In:Approaches and Methods in French Second Language Acquisition Research:
Edited by Martin Howard
[Research Methods in Applied Linguistics 9] 2025
► pp. 206–231
Chapter 9Approaches and methods in research on sociolinguistic and pragmatic competence in second language French
Published online: 3 March 2025
https://doi.org/10.1075/rmal.9.09how
https://doi.org/10.1075/rmal.9.09how
Abstract
This chapter offers a review and critique of methods and approaches characterising the
investigation of the acquisition of the interrelated areas of sociolinguistic and pragmatic competence in
second-language French. Following on an introduction to key distinguishing constructs and concepts, the chapter
respectively characterises the research investigation across the two fields in relation to learner-participants, study
design, data instruments and analysis, and the dominant linguistic features investigated. It goes on to consider the
methodological contribution of the body of research available in second-language French to subsequently identify a
roadmap of methodological directions that future research may fruitfully follow.
Article outline
- Introduction
- Constructs and concepts
- Approaches and methods in the investigation of sociolinguistic and pragmatic competence in L2 French: An overview
- Sociolinguistic competence
- Learner backgrounds
- Study design
- Data instruments
- Data coding and analysis
- Sociolinguistic features
- Pragmatic competence
- Learner backgrounds
- Study design
- Data collection instruments
- Data analysis
- Pragmatic features
- Sociolinguistic competence
- Approaches and methods to sociolinguistic and pragmatic competence in L2 French: Contributions and a general critique
- L2-French methodological contributions
- A general critique
- Directions for the future
- Conclusion
References
References (85)
Adamson, H., & Regan, V. (1991). The
acquisition of community speech norms by Asian immigrants learning English as a second
language. Studies in Second Language
Acquisition, 13, 1–22.
Auger, J., & Valdman, A. (1999). Letting
students hear the diverse voices of francophony. Modern Language
Journal, 83(3), 403–412.
Barron, A., Gu, Y., & Steen, G. (2017). Pragmatics
broadly viewed: Introduction. In A. Barron, Y. Gu, & G. Steen (Eds.), The
Routledge handbook of
pragmatics (pp. 1–3). Routledge.
Bartning, I. (1997). L’apprenant
dit avancé et son acquisition d’une langue étrangère. Tour d’horizon et esquisse d’une caractérisation de la
variété avancée. Acquisition et Interaction en Langue
Etrangère, 9, 1–50.
Bejarano, J. (2022). Compréhensibilité
de séquences lexicales déviantes, produites à l’oral en français par des locuteurs hispanophones: Le cas des
expressions conventionnelles et des collocations verbe-nom (Unpublished
doctoral dissertation). Université Laval.
Belz, J. A., & Kinginger, C. (2002). The
cross-linguistic development of address form use in telecollaborative language learning: Two case
studies. Canadian Modern Language
Review, 59, 189–214.
Black, M. (2021). Interlocutor
effects on sociolinguistic variation in L2 French (Unpublished doctoral
dissertation). Indiana University.
Blondeau, H., Nagy, N., Sankoff, G., & Thibault, P. (2002). La
couleur locale du français des Anglo-Montréalais. Acquisition et Interaction en
Langue
Etrangère, 17, 76–100.
Canale, M., & Swain, M. (1980). Theoretical
bases of communicative approaches to second language teaching and
testing. Applied
Linguistics, 1(1), 1–47.
Carruthers, J. (1996). The
‘passé surcomposé général’: On the relationship between a rare tense and discourse
organization. Romance
Philology, 50(2), 183–200.
Chappell, W., & Kanwit, M. (2022). Do
learners connect sociophonetic variation with regional and social characteristics? The case of Spanish
aspiration. Studies in Second Language
Acquisition, 44(1), 185–209.
Cohen, A. D., & Shively, R. L. (2007). Acquisition
of requests and apologies in Spanish and French: Impact of study abroad and strategy-building
intervention. The Modern Language
Journal, 91, 189–212.
Coveney, A. (1998). Awareness
of linguistic constraints on ‘ne’ omission. Journal of French Language
Studies, 8, 159–187.
Dalola, A., & Bullock, B. (2017). On
sociophonetic competence. Phrase-final vowel devoicing in native and advanced L2 speakers of
French. Studies in Second Language
Acquisition, 39, 769–799.
de Moras, N. (2011). Acquisition
de la liaison et de l’enchaînement en français L2. (Unpublished doctoral
thesis). University of Western Ontario.
Destruel, E., & Donaldson, B. (2017). Second
language acquisition of pragmatic inferences: Evidence from the French
c’est-cleft. Applied
Psycholinguistics, 38, 703–732.
Detey, S., Racine, I., Kawaguchi, Y., & Zay, F. (2016). Variation
among non-native speakers: The interphonology of contemporary
French. In S. Detey, J. Durand, B. Laks, & C. Lyche (Eds.), Varieties
of spoken
French (pp. 491–502). Oxford University Press.
Dewaele, J.-M. (1999). Word
order variation in French interrogative structures. ITL-International Journal
of Applied Linguistics, 125/126, 161–180.
(2002). Using
socio-stylistic variants in advanced French interlanguage: The case of
‘nous’/‘on’. EuroSLA
Yearbook, 2, 205–226.
(2004a). Retention
or omission of the ‘ne’ in advanced French interlanguage: The variable effect of extralinguistic
factors. Journal of
Sociolinguistics, 8, 433–450.
(2004b). The
acquisition of sociolinguistic competence in French as a second language: An
overview. Journal of French Language
Studies, 14, 301–319.
(2004c). Colloquial
vocabulary in the speech of native and non-native speakers: The effects of proficiency and
personality. In P. Bogaards & B. Laufer (Eds.), Learning
vocabulary in a second language: Selection, acquisition and
testing (pp. 127–153). John Benjamins.
(2004d). Vous
or tu? Native and non-native speakers of French on a sociolinguistic
tightrope. International Review of Applied
Linguistics, 42(4), 383–402.
Donaldson, B. (2016). Aspects
of interrogative use in near-native French. Linguistic Approaches to
Bilingualism, 6(4), 467–503.
(2017). Negation
in near-native French: Variation and sociolinguistic competence. Language
Learning, 67(1), 141–170.
Eckert, P. (2012). Three
waves of variation study: The emergence of meaning in the study of sociolinguistic
variation. Annual Review of
Anthropology, 41, 87–100.
Edmonds, A. (2010). Expressions
conventionnelles et la compétence pragmalinguistique chez les apprenants du
français. In M. Abecassis & G. Ledegen (Eds.), Les
voix du français: usages et
représentations (pp. 31–40). Peter Lang.
(2014). Conventional
expressions: Investigating pragmatics and processing. Studies in Second
Language
Acquisition, 36, 69–99.
Edmonds, A., & Gudmestad, A. (2015). What
the present can tell us about the future: A variationist analysis of future-time expression in native and
nonnative French. Language, Interaction,
Acquisition, 6(1), 15–41.
Edmonds, A., Gudmestad, A., & Donaldson, B. (2017). A
concept-oriented analysis of future-time reference in native and near-native Hexagonal
French. Journal of French Language
Studies, 27(3), 381–404.
Forsberg, F. (2010). Using
conventional expressions in L2 French. International Review of Applied
Linguistics, 48, 25–51.
Forsberg Lundell, F., & Erman, B. (2012). High-level
requests: A study of long residency L2 users of English and French and native
speakers. Journal of
Pragmatics, 44, 756–775.
Gautier, R. (2016). Développement
des réseaux personnels et de la compétence sociolinguistique lors de séjours d’étude d’apprenants de FLE
américains et chinois (Unpublished doctoral
dissertation). Université Grenoble-Alpes.
Geeslin, K., & Gudmestad, A. (2010). An
exploration of the range and frequency of occurrence of forms in potentially variable structures in
second-language Spanish. Studies in Second Language
Acquisition, 32, 433–463.
Gudmestad, A., & Edmonds, A. (2016). Variable
future-time reference in French: A comparison of learners in a study-abroad and a foreign-language
context. Canadian Journal of
Linguistics, 61(3), 259–285.
Gudmestad, A., Edmonds, A., Donaldson, B., & Carmichael, K. (2020). Near-native
sociolinguistic competence in French: Evidence from variable future-time
expression. Canadian Journal of Applied
Linguistics, 23(1), 169–191.
Hancock, V. (2012). Pragmatic
use of temporal adverbs in L1 and L2 French: Functions and syntactic positions of textual markers in a spoken
corpus. Language, Interaction and
Acquisition, 3(1), 29–51.
Hoffman-Hicks, S. D. (1999). The
longitudinal development of French foreign language pragmatic competence: Evidence from study abroad
participants (Unpublished doctoral
dissertation). Indiana University.
Holttinen, T. (2020). Le
développement des requêtes en langue étrangère: Comparaison entre le français L2, le finnois L1 et le français
L2 (Unpublished doctoral
dissertation). University of Helsinki.
Holttinen, T., & Isosävi, J. (2022). Forms
of address choices among Finnish and French university students and French
teachers. Ampersand 9.
Howard, M. (2012). The
advanced learner’s sociolinguistic profile: On issues of individual differences, L2 exposure conditions and
type of sociolinguistic variable. Modern Language
Journal, 96(1), 20–33.
(2022). Style
and (in)formality: Developing socio-stylistic variation in a second
language. In K. Geeslin (Ed.) Routledge
handbook of second language acquisition and
sociolinguistics (pp.152–164). Routledge.
Kanwit, M., & Geeslin, K. L. (2014). The
interpretation of Spanish subjunctive and indicative forms in adverbial clauses: A cross-sectional
study. Studies in Second Language
Acquisition, 36, 487–533.
Kennedy Terry, K. (2017). Contact,
context, and collocation: The emergence of sociostylistic variation in L2 French learners during study
abroad. Studies in Second Language
Acquisition, 39(3), 553–578.
Kinginger, C. (2008). Language
learning in study abroad: Case studies of Americans in France. The Modern
Language
Journal, 92, 1–124.
Kinginger, C., & Carnine, J. (2019). Language
learning at the dinner table: Two case studies of French homestays. Foreign
Language
Annals, 52(4), 850–872.
Kinginger, C., & Farrell, K. (2004). Assessing
development of meta-pragmatic awareness in study abroad. Frontiers: The
Interdisciplinary Journal of Study
Abroad, 10, 19–42.
Knight, L. (2023). L2
French learners’ comprehension of non-literal language: A replication study on the comprehension of three
different types of indirect meaning (Unpublished doctoral
dissertation). Université Côte d’Azur.
Knight, L., & Edmonds, A. (2023). Understanding
indirect meaning: A close replication. Foreign Language
Annals, 57(2), 450–471.
Labov, W. (1984). Field
methods of the project on language change and
variation. In W. Baugh & J. Scherzer (Eds.), Language
in use: Readings in
sociolinguistics (pp. 28–53). Prentice Hall.
Liddicoat, A. J. (2006). Learning
the culture of interpersonal relationships: Students’ understandings of personal address forms in
French. Intercultural
Pragmatics, 3, 55–80.
Lyster, R., & Rebuffot, J. (2002). Acquisition
des pronoms d’allocution en classe de français immersif. Acquisition et
Interaction en Langue
Etrangère, 17, 51–72.
McManus, K. (2024). Replication
and open science in Applied Linguistics
research. In L. Plonsky & M. Brysbaert (Eds.), Open
science in Applied Linguistics. Applied Linguistics Press.
Moallemi, S. (2020). Les
enjeux identitaires du développement de la compétence pragmatique interculturelle chez les apprenants iraniens
de FLE. Le Langage et
l’Homme, 1, 21–38.
Mougeon, F., & Rehner, K. (2009). From
grade school to university: The variable use of ‘on’/‘nous’ by university FSL
students. Canadian Modern Language
Review, 66, 269–297.
(2014). Engagement
portraits and (socio)linguistic performance. A transversal and longitudinal study of advanced L2
learners. Studies in Second Language
Acquisition, 37, 425–456.
Mougeon, R., Nadasdi, T., & Rehner, K. (2010). The
sociolinguistic competence of immersion students. Multilingual Matters.
Nguyen, T. T. M. (2019). Data
collection methods in L2 pragmatics research: An
overview. In N. Taguchi (Ed.), The
Routledge handbook of second language acquisition and
pragmatics (pp. 195–211). Routledge.
Oakes, L., & Howard, M. (2022). Learning
French as a foreign language motivation in a globalised world: An empirical critique of the L2 Motivational
Self System. International Journal of Bilingual Education and
Bilingualism, 25(1), 166–182.
Pekarek Doehler, S. (2018). Elaborations
on L2 interactional competence: The development of L2
grammar-for-interaction. Classroom
Discourse, 9, 3–24.
Pekarek Doehler, S., & Berger, E. (2018). L2
interactional competence as increased ability for context-sensitive conduct: A longitudinal study of
story-openings. Applied
Linguistics, 39(4), 555–578.
Pekarek Doehler, S., & Pochon-Berger, E. (2011). Developing
‘methods’ for interaction: A cross-sectional study of disagreement sequences in French
L2. In J. K. Hall, J. Hellerman, & S. Pekarek Doehler (Eds.), L2
interactional competence and
development (pp. 206–243). Multilingual Matters.
Pekarek Doehler, S., & Skogmyr Marian, K. (2022). Functional
diversification and progressive routinization of a multiword expression in and for social interaction: A
longitudinal L2 study. The Modern Language
Journal, 106(S1), 23–45.
Regan, V. (2004). From
speech community back to classroom: What variation analysis can tell us about the role of context in the
acquisition of French as a foreign language. In J.-M. Dewaele (Ed.), Focus
on French as a foreign language: Multidisciplinary
perspectives (pp. 191–209). Multilingual Matters.
Regan, V., Howard, M., & Lemée, I. (2009). The
acquisition of sociolinguistic competence in a study abroad
context. Multilingual Matters.
Reichle, R., & Birdsong, D. (2014). Processing
focus structure in L1 and L2 French: L2 proficiency effects on ERPs. Studies in
Second Language
Acquisition, 36(3), 535–564.
Skogmyr Marian, K. (2022). The
development of L2 interactional competence: A multimodal study of complaining in French
interactions. Routledge.
Swain, M., & Lapkin, S. (1990). Aspects
of the sociolinguistic performance of early and late French immersion
students. In R. Scarcella, S. Anderson, & S. Krashen (Eds.), Developing
communicative competence in a second
language (pp. 41–54). Newbury House.
Taguchi, N. (2007). Development
of speed and accuracy in pragmatic comprehension in English as a foreign
language. TESOL
Quarterly, 41(2), 313–338.
(2019). Second
language acquisition and pragmatics: An
overview. In N. Taguchi (Ed.), The
Routledge handbook of second language acquisition and
pragmatics (pp. 1–14). Routledge.
Thomas, A. 2004. Phonetic
norm versus usage in advanced French as a second language. International Review
of Applied
Linguistics, 42, 365–382.
Thörle, B. (2016). Turn
openings in L2 French: An interactional approach to discourse marker
acquisition. Language, Interaction and
Acquisition, 7(1), 117–144.
Tyne, H. (2009). Style
in L2: The icing on the cake? In E. Labeau & F. Myles (Eds.), The
advanced learner variety: The case of
French (pp. 243–268). Peter Lang.
Ushioda, E., & Dörnyei, Z. (2017). Beyond
global English: Motivation to learn languages in a multicultural world. Modern
Language
Journal, 101(3), 451–454.
Van Compernolle, R. (2010). Towards
a sociolinguistically responsive pedagogy: Teaching second-person address forms in
French. The Canadian Modern Language
Review, 66, 445–463.
(2013). Concept
appropriation and the emergence of L2 sociostylistic variation. Language
Teaching
Research, 17(3), 343–362.
(2019). Constructing
a second language sociolinguistic repertoire: A sociocultural usage-based
perspective. Applied
Linguistics, 40(6), 871–893.
Van Compernolle, R., & Henery, A. (2014). Instructed
concept appropriation and L2 pragmatic development in the classroom. Language
Learning, 64(3), 549–578.
Van Compernolle, R., & Williams, L. (2009a). Learner
versus non-learner patterns of stylistic variation in synchronous computer-mediated
French. Studies in Second Language
Acquisition, 3, 471–500.
(2009b). Variable
omission of ne in real-time French chat: A corpus-driven comparison of educational and
non-education contexts. Canadian Modern Language
Review, 65(3), 413–440.
Van Compernolle, R., Williams, L., & McCourt, C. (2011). A
corpus-driven study of second-person pronoun variation in L2 French synchronous computer-mediated
communication. Intercultural
Pragmatics, 8, 67–91.
Warga, M. (2005). Je
serais très merciable: Formulaic vs. creatively produced speech in learners’ request
closings. Canadian Journal of Applied
Linguistics, 8, 67–93.
