In:Approaches and Methods in French Second Language Acquisition Research:
Edited by Martin Howard
[Research Methods in Applied Linguistics 9] 2025
► pp. 261–283
Chapter 11Researching L2 French input and instructed learning
Published online: 3 March 2025
https://doi.org/10.1075/rmal.9.11tho
https://doi.org/10.1075/rmal.9.11tho
Abstract
This chapter presents the main approaches and methodologies for studying the relationship between
input and the development of L2 French in general and in instructional settings. The chapter first introduces research
methods that target the description of French as linguistic input to L2 learners of French and, second, research
methods in instructional settings. These two research fields are illustrated with examples mainly from recent
publications and address the study of French as input to L2 (classroom) learners, corpora as a research tool and
(experimental) classroom interventions designed for the study of specific teaching activities on L2 learning. The
chapter concludes with a number of ethical considerations specific to these two methodological approaches, followed by
a conclusion and suggestions for future research.
Article outline
- Introduction
- Research methods for the study of French linguistic input
- The study of French as input to L2 learners
- Corpus-based research
- Concluding remarks
- Research methods in instructional settings
- Implicit versus explicit teaching and learning
- Studying linguistic characteristics of input in the L2 French language classroom
- Studying the influence of specific teaching activities
- Concluding remarks
- Ethical issues in research on input and instructed learning
- Conclusion and future directions
Acknowledgements References
References (65)
Ågren, M., & van de Weijer, J. (2013). Input
frequency and the acquisition of subject-verb agreement in number in spoken and written
French. Journal of French Language
Studies, 23(3), 311–333.
Alberdi, C., & Etienne, C. (2021). Apprendre
à interagir en classe de FLE: La situation d’invitation. Special issue
of Bulletin Suisse de Linguistique
Appliquée, 107–128.
Arvidsson, K., Forsberg Lundell, F., & Bartning, I. (2019). Réseaux
sociaux et développement linguistique: Une étude de cas en français
L2. Language, Interaction and
Acquisition, 10(2), 255–288.
Ayoun, D. (2013). The
second language acquisition of French tense, aspect, mood and modality. John Benjamins.
Balcom, P., & Bouffard, P. (2015). The
effect of input flooding and explicit instruction on learning adverb placement in L3
French. Canadian Journal of Applied
Linguistics 18(2), 1–27.
Bartning, I., & Schlyter, S. (2004). Itinéraires
acquisitionnels et stades de développement en français L2. Journal of French
Language
Studies, 14(3), 281–299.
Cousinard, C. (2022). How
to use oral multimodal corpora and data-driven learning to teach French
Talk-in-Interaction. European Journal of Applied
Linguistics, 10(2), 245–256.
DeKeyser, R. M., & Prieto Botana, G. (2019). Doing
SLA research with implications for the classroom. Reconciling methodological demands and pedagogical
applicability. John Benjamins.
Delahaie, J., & Solís García, I. (2019). Ok
/ d’accord / vale: Étude contrastive des marqueurs du français de France et de l’espagnol
d’Espagne. Lexique, 25, 137–159.
Dherbey Chapuis, N. (in
press). Didactique et pédagogie d’un enseignement intégré de la
prononciation. In B. Billerey (Ed.), Didactiques
et pédagogies.
Dherbey Chapuis, N., & Berthele, R. (2024). Teaching
methods emphasizing phonological forms enhance L2 vocabulary learning. Language
Teaching Research. (online first).
Edmonds, A. (2019). Le
développement de l’expression du genre grammatical en français L2: Les cas de chose, famille, maison,
nourriture et vie. Language, Interaction and Acquisition / Langage, Interaction
et
Acquisition, 10(2), 229–254.
Ellis, N. C. (2002). Frequency
effects in language processing: A review with implications for theories of implicit and explicit language
acquisition. Studies in Second Language
Acquisition, 24(2), 143–188.
(2022). Second
language learning of morphology. Journal of the European Second Language
Association, 6(1), Article
1.
Ellis, N. C., Römer, U., & O’Donnell, M. B. (2016). Usage-based
approaches to language acquisition and processing: Cognitive and corpus investigations of construction
grammar. John Wiley & Sons.
Ellis, R. (2009). Implicit
and explicit learning, knowledge and
instruction. In R. Ellis, S. Loewen, C. Elder, R. Erlam, J. Philp, & H. Reinders (Eds.), Implicit
and explicit knowledge in second language learning, testing and
teaching (pp. 3–25). Multilingual Matters.
Ellis, R., & Shintani, N. (2014). Exploring
language pedagogy through second language acquisition
research. Routledge.
Erlam, R., & Ellis, R. (2019). Input-based
tasks for beginner-level learners: An approximate replication and extension of Erlam & Ellis
(2018). Language
Teaching, 52(4), 490–511.
Fauth, C., Bonneau, A., Mella, O., Colotte, V., Fohr, D., Jouvet, D., Laprie, Y., & Trouvain, J. (2014). Constitution
d’un corpus de français langue étrangère destiné aux apprenants allemands. SHS
Web of
Conferences, 8, 1237–1250.
Fievez, I., Montero Perez, M., Cornillie, F., & Desmet, P. (2023). Promoting
incidental vocabulary learning through watching a French Netflix series with glossed
captions. Computer Assisted Language
Learning, 36(1–2), 26–51.
Gass, S. M. (1997). Input,
interaction, and the second language learner. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Giroud, A., & Surcouf, C. (2016). De
« Pierre, combien de membres avez-vous ? » à « Nous nous appelons Marc et Christian »: réflexions autour de
l’authenticité dans les documents oraux des manuels de FLE pour débutants. SHS
Web of
Conferences, 27, 07017.
Graham, S., Woore, R., Porter, A., Courtney, L., & Savory, C. (2020). Navigating
the challenges of L2 reading: Self-efficacy, self-regulatory reading strategies, and learner
profiles. The Modern Language
Journal, 104(4), 693–714.
Gries, S. T. (2018). On
over- and underuse in learner corpus research and multifactoriality in corpus linguistics more
generally. Journal of Second Language
Studies, 1(2), 277–309.
Gurzynski-Weiss, L., & Kim, Y. (2022). Instructed
second language acquisition research methods. John Benjamins.
Herschensohn, J. (2001). Missing
inflection in second language French: Accidental infinitives and other verbal
deficits. Second Language
Research, 17(3), 273–305.
Inceoglu, S. (2019). Individual
differences in L2 speech perception: The role of phonological memory and lipreading
ability. The Modern Language
Journal, 103(4), 782–799.
Ito, K., & Wong, W. (2022). Sometimes
less is more: The effects of phonetically variable input on auditory processing instruction for L2
French. Studies in Second Language
Acquisition, 44(4), 1045–1070.
Kormos, J., & Préfontaine, Y. (2017). Affective
factors influencing fluent performance: French learners’ appraisals of second language speech
tasks. Language Teaching
Research, 21(6), 699–716.
Labeau, E. (2005). Beyond
the Aspect Hypothesis: Tense–aspect development in advanced L2 French. EuroSLA
Yearbook, 5(1), 77–101.
Lindqvist, C., Gudmundson, A., & Bardel, C. (2013). A
new approach to measuring lexical sophistication in L2 oral
production. In C. Bardel, C. Lindqvist, & B. Laufer (Eds.), L2
vocabulary acquisition, knowledge and
use (pp. 109–126). EuroSLA Monograph Series. Retrieved on 9 December 2024 from [URL]
Loewen, S., & Sato, M. (2017). The
Routledge handbook of instructed second language
acquisition. Routledge.
Long, M. H. (1981). Input,
interaction, and second-language acquisition. Annals of the New York Academy of
Sciences, 379(1), 259–278.
Lyster, R. (1996). Question
forms, conditionals, and second-person pronouns used by adolescent native speakers across two levels of
formality in written and spoken French. The Modern Language
Journal, 80(2), 165–182.
Lyster, R., & Rebuffot, J. (2002). Acquisition
des pronoms d’allocution en classe de français immersif. Acquisition et
Interaction en Langue
Etrangère, 17, 51–72.
Lyster, R., & Tedick, D. (2014). Research
perspectives on immersion pedagogy. Journal of Immersion and Content-Based
Language
Education, 2(2), 210–224.
Marsden, E., Altmann, G., & St. Claire, M. (2013). Priming
of verb inflections in L1 and L2 French: A comparison of ‘redundant’ versus ‘non-redundant’ training
conditions. International Review of Applied
Linguistics, 51(3), 271–298.
McDonough, K., Ammar, A., & Michaud, G. (2022). L2
peer interaction before and after writing: How does each one promote writing
development? The Canadian Modern Language
Review, 78(1), 1–16.
McManus, K., & Marsden, E. (2017). L1
explicit instruction can improve L2 online and offline performance. Studies in
Second Language
Acquisition, 39(3), 459–492.
(2019a). Signatures
of automaticity during practice: Explicit instruction about L1 processing routines can improve L2 grammatical
processing. Applied
Psycholinguistics, 40(1), 205–234.
(2019b). Using
explicit instruction about L1 to reduce crosslinguistic effects in L2 grammar learning: Evidence from oral
production in L2 French. The Modern Language
Journal, 103(2), 459–480.
Mitchell, R. (2021). Corpora
and instructed second language acquisition. In N. Tracy-Ventura & M. Paquot (Eds.), The
Routledge handbook of second language acquisition and
corpora (pp. 252–264). Routledge.
(2023). Documenting
L2 input and interaction during study abroad: Approaches, instruments and
challenges. Second Language
Research, 39(1), 59–83.
Montero Perez, M. (2020). Incidental
vocabulary learning through viewing video: The role of vocabulary knowledge and working
memory. Studies in Second Language
Acquisition, 42(4), 749–773.
Montero Perez, M., Desmet, P., & Peters, E. (2015). Enhancing
vocabulary learning through captioned video: An eye-tracking study. The Modern
Language
Journal, 99(2), 308–328.
Rousse-Malpat, A., Koote, L., Steinkrauss, R., & Verspoor, M. (2021). Parlez-vous
français? Effects of structure-based versus dynamic-usage-based approaches on oral
proficiency. Language Teaching
Research, 28(5), 1893–1917.
Sato, M., & Loewen, S. (2019). Methodological
strengths, challenges, and joys of classroom-based quasi-experimental research: Metacognitive instruction and
corrective feedback. In R. M. DeKeyser & G. Prieto Botana (Eds.), Doing
SLA research with implications for the classroom. Reconciling methodological demands and pedagogical
applicability (pp. 31–54). John Benjamins.
Shimanskaya, E. (2018). On
the role of input in second language acquisition: The case of French strong
pronouns. Language
Learning, 68(3), 780–812.
Spada, N. (2019). Balancing
methodological rigor and pedagogical
relevance. In R. M. DeKeyser & G. Prieto Botana (Eds.), Doing
SLA research with implications for the classroom. Reconciling methodological demands and pedagogical
applicability (pp. 201–215). John Benjamins.
Stoehr, A., & Martin, C. D. (2022). The
impact of orthographic forms on speech production and perception: An artificial vowel-learning
study. Journal of
Phonetics, 94, 101180.
Suter, L., Berthele, R., & Thomas, A. (2024). L’apprentissage
du vocabulaire en français L2 avec Netflix: Effet des activités de
pré-/post-visionnage. Journal of French Language
Studies, 1–22.
Swain, M. (1985). Communicative
competence: Some roles of comprehensible input and comprehensible output in its
development. In S. M. Gass & C. G. Madden (Eds.), Input
in second language
acquisition (pp. 235–253). Newbury House.
Thomas, A. (2021a). Corpus
et exercices en ligne, complémentarité ou redondance? L’exemple des pronoms relatifs ‘qui’ et
‘que’. Bulletin Suisse de Linguistique
Appliquée, 2, 85–105. [URL]
Thomas, A., & Ädel, A. (2021). Input. In N. Tracy-Ventura & M. Paquot (Eds.), The
Routledge handbook of second language acquisition and
corpora (pp. 267–279). Routledge.
Thomas, A., & Mitchell, R. (2022). Can
variation in input explain variation in typical spoken target-language features during study
abroad? Journal of the European Second Language
Association, 6(1), 60–77.
Thomas, A., & Rousset, F. (2024). Les
corpus comme input et comme output: L’exemple des marqueurs ‘bon’ et
‘bien’. Babylonia Multilingual Journal of Language
Education, 2, 58–63.
Tyler, A. E., & Ortega, L. (2018). Usage-inspired
L2 instruction. An emergent, researched
pedagogy. In A. E. Tyler, L. Ortega, M. Uno, & H. In Park (Eds.), Usage-inspired
L2 instruction. Researched
pedagogy (pp. 3–26). John Benjamins.
Tyler, A. E., Ortega, L., Uno, M., & Park, H. I. (Eds.). (2018). Usage-inspired
L2 Instruction: Researched pedagogy. John Benjamins.
Vandenberghe, B., Montero Perez, M., Reynvoet, B., & Desmet, P. (2021). Combining
explicit and sensitive indices for measuring L2 vocabulary learning through contextualized input and
word-focused instruction. Studies in Second Language
Acquisition, 43(5), 1009–1039.
Véronique, G.-D. (2005). Les
interrelations entre la recherche sur l’acquisition du français langue étrangère et la didactique du français
langue étrangère. Quelques pistes de travail. Acquisition et Interaction en
Langue
Etrangère, 23, 9–41.
(2017). La
grammaire en français langue étrangère: Questions d’acquisition et
d’intervention. Lidil. Revue de Linguistique et de Didactique des
Langues, 56, 1–17.
