange, Robert, Bianca Sell, Megumi Terada, Malte Belz, Christine Mooshammer & Anke Lüdeling
Labat, Sofie, Haidee Kotze & Benedikt Szmrecsanyi
2023. Processing and prescriptivism as constraints on language variation and change. In Exploring Language and Society with Big Data [Studies in Corpus Linguistics, 111], ► pp. 250 ff.
Schnelle, Gohar, Mathilde Hennig, Carolin Odebrecht & Anke Lüdeling
Szmrecsanyi, Benedikt & Alexandra Engel
Engel, Alexandra & Benedikt Szmrecsanyi
Ivaska, Ilmari
Ivaska, Ilmari
Marko, Karoline, Margit Reitbauer & Georg Pickl
Mazzola, Giulia, Malte Rosemeyer & Bert Cornillie
Sanches de Oliveira, Guilherme & Maggie Bullock Oliveira
Engel, Alexandra, Jason Grafmiller, Laura Rosseel, Benedikt Szmrecsanyi & Freek Van de Velde
2021. How register-specific is probabilistic grammatical knowledge?. In Corpus-based approaches to register variation [Studies in Corpus Linguistics, 103], ► pp. 51 ff.
Neumann, Stella & Stefan Evert
2021. A register variation perspective on varieties of English. In Corpus-based approaches to register variation [Studies in Corpus Linguistics, 103], ► pp. 143 ff.
Röthlisberger, Melanie
2021. Between context and community. In Corpus-based approaches to register variation [Studies in Corpus Linguistics, 103], ► pp. 111 ff.
Shadrova, Anna, Pia Linscheid, Julia Lukassek, Anke Lüdeling & Sarah Schneider
Winter, Bodo & Martine Grice
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 30 november 2025. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.
