In:Methods in Study Abroad Research: Past, present, and future
Edited by Carmen Pérez-Vidal and Cristina Sanz
[Research Methods in Applied Linguistics 4] 2023
► pp. 383–393
Index
Published online: 3 February 2023
https://doi.org/10.1075/rmal.4.index
https://doi.org/10.1075/rmal.4.index
A
- Accent
117, 125, 224, 291, 295
- Accentedness 42, 187, 295
- Acceptability 159, 170, 212, 231, 239, 243–244, 249, 253, 257
- Accuracy 4–5, 21–22, 34–35, 38–41, 43, 47, 92, 94, 100, 112, 118, 120, 125, 137, 158–159, 161, 163–164, 167, 175, 184, 188, 194, 196, 209–210, 212–213, 220–221, 224–225, 230–232, 234, 241, 244–256, 258, 303, 309, 350–351, 359, 378
- Acoustic 42, 187, 195, 294, 296, 298–299, 301, 303, 306
- ACTFL 87, 220, 229, 242–243, 348–349, 355–357, 364
- Activity
20, 41, 61, 63, 65, 69, 72, 128–129, 168, 245, 248, 283, 353, 358, 367
- Activation 191, 332
- Activating 187, 192
- Adaptation 14–15, 139, 186, 233, 267, 271, 276, 349, 356
- Address forms 90, 269, 275
- Adequacy 16, 184, 240, 242, 253, 259
- Adjectives 171, 212, 226, 326
- Adjustment113
- Adverbs 166, 212, 250
- Advice 110, 147, 268, 275, 280, 346
- Affect
6, 43, 125, 126, 277, 332, 346
- Affective 14–15, 22, 53, 91, 114, 172, 209–210, 265, 271, 281–284, 286, 324, 332
- Positive and Negative Affectivity Schedule (PANAS)332
- PANAS332
- Affinity 11, 18, 102
- Affordances 33, 67, 141–143, 265, 269, 277, 283–284, 286, 324, 367–368, 374, 376–377
- Age 5, 11, 15, 24, 62–63, 68–71, 75, 91, 93, 99–100, 143, 197, 215, 230, 297, 303–304, 320, 357
- Agency 6, 12, 21, 46, 60, 63, 67–69, 102, 109, 115–118, 139–142, 145, 353, 355, 363, 373, 376, 380
- Agreeableness 321, 329–330
- Agreement 39, 166–167, 171, 213, 221, 223, 225–226, 240, 244, 246–247, 250–251, 257, 326
- Alignment 70, 115
- Allophone 296, 42, 296
- Alter 356, 358–360, 364
- Alternation248
- Ambiguity 275, 324, 330
- Amplitude 169–170, 294
- Analytical 20–22, 109, 113, 121, 126, 128, 137, 140, 165, 282, 374
- Ancestral 64, 66
- ANOVAs 298, 357
- Anthropological35
- Anxiety
5, 23, 114, 197–199, 215, 275, 321, 324–325, 333, 339
- see also Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale (FLCAS) 324–325
- Foreign Language Enjoyment (FLE)325
- Apology 120, 268, 273, 280, 289
- Appropriateness 114, 212, 246, 249, 268, 280
- Aptitude 3, 5, 16, 23, 34, 44, 88, 91–92, 138, 197, 200–201, 257, 320, 325–328, 333–335
- Articles 1, 95, 171, 226, 326
- Articulation
99, 185–186, 188–190, 192–195, 197, 293–294
- Articulatory 48, 185, 193, 197, 294
- see also Articulation rate (AR) 188–189, 194–195
- Articulation rate (AR) 188–189, 194–19
- Artifacts 62, 172
- Aspect 39, 89, 137, 144, 148, 188, 221, 240, 247, 253, 256, 266, 333
- Aspiration 294, 301
- Assignment 109–111, 114, 119–120, 125–127
- Assimilation 276, 300, 302, 308
- Attainment 114, 252–253, 297, 374–375, 378
- Attentional control 44, 192
- Attitude 10, 89, 91, 115–116, 298–299, 304, 309
- Audience 24, 110
- Audio 42, 62, 73, 122–123, 126–127, 130, 267, 269, 271, 377
- Authenticity 123, 125–126, 279, 380
- Autobiography135
- Automaticity
185–186, 190–192
- Automatization 16, 162, 186, 196, 212
- Aware
24, 47–48, 68, 75, 118–121, 125, 129, 172, 258, 279, 304, 307, 335, 373, 376
- Awareness 11, 18, 36, 49, 52, 72, 86, 88, 90–91, 109, 111–113, 115, 117–120, 122, 124–125, 144, 191, 241, 245, 265, 268, 270–273, 275, 281, 283, 286, 301, 355, 380
- Language Awareness Interview (LAI) 90, 270
B
- Backchannels 275, 283
- Background 46, 72–74, 91, 127, 139, 147, 174, 197, 233, 259, 267–268, 271–272, 284, 309, 321, 351
- Barcelona Study Abroad (BarSA) Project 13, 36
- Behavioral 40–41, 114, 157–161, 163, 168, 170, 173–174, 230, 322, 332
- Beliefs 5, 11, 23, 112, 117, 121–122, 233, 273, 281, 291, 319–320, 323–324, 332, 335
- Between- vs. within-subjects33
- Bias 2, 38, 49–50, 72, 121–122, 145, 165, 238, 296, 301–304, 307, 311, 334–335, 76, 122, 235, 304, 379
- Bilingual
22, 64, 144, 197, 233, 242, 283, 299–300, 308, 349, 352
- see also Monolingual 3, 11, 18, 20, 50, 64, 68, 72, 75, 145, 233
- Plurilingual 124, 135, 145
- Binning 291, 296, 305
- Blogs 110, 112, 115, 119–120, 124, 130, 322, 354, 364, 376–377, 379
- Bootstrap51
- Borrowings 224, 233
- Brain 3, 41, 168–169, 173
- Breakdown 21, 186–196, 198–199
C
- CAF 21, 39–40, 47–48, 209–210, 212, 214–215, 221, 229–235, 241, 245–246, 249, 251–252
- Calques233
- Case 60, 62, 68, 70, 74, 89, 90, 96, 111, 113–114, 117, 125, 137, 224, 230, 234, 248, 251, 253, 310
- Categorical
47, 137–138, 142, 278
- see also Holistic 16–17, 137, 157–158, 175, 195
- Causality
272, 278, 336, 364
- Causation329
- Ceiling 249, 297, 350, 374
- Centrality 345–346, 360–362, 365
- Centralization 293–294
- Clause 186, 190, 194–196, 211, 213, 216, 222, 247, 271, 277, 190, 199, 211, 213, 223, 246–247
- Cluster 195, 353
- Co-construction 138, 374
- Coda306
- Code-switching233
- Coding 38, 76, 121, 128, 197, 248, 377
- Cognitive 3, 5, 13, 15, 19, 21, 34–35, 37, 42, 44, 46, 48–49, 52, 91, 119, 157, 162, 164, 166–169, 171–173, 183, 186–187, 190, 192–194, 196–201, 210, 232–233, 257, 265, 276, 284, 286, 302, 304, 319–320, 325–328, 333, 373
- Combined 5–6, 22, 70, 93, 95, 100, 111–112, 128, 137, 211, 347
- Common European Framework of Reference_(CEFR)242
- CEFR 216, 219–220, 222, 226, 228, 242, 350, 360
- Communication 14, 16, 46, 112–114, 116–117, 123, 147, 183, 186, 188, 215, 232, 240, 275–276, 284
- Community 2–3, 12, 18, 44, 46, 65–67, 69, 72, 113, 115, 117–119, 121, 125, 129, 215, 224, 232, 240–241, 275, 346, 353, 374–377, 379–381, 3, 13, 16, 19–20, 23, 60–61, 63, 65, 68, 71, 73, 75, 83, 90, 93, 116, 123, 212, 231–232, 373, 379
- Competence 14, 37–38, 40, 42–43, 47, 62, 66, 69, 76, 85, 87–89, 93, 109, 119–120, 125, 128–129, 144, 265–266, 268, 270, 272–277, 280, 284–285, 374–380
- Complexity 4–5, 11, 15, 21, 35–36, 38–39, 60, 95, 98, 100, 112, 125, 137, 188, 190, 194, 209–218, 220–221, 230–233, 235, 240–241, 244–245, 247, 251–252, 255, 258–259, 281–282, 307–309, 311
- Comprehension
21, 41–42, 92, 98, 119, 157, 159, 161–165, 169–170, 173–174, 239–240, 243–246, 249–251, 254–255, 257–259
- Comprehensible 183, 186
- Comprehensibility 196, 199
- see also Production 11, 21, 35–40, 42–43, 47, 122, 127, 129, 137, 151, 157, 161, 164, 184–186, 188–197, 199–200, 209–213, 229, 234–235, 239–240, 243–248, 250–251, 253–255, 257, 267–273, 275–277, 279–280, 286, 291, 293, 295–296, 298–300, 302, 326
- Conceptualization 185–186, 190, 192, 282, 327
- Concurrent
20, 48, 85, 94–97, 101, 103, 286
- see also Sequential 16, 20, 85, 94–97, 99–100, 102
- Condition 159–160, 171, 254, 268, 299
- Confidence 6, 14, 34, 51, 67, 116, 118, 122, 138, 144, 276, 356, 365
- Conscientiousness 321, 330
- Consistency 34, 188, 196, 275, 328
- Consonant 190, 294, 305–306, 293–294, 305–306
- Constraints 46, 64, 183–184, 248–249, 258, 283, 292, 297
- Contact 2–3, 5, 12–13, 17, 34–36, 43–45, 48, 64–65, 89, 96, 101, 110–111, 118, 121, 162, 171, 215, 230, 267–275, 278–279, 282, 284, 286, 301, 331–332, 345, 355–358, 363, 375
- Control 10, 12, 23, 39, 44, 46, 114, 120, 162, 164, 166, 249, 299, 303, 326
- Conversation 62, 68, 70, 76, 98, 104, 112, 115–116, 118, 147, 245, 302, 346
- Coordination 15, 96, 211, 214, 218, 247, 252
- Corpus 137–138, 141, 146–148, 150, 267, 272, 281, 377, 379
- Correlation
171, 213, 232, 256, 271, 297, 346
- Correlate 189, 274, 299, 302
- Correlational/Associational 33, 35
- Covariates 299, 301, 305, 307–309
- Credibility 73, 76–77, 110, 120–121, 125, 127, 130, 354
- Crosslinguistic 251–252
- Cross-sectional
16, 100, 170, 266–267, 269, 272, 307, 378
- CSL 301, 379–380
- see also Longitudinal 21–23, 39, 62, 101, 103–104, 111, 113, 162, 170–171, 174, 195, 214, 229–230, 232, 245, 266–269, 271–272, 283, 299, 310, 322, 331, 336, 341–342, 349–350, 353–354, 363, 365–368, 378
- C-test 91, 244, 250
- Cue 159, 294, 305, 23, 55, 159, 175, 177, 250, 262, 294, 298, 305–306
- Culture
11, 64–66, 68, 70, 72, 77, 89, 112–113, 115–116, 125, 136, 140, 143, 147, 199, 270, 274, 276, 304, 326, 330, 332, 349–350, 375, 377–378
- Cultural 5–6, 9–12, 22, 43, 52, 60, 65–67, 69, 89–90, 99, 109, 111–115, 117–119, 122, 126–127, 129, 144, 147, 231, 267, 269, 271, 275–276, 282, 322, 324, 349, 365, 374–376, 379–380
- Bicultural64
- see also Intercultural 20, 61, 76, 109, 111, 113–114, 118–119, 124–125, 129, 144, 232, 267–268, 273, 275, 281, 348–349, 355, 357, 362, 364–365, 367, 374–380
- Expanded Cultural Intelligence Scale (E-CQS)322
D
- d 7–8, 14–15, 25–26, 28, 53–57, 78, 80, 82, 104–106, 131–134, 152–153, 155, 159, 176–179, 201–204, 212, 217–218, 220, 260, 287–289, 300, 306, 311–314, 320, 338–342, 344, 369–372, 381–382
- Declarative 171, 185
- Deflection169
- DELE38
- Density 13, 15, 212–213, 218, 220, 345–347, 356–357, 360–362
- Dependent 49, 52, 95, 163, 211, 274, 285, 298, 303, 305, 310, 351
- Description 5, 17, 23, 38, 60, 73, 95, 98, 110, 123, 127, 157, 187, 211, 229, 267, 296–297, 332, 335–336
- Determiners 159, 253
- Dialect
3, 233, 306, 346
- Dialectal 224, 233, 291, 296, 301
- Dialogic 183, 188, 194, 199
- Diary 3, 86, 88, 96, 109, 113–114, 119, 147, 230, 267, 270, 349, 1, 4–6, 13, 19–21, 38, 47, 88–90, 109–111, 113–114, 118, 121, 130, 132, 137, 139, 348–349, 354, 363, 374–375, 377, 379–380
- Directionality 278, 327, 329
- Discourse
18, 42, 60, 62, 68, 70, 74, 93, 95, 112–113, 122, 124, 128, 136, 220, 230, 246–248, 253, 268, 271, 277, 351–352, 379–380
- Discourse Completion Task (DCT) 93, 267, 269, 271, 280, 284
- Discrete
38, 43, 120, 125, 296, 308, 328, 334
- see also Global 35, 37–38, 41, 47, 65, 75, 130, 144–145, 195–196, 213, 231, 233, 245–247, 250, 252–254, 279, 295, 312, 314, 328, 330, 366, 375, 380
- Discrimination 42, 65, 300
- Disengagement 64–65
- Disfluency186
- Dispersion 356–357
- Distractor159
- Distribution 118, 169, 190–191, 194, 199, 304
- Diversity 3, 13, 15, 19, 71–72, 91, 114, 128, 130, 145, 211–212, 214, 218, 233, 239, 252, 256, 297, 351, 357, 364
- Drawings 21, 137
- Durability 174, 345, 356–360
- Duration 14–15, 24, 42, 67, 100, 165–167, 189–192, 195–197, 234, 242, 252, 257–258, 273, 291, 293–294, 297–298, 301–303, 305, 358, 360
- Dyads 352–353
- Dynamic
6, 21–23, 37, 115, 139–140, 143–145, 151, 168, 210, 215, 231–232, 259, 265, 269, 282–283, 285, 293, 307, 310–311, 320, 324, 329, 331–332, 336, 350, 363, 373–374, 376
- See also Stability 5, 273, 323
- Stable 115, 320, 327, 329, 333, 359
E
- Effort 16, 45, 50, 85, 102, 129, 135, 164, 321–323
- Ego
121, 346, 353, 355–356, 358–361, 364–365
- Egocentric 23, 345–346, 348, 352–353, 355, 360, 362–363, 367
- EEG 169–170, 172
- Elicitation
9, 13, 16, 21–22, 38, 43, 62, 138, 183–185, 187–188, 191, 194, 199, 240, 243–244, 255, 257, 298, 300, 302–303, 325
- Elicited Imitation Task_(EIT) 38, 333, 338
- EIT 38, 43, 47, 243, 333–334
- Embedded
6, 20, 85, 95–97, 101, 103, 122, 160, 232, 353, 380
- Embeddedness 13, 52, 114, 247
- Emic 77, 128, 322, 335, 374, 379
- Emotions
5, 11, 23, 91, 125, 281, 283, 286, 319, 321, 324–325, 332–333, 335
- Emotional 5, 85, 91, 102, 125–126, 198, 281, 285, 303, 325, 330, 332–333, 346, 353, 364, 379
- Encoding
185–186, 189–192, 195
- see also Coding 38, 76, 121, 128, 197, 248, 377
- Encounter 3–4, 6, 116, 124, 143, 266, 377, 20, 45, 62, 88, 111–112, 118–119, 137, 141–143, 148–149, 348, 377
- English as a Lingua Franca_(ELF)
13, 27, 72, 144, 146, 153, 262, 350, 380
- ELF 13, 18, 340, 350–351, 357–358, 364
- English-Medium Instruction331
- Enjoyment
5, 325, 333
- Foreign Language Enjoyment_(FLE)325
- FLE325
- see also Anxiety 5, 23, 114, 197–199, 215, 275, 321, 324–325, 333
- Foreign Language Enjoyment_(FLE)325
- Environment 6, 35, 44, 46, 90, 114, 117, 121, 148, 157, 198–199, 241, 245–246, 257, 265, 269, 274, 279, 296, 304, 320, 322, 335, 368, 373–374, 376, 378–379
- Error
5, 39, 47, 49, 91, 118, 209, 212–213, 221–226, 235, 239–240, 246–248, 302–303, 307, 311, 39, 47, 51, 58, 119, 124, 127, 191, 212–213, 221–223, 225–226, 234, 246, 255, 298, 302, 304
- Error-free 39, 47, 209, 212–213, 221–225, 240, 246
- Essay 4, 100, 137, 154, 229–230, 243–244, 332
- Ethics
24, 71, 73–75, 102, 200, 281, 285, 334, 368
- Ethical 24, 50–51, 72, 74, 102, 110, 115, 119, 121, 125, 127–129, 174–175, 233–234, 258, 285–286, 303–304, 334, 337, 368
- Ethnicity
63, 66, 91, 140, 143, 234
- Ethnographic 3, 20, 52, 70, 87–88, 111, 128, 379
- Ethnorelativity118
- Ethnography 59–60, 62, 70, 74, 95, 269
- Event 40, 54, 127, 140, 147, 157–158, 168, 170, 172, 248–249, 284, 18, 20, 72, 101, 113, 122, 126, 135, 137, 141, 143, 147–148, 150–151, 169, 343
- Event-related potentials (ERPs)
40, 157, 168, 170
- ERPs 21, 40, 157, 168–170, 172, 174
- Evidentiality253
- Excerpts 121, 125, 187–188, 258, 276
- Expanded Cultural Intelligence Scale (E-CQS)322
- see also Culture 11, 64–66, 68, 70, 72, 77, 89, 112–113, 115–116, 125, 136, 140, 143, 147, 199, 270, 274, 276, 304, 326, 330, 332, 349–350, 375, 377–378
- Experiential 112, 127, 162, 172, 376, 379
- Experimental/Quasi-experimental33
- Experimental 24, 33, 35, 40, 46, 50, 95, 114, 120, 159–161, 163–165, 170, 172, 174–175, 233–234, 244, 258, 280, 298–299, 304, 329, 336
- Quasi-experimental 33, 35, 329, 336
- Exposure 44, 46, 68, 160, 162, 171, 196, 200, 224, 241, 252, 256, 268–269, 272–274, 277–278, 324, 345, 379
- Extraversion 321, 330
- Eye-tracking
21, 41, 157–158, 164–168, 172–175, 230, 233, 244, 250, 255, 257
- see also Gaze 16, 20, 40–41, 165
F
- Face 48, 91, 112, 151, 183, 265, 273–274, 363, 367–368, 380
- Facebook346
- Fear 5, 324
- Feedback, 11, 70, 72, 109–110, 112, 119, 125–127, 129–130, 274, 283, 352, 367
- Fieldwork 150, 291
- Film retells243
- Five-Factor Inventory43
- Fixation 41, 165–167
- Fluency 5, 10–11, 14–15, 21–22, 34, 36, 38–39, 41–42, 92, 100, 118, 120–121, 125, 137, 167, 175, 183, 209–210, 213, 220, 227, 230, 233, 241, 245, 258, 291, 295, 326, 341, 350, 359, 364, 378
- Fluidity 189–190, 233, 256
- Focal 20, 97, 286, 353
- Focus on form 194, 246, 249
- Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale_(FLCAS)324
- FLCAS 324–325
- see also Anxiety 5, 23, 114, 197–199, 215, 275, 321, 324–325, 333
- Foreign Language Enjoyment_(FLE)325
- see also Enjoyment 5, 325, 333
- Form
22, 34, 41, 88, 122, 129–130, 135–138, 150, 163, 185, 194, 200, 220, 230, 239–240, 243, 246, 248, 254, 256, 298, 302, 306, 310, 320, 377
- see also Function 130, 186, 220–221, 230, 239–240, 243, 246, 255–256, 306, 377
- Form/Function 220, 230, 239–240, 243, 246, 256
- Focus on form 194, 246, 249
- Formal 2, 20, 39, 100, 109, 111, 116–117, 128, 210, 214, 240, 246, 274, 285, 297–300, 302, 307, 351, 362–363
- Formality 93, 275, 302
- Formal instruction 111, 214, 297, 299, 302, 307
- Formants 293–294, 303, 305
- Formulation
185–186, 190, 192–193
- Formulaic 92, 214, 230, 276
- Frequency 13, 38, 45, 101, 116, 118, 163–164, 186–187, 189–192, 195–197, 199, 212, 220, 249, 253–254, 256, 258, 271–272, 282, 284–285, 293, 303, 306, 330, 356, 358
- Function
130, 185–186, 188–189, 199, 220–221, 230, 239–240, 243, 246, 255–256, 274, 306, 377
- Form/Function 220, 230, 239–240, 243, 246, 256
- Focus on form 194, 246, 249
- see also Form 22, 34, 41, 62, 88, 122, 129–130, 135–138, 150, 163, 185–186, 191, 194, 200, 220, 230, 239–240, 243, 246, 248, 250, 254, 256, 298, 302, 306, 308, 310, 320, 352, 377
- Futurity248
G
- Gaze 16, 20, 40–41, 165
- Gender
3, 10, 24, 63–65, 88, 91, 115–117, 120, 143, 171, 200, 213, 221, 223, 226, 246–251, 253–254, 257, 271, 273, 275–276, 304, 320, 326, 346, 357, 376
- Gendered 65, 109, 116, 224, 226, 273, 275
- Generalizability 24, 33, 45, 50, 122–123, 234, 282, 335
- Geometric data analysis99
- Gesture 151, 280
- Global
35, 37–38, 41, 47, 65, 75, 130, 144–145, 195–196, 213, 231, 233, 245–247, 250, 252–254, 279, 295, 328, 330, 366, 375, 380
- see also Discrete 38, 43, 120, 125, 296, 308, 328, 334
- Goodness-of-fit300
- Grammar
2, 4–5, 12, 19, 40, 48–49, 88, 90–92, 117, 120, 124–125, 161, 198, 209, 239–241, 243, 245–246, 249, 253–256, 259, 280, 292, 374, 378
- Grammatical 3, 13, 22, 34–35, 39–40, 92, 94, 113–115, 118–120, 125, 129, 161–162, 169, 171, 184–188, 190–191, 196, 210, 221–226, 239–246, 248–259, 266, 270, 328, 351
- Grammaticality 40, 157, 159, 161, 170–171, 243–245, 331
- Grammaticality Judgment Tasks 40–41
- Granularity328
- Growth 1, 4, 11, 13, 15, 33, 35–36, 41, 46–47, 50, 61, 89, 114, 144, 269, 274, 291, 310, 350, 380
H
- Hair cortisol325
- Harassment 65, 88
- Hawthorne effects327
- Heritage 11, 18, 20, 64, 66, 116–117, 174, 209, 212, 220, 226, 229, 233, 281, 308, 374–375
- Hesitations 184, 186, 188
- Heteronormative276
- Normalization303
- Normativity276
- see also Norm 64, 309, 5, 28, 64–65, 79, 118–119, 212, 233, 240, 248–249, 254, 266, 273, 276, 281, 296
- Holistic
16–17, 137, 157–158, 175, 195
- see also Categorical 47, 137–138, 142, 278
- Homestay
14, 62, 68–69, 72, 113, 241, 274, 355, 365, 379
- Residence
10, 12, 69, 90, 197, 252, 267–268, 272, 282, 295, 298, 357, 362
- see also Housing91
- Residence
10, 12, 69, 90, 197, 252, 267–268, 272, 282, 295, 298, 357, 362
- Host
19–20, 24, 44–46, 61, 64–70, 72, 75, 77, 89–92, 111–113, 115–119, 121–122, 125–126, 129–130, 224, 232, 235, 241, 245, 266, 268–269, 273–274, 331, 348–350, 355, 361, 365, 368, 375–377, 379–381
- see also Housing91
- Residence 10, 12, 69, 90, 197, 252, 267–268, 272, 282, 295, 298, 357, 362
- Homophily 351, 355, 363–364
- Honorifics 64, 93, 95, 270, 274
- Housing91
- see also Host 19–20, 24, 44–46, 61, 64–70, 72, 75, 77, 89–92, 111–113, 115–119, 121–122, 125–126, 129–130, 224, 232, 235, 241, 245, 266, 268–269, 273–274, 331, 348–350, 355, 361, 365, 368, 375–377, 379–381
- Humanistic110
- Humor 66, 70, 280
- Hypothesis 12, 49, 51, 86, 221, 224, 231–232, 348
I
- Identity 3, 5–6, 11, 18, 20–22, 59–61, 63–67, 70, 73, 75–76, 91–93, 100–102, 113–117, 125, 135–140, 143–146, 150, 210, 224, 231, 269–270, 273–274, 276–277, 280, 286, 345–346, 353, 379
- Ideology
23, 143, 343, 59–61, 63, 68, 74, 140, 332
- Ideological 63, 146
- Idiodynamic 22, 283–284, 286
- Image
130, 159, 220, 226, 229, 377
- Imageability163
- Immersion
3–6, 10–11, 15–16, 23, 33, 35–37, 39–42, 48, 52, 61, 67–68, 73, 76, 95, 110–112, 162, 166, 171, 184, 187–188, 193, 209, 214–215, 221, 227, 242, 323, 374
- Immersive 9–10, 16, 18, 21, 23, 115, 184, 220–221, 232–234, 291, 376
- Implicatures162
- Index
116, 170, 211–212, 247, 276, 345, 358–359, 377
- Indices 22, 47, 158, 195, 232–233, 235, 65, 193, 270
- Induction362
- Influences 94, 111, 117, 259, 319, 331
- Informal 88–89, 96, 101, 221, 232, 274, 276, 302, 328, 347–349, 360, 362, 364
- Input 6, 12, 24, 33, 40–41, 44, 115, 118, 121, 145, 151, 172–173, 230, 240–241, 249–250, 254, 256–259, 277, 280–282, 292, 295, 299, 301–302, 305, 310, 345, 348
- Insecurity324
- Instructional 46, 111, 126, 271
- Integration 14, 44, 73, 85–87, 89–90, 94–99, 101, 139, 241, 276–277, 282, 345
- Intelligence
5, 85, 91, 284, 322, 330, 379
- Intelligibility 295–296
- Intensity 12, 42, 102, 268, 271–272, 281, 284, 286, 294, 297, 302, 305, 309, 356–358, 360, 364–365
- Interactional 62, 67, 69–70, 118, 138, 200, 265, 280, 284, 365
- Intercultural
20, 58, 61, 109, 111, 113–114, 118–119, 124–125, 129, 144, 232, 267–268, 273, 275, 281, 348–349, 355, 357, 362, 364–365, 367, 374–380
- Intercultural Development Inventory (IDI) 114, 267–268, 357, 370, 377
- Interface 20, 85, 87, 94, 97–101, 103
- Intermediate 15, 88–89, 92, 161, 170–171, 211, 214, 216–222, 224–229, 231, 252, 325, 351
- International posture325
- Internship 18, 232, 377, 380
- Inter-speaker 189, 199
- Intervention 46, 86, 94–96, 103, 112, 126, 129, 185, 304, 11, 20, 58, 110–112, 114–115, 124, 126, 129, 184, 231–232, 235
- Interview 16–17, 21, 23, 38, 43, 45, 47, 52, 62, 72–73, 76, 81–82, 89–97, 99–101, 103, 111–112, 114, 116–117, 125, 127, 135, 137, 139, 141, 145, 148, 150, 187–188, 194, 216–217, 221–223, 229, 231, 266–267, 269–272, 279–280, 284, 322–325, 331–332, 335, 346–348, 350–351, 353–354, 358, 363–364, 366, 375–378
- Intonation 291, 295, 298
- Inventories 111, 329
- Investment 4, 62–63, 67–68, 102, 113, 116, 128, 199, 281–282, 286
- IRIS 76, 355, 358
J
- Journal 1, 3, 10, 103, 111, 113–114, 116, 118–122, 124–128, 131–134, 218, 228, 237, 266, 270, 279, 338–344, 370–372, 377, 4, 6, 43, 62, 73, 95, 109–130, 139, 225, 267, 269, 322, 332, 335, 337, 376–379
- Judges
21, 92, 199
- Judgment 2, 40, 157, 159–161, 163, 170–171, 331
K
- Keystroke logging 22, 230, 233
L
- L2 Motivational Self System (L2MSS) 321–322
- Language and Social Networks Abroad (LANGSNAP) Project358
- LANGSNAP 13, 18, 36, 97, 100–103, 137, 358, 378
- Latency 16, 20–21, 40–41, 157, 160, 165, 169, 197, 199
- Layered 86–88, 93
- Leave-taking280
- Legitimate 69, 274
- Lenite294
- Lenition 298, 308
- Lexis
11, 48, 90, 350
- Lexical 15, 34, 39–41, 117, 120, 125, 129, 137, 159, 161–162, 164, 169, 184–188, 190–193, 196–197, 201, 211–212, 214–218, 220–226, 230–233, 235, 240, 246–247, 249–250, 258, 291, 295, 303, 322, 326, 328, 351, 359, 364, 377
- Likert scales192
- Linear
39, 47, 199, 215, 231–232, 271, 276, 357, 378
- Linearity268
- Linear mixed effects models (LMMs)232
- Listeners 186–187, 192, 234
- Listening 41–42, 87, 90, 112, 115, 118–119, 130, 138, 157, 159–160, 162, 324
- Literacy 88, 353
- Log
303, 348, 350, 357, 365, 12, 21, 89, 96, 110, 112, 119, 130, 137, 230, 349, 353–354, 363
- Logbook360
- Longitudinal
21–23, 39, 62, 101, 103–104, 111, 113, 162, 170–171, 174, 195, 214, 229–230, 232, 241, 245, 266–269, 271–272, 283, 299, 310, 322, 331, 336, 349–350, 353–354, 363, 365–368, 378
- see also Cross-sectional 16, 100, 170, 266–267, 269, 272, 307, 378
M
- Marginalized 66, 71, 74–75, 234, 379
- Marker
230, 271, 275, 277, 220, 248, 273, 277, 288, 351, 353, 362
- Markedness 239, 254, 256, 258, 309
- Marking 247–251, 253–254, 256
- Maturational297
- Mean length of run (MLoR) 189, 193–195
- Mean syllable length (SL)189
- Meaning-making 20, 129
- Media 13, 17, 77, 130, 146, 231–232, 376–377, 379
- Medium 13–14, 110, 214, 221, 246, 252, 255, 331, 351, 359, 365, 380
- Memory
44, 48, 161–162, 166–167, 171–172, 186–187, 192, 197–198, 200, 299, 309, 319–320, 326, 149, 280, 283
- Memorable 69, 101, 141, 143
- Merging 302, 308
- Meta-analyses 9–10, 14–15, 19–20, 378
- Metalinguistic 85, 88, 124, 240–241, 275, 301
- Metaphor278
- Migrants 4, 135, 145–146
- Minorities146
- Mitigation 271–272, 304
- Mixed methods 85–87, 93–95, 97–100, 102, 103, 111, 234, 265–267, 270–272, 275–276, 278, 283, 286, 299, 309, 365–366, 378
- Mobility 12, 138, 146
- Modality 39–40, 47, 240, 247, 253, 256, 302
- Modes 90, 188, 240, 244, 257, 266
- Monolingual
3, 11, 18, 20, 50, 64, 68, 72, 75, 145, 233
- see also Bilingual 22, 64, 144, 197, 233, 242, 283, 299–300, 308, 349, 352
- Plurilingual 124, 135, 145
- Monologic 188, 194, 199
- Mood 137, 321, 332
- Morpheme 213, 246
- Morphosyntax
10, 166–167
- Morphosyntactic 22, 39–41, 159, 166, 169, 185, 193, 230, 240, 242, 245, 248, 250–252, 257, 295
- Morpho-phonologically192
- Motivation
3, 5, 12, 16, 22–23, 34, 43, 46, 89, 91, 97, 112, 115, 117, 121, 138, 170, 197, 199, 215, 221, 224, 227, 230–232, 270, 281, 297, 304, 309, 319–324, 331–332, 334–336, 348–349, 355, 364, 379
- Motives 90, 322, 331, 347
- Movement 41, 164–167, 172, 240, 253
- Multiple correspondence analysis 99–100, 103
- Multiplexity 345–347, 358, 360, 365
- Multisite research33
N
- Narrative 6, 59–60, 62, 70, 74, 90, 110–111, 123, 128, 135–142, 144, 146–151, 156, 187, 198, 205, 207, 217, 223, 322, 335, 347, 5–6, 13, 19–21, 63, 78, 80, 88, 100, 109–111, 121, 125, 135–143, 146–148, 150–151, 188, 194, 236, 243–245, 262, 270, 288, 335, 376, 379
- Natural
19, 59, 93, 167, 190, 244, 246, 253, 270, 274, 278–279, 285, 294, 298, 308
- Naturalistic 22, 111, 215, 240–241, 283, 298, 325, 345
- Negotiation 33, 64–67, 70, 210, 270, 280, 367
- Network
23, 62, 67, 69, 89, 96, 101–103, 141, 230, 281, 283–284, 306, 310, 345–368, 375, 379–380, 5–7, 12–13, 18–19, 22–23, 37, 45, 63–64, 67–69, 82–83, 89, 100–102, 105, 112, 115, 127, 132, 155, 210, 221, 231–232, 236, 263, 276, 281, 283, 286, 331–332, 340, 345–365, 367–368, 373, 375, 378–379
- SNI 358–359
- Social Network
345–368
- Social Networking Index_(SNI)358
- Language Engagement Questionnaire (LEQ) and Social Networking Questionnaire (SNQ)358
- Neural
41, 169–173
- Neurocognitive 168–172, 175
- Neuroticism 321, 330
- Neutralization308
- News-telling70
- Nodes 346, 353, 357
- Nominal 213, 246
- Non-linearity268
- Norm
64, 309, 5, 28, 64–65, 79, 118–119, 212, 233, 240, 248–249, 254, 266, 273, 276, 281, 296
- Normalization303
- Normativity276
- see also Heteronormative276
- Noticing 86, 257–258, 348
O
- Obstruents 291, 294, 305–306
- Online 1, 16, 19, 40–41, 76, 99, 110, 146, 230, 232, 243, 250–251, 281, 335, 349, 355, 357, 363, 367–368, 376–377
- Openness 13, 91, 145, 321, 330
- Oppositions306
- Oral Proficiency Interview (OPI)
38, 87, 96, 188, 295, 328, 348, 356–357
- OPI 22, 38, 43, 47, 87–89, 242, 244, 246, 295, 302, 328, 330, 332, 334, 357, 364, 366
- Output 33, 198, 213
- Oxford Quick Placement Test38
P
- Pajek 346, 378
- Pause
186–187, 189–192, 194–196, 199, 306
- Pausing 188–190, 192, 195, 197, 230
- Filled 186, 190–191, 195, 199
- Unfilled 186, 191, 199
- Perception
127, 136, 187, 192, 234, 254, 276–277, 294, 299–301, 303, 308, 26, 34, 92, 131, 139, 204–205, 230, 243, 269, 273, 276, 280–281, 338, 341–342, 378
- Perceived 64–65, 74, 88, 117, 183, 186–187, 190–192, 194–196, 257, 285, 294, 324, 335
- Perfect 292, 303
- Performance 21, 34, 38–39, 43, 46, 49, 88, 91, 93, 110–111, 129, 135, 157–163, 167, 170, 174–175, 184–185, 187, 190, 196, 198, 214, 229, 232, 242, 258, 268, 271–272, 274, 279, 324–325, 352
- Processing 12–13, 20–21, 37, 40–41, 44, 48, 52, 62, 127, 130, 157–164, 166–175, 183–184, 186, 190, 192–193, 195, 199–201, 215, 221, 231, 233, 239–240, 243–245, 250–251, 255, 257–259, 279, 299, 325
- Personality 3, 5, 11, 23, 43, 115, 197, 199, 275, 304, 309, 319–321, 327, 329–331, 335, 357, 379
- Phonology
2, 19, 24, 42, 295, 298, 304–306, 378
- Phonological 11, 22–23, 41–42, 44, 48, 185–186, 190, 198, 230, 291, 293, 295, 299, 306–307, 309, 326, 360
- Phonation 189–191, 194
- Phonatory294
- Phoneme 42, 293, 306, 42, 313
- Phonetics 291, 300 Phrasal 39, 211, 233
- Picture 13–14, 38, 44, 100, 128, 137, 148, 159, 161, 163, 183, 187–188, 191, 193–194, 216–217, 222–223, 229–230, 243–245, 247, 250, 265, 285, 326, 335, 355
- Pilot 16, 164, 243
- Plot 21, 137
- Plurilingual
124, 135, 145
- Plurilingualism 5, 135, 143, 146
- see also Monolingual 3, 11, 18, 20, 50, 64, 68, 72, 75, 145, 233
- Bilingual 22, 64, 144, 197, 233, 242, 283, 299–300, 308, 349, 352
- Polarity 169–170
- Policy 85, 113–114
- Politeness 112, 118–119, 269, 280
- Poststructuralist 61, 63, 143
- Power 6, 14, 18, 20, 49, 61, 63, 70, 87, 115, 118, 126–127, 143, 168, 172, 210, 272, 283, 307, 323, 332, 353, 365
- Praat 23, 293, 297, 301
- Pragmalinguistic 265–266, 276, 283
- Pragmatics
4–6, 12, 19, 22, 25, 28–29, 57, 79, 82, 92, 95, 125, 266–267, 269–270, 272, 277–285, 287–289, 292, 372, 377
- Pragmatic 6, 11, 41–42, 64, 66, 69, 114, 125, 129, 161–162, 175, 222–223, 225–226, 230, 232, 240, 265–266, 268, 270–286, 322, 373
- Predictors 87–88, 172, 196–197, 301, 356–357
- Present 4, 9, 17, 19, 23, 33, 48, 63, 77, 85, 98, 100, 123, 136, 140, 143, 146, 158, 172, 193, 241, 245, 248, 250, 274, 279, 322, 359, 361, 363–364
- Priming 21, 157, 160
- Procedural
171–172, 326
- Proceduralized185
- Production 11, 21, 35–40, 42–43, 47, 122, 127, 129, 137, 151, 157, 161, 164, 184–186, 188–197, 199–200, 209–213, 229, 234–235, 239–240, 243–248, 250–251, 253–255, 257, 267–273, 275–277, 279–280, 286, 291, 293, 295–296, 298–300, 302, 326
- see also Comprehension 21, 41–42, 92, 98, 119, 157, 159, 161–165, 169–170, 173–174, 239–240, 243–246, 249–251, 254–255, 257–259
- Profile 12, 44, 220, 345, 355, 357, 12, 111, 200, 206, 331–332
- Program
33, 35–37, 43, 46, 49, 71, 74–75, 85, 88–90, 92–93, 111, 121, 123–127, 129, 161, 168, 193, 215–216, 219–220, 229, 232, 297–298, 300, 302, 309–310, 323–325, 330–331, 375, 380
- Programmatic 22, 231
- Prompts 5, 76, 110–111, 117, 124–127, 129, 217, 284
- Prosody
148, 280, 295
- Prosodic 196, 280, 298, 300
- Protocols 52, 102, 168
- Psycholinguistics157
- Psychosocial 19, 34, 37, 42–43, 49, 52, 95–96, 103, 319–321, 324, 327, 329
Q
- Qualitative 2, 16–17, 19–20, 22–23, 35, 43, 45, 48, 51, 59–63, 67, 69–74, 76, 85–102, 106, 109–113, 120–123, 127–128, 148, 150, 162, 169–170, 184, 193, 230, 234, 241, 254–256, 265–267, 269–274, 277–278, 286, 309, 322–323, 335–336, 347, 356, 362–364, 366, 368, 373, 377–378
- Quantitative 1–2, 14, 16, 19–20, 33–37, 39–43, 45–49, 51–52, 60, 62, 85–99, 101–103, 109–111, 113–114, 116, 120–122, 162, 169, 241, 245–248, 250–252, 254, 256, 265–272, 277–278, 286, 297, 299, 309, 322–323, 325–326, 331, 334–336, 346, 355–356, 358, 360, 363, 366, 368, 378
R
- Race
3, 19, 63, 66, 74, 113, 116–117, 234, 376, 379
- Racialized 65, 74, 109, 116, 234
- Random
46, 51, 118, 212, 232, 234, 301, 303, 307–309, 334
- Randomization 16, 230
- Rate 36, 42, 52, 159, 186–189, 192–195, 223, 248, 252–253, 303, 306, 334, 374, 192
- Ratio 190–191, 212, 216, 220, 247
- Readiness 44, 46, 173, 253, 258–259
- Reading 6, 41–42, 87–88, 90–91, 98, 115, 118, 121, 141, 148, 157, 159–162, 166–167, 250, 298, 302, 349
- Realities 59, 61, 93, 126, 138, 151, 323
- Recall 19, 42, 48, 62, 92, 125, 193, 198, 280, 284
- Recordings 20, 24, 62, 73, 77, 111–112, 127, 267, 269–271, 298, 302, 304, 354
- Reduction 196, 291, 294, 301–302, 308
- Reflection
85–87, 94, 109–110, 113, 117, 119–120, 124, 129–130, 239, 258, 279
- Reflective 109–111, 113, 120, 124, 251, 332, 349, 376
- Reflexivity 59, 73, 76–77, 121
- Reformulations 186, 191, 195
- Refugees146
- Refusals280
- Regression 49, 165–166, 199, 268, 271, 328, 356, 358
- Reliability 15, 23, 33–34, 38, 45, 49–50, 120, 183, 301–302, 309, 327, 336, 365, 367
- Repair 21, 186–192, 194–196, 198–199, 233, 367
- Repertoires 3, 67, 69, 231
- Repetitions 186, 189–191, 195
- Replication 13, 20, 22, 50, 52, 167, 255–256, 281–282, 286, 308, 333, 366, 368
- Reports 11, 23, 65, 72, 120, 122, 257, 267, 271, 296–297, 349, 351, 354
- Requests 271–272, 280
- Residence
10, 12, 69, 90, 197, 252, 267–268, 272, 282, 295, 298, 357, 362
- see also Homestay 14, 62, 68–69, 72, 113, 241, 274, 355, 365, 379
- Housing91
- Response
40–41, 91, 158–160, 162–164, 168–173, 199
- Stimulus 136–137, 158–159, 168, 243, 250, 302
- see also Stimuli 41, 129, 159–160, 163–165, 167–170, 172, 174
- Restarts 186, 191, 195
- Retelling 38, 135, 140
- Retrieval 41, 185, 193, 197, 201
- Retrodictive Qualitative Modelling (RQM) 270, 288
- Retrospective 62, 93, 137, 139, 267, 269–271, 279, 283
- Richness 6, 138, 184, 196, 240, 252
- Role-Play 38, 216, 222–223
- Route 252–253
- Routine 69, 111, 70, 119, 271, 276, 280
- Rubrics112
S
- Saliency 239, 254, 256, 258, 295, 309
- Sample
2, 16–17, 19, 22, 34–36, 48–49, 51–52, 91, 97, 100, 103, 120, 192, 200, 212, 234, 269, 275, 278, 309–310, 329, 332, 334–335, 353–354, 11, 15–16, 22, 24, 34, 48, 51, 90, 137, 187, 189, 192, 195, 199, 232, 282, 334, 349, 352, 362, 364, 368
- Sampling 20, 24, 97–99, 102–103, 120, 150, 212, 234, 304, 308, 334, 366–367
- SAT Spanish Test249
- Scaffolding 275, 307, 348
- Score 49, 212, 215, 217, 246, 304, 347, 357–358
- Scripts 168, 302
- Segment
159, 163, 159, 244, 293, 306
- Segmental 190, 196, 293, 295, 298, 300
- Semantics161
- Semantic 114, 148, 157, 159–162, 169–170, 175, 190, 193, 210, 377
- Sensitivity 34, 40, 114, 125, 172, 183, 187, 195, 197, 231–232, 268–269, 273, 275, 283–284, 357, 376–377, 379
- Sentence 44, 93, 159–161, 163, 166, 211, 243–245, 247, 250, 271, 275, 289, 100, 160–161, 163–164, 166–167, 212, 227, 298
- Sequential
16, 20, 85, 94–97, 99–100, 102
- see also Concurrent 20, 48, 85, 94–97, 101, 103, 286
- Sexuality117
- Shadowing 257–258
- Silent 190, 195
- Simulated Oral Proficiency Interview (S)OPI
96, 348
- (S)OPI 38, 43, 47
- Size 2, 14, 16–17, 98, 150, 163, 165, 169–170, 172, 175, 214–215, 234, 293, 303, 329, 356–360, 362, 364–365
- Sociocultural
12, 20, 24, 33, 61, 63, 91, 114, 118, 128, 137, 139, 143, 148, 233, 267, 271, 275–277, 348, 351, 363, 374
- Sociocultural Adaptation Scale (SCAS) 267, 271
- Sociogram 345, 348, 352
- Sociolinguistic
10, 87, 90, 138, 144, 217, 223, 233, 244, 267, 272, 303, 346, 360, 362, 364, 373
- Sociological 138, 347, 351, 355, 359–360, 363, 365–367
- Sociopragmatic 125, 144, 265–266, 273, 275–276, 281, 283–284
- Sojourn 14, 16, 18, 20, 37, 43, 46, 60, 66, 68, 73, 76, 90, 96–97, 100–103, 110–111, 113–114, 118, 127, 130, 139–140, 145, 174, 215, 240–241, 254, 259, 269–273, 275–278, 280, 283–285, 299, 326, 334, 347, 350–352, 354, 356–361, 364, 375, 377–378, 380
- Sonorants 291, 294
- Space 37, 41, 73, 76, 99, 135, 138, 240, 253, 293–294, 296, 301, 304, 306–307, 310, 346
- Speech 2–3, 5, 38, 65, 88, 90, 92–93, 110, 112, 137, 183–200, 211–212, 230, 253, 265, 268–271, 273, 275, 278–280, 285, 295, 298, 301–303, 306, 349, 364
- Speech act
265, 269–270, 275, 280
- Speech rate_(SR) 186–189, 193–195, 303, 306
- SR189
- see also Oral Proficiency Interview (OPI) 38, 87, 96, 188, 295, 328, 348, 356–357
- OPI 22, 38, 43, 47, 87–89, 242, 244, 246, 295, 302, 328, 330, 332, 334, 357, 364, 366
- Simulated Oral Proficiency Interview (S)OPI 96, 348
- (S)OPI 38, 43, 47
- Speed 21, 44, 158–159, 161–163, 175, 186–189, 191–199, 212–213, 215, 221, 227, 230–231, 233, 253, 347
- Spirantization 294, 298, 308
- Stability
5, 273, 323
- Stable 115, 320, 327, 329, 333, 359
- see also Dynamic 6, 21–23, 37, 115, 139–140, 143–145, 151, 168, 210, 215, 231–232, 259, 265, 269, 282–283, 285, 293, 307, 310, 320, 324, 329, 331–332, 336, 350, 363, 373–374, 376
- Stance-taking70
- Standard deviation 159, 298
- Starts 17, 59, 186, 191
- Statistics 15, 33, 51, 60, 224, 298, 350–351, 364
- State
9, 36, 59, 85, 88, 143, 145, 185, 209, 256, 292, 310, 323, 336, 368, 373
- see also Trait 115, 327, 333, 336
- Status 66, 71, 99, 117, 269, 275, 277, 281, 283, 285, 331
- Stay 10, 12–13, 15–16, 22, 44–45, 49, 92, 192–193, 224, 230, 232, 235, 242, 246, 252, 257–258, 270–271, 276, 281, 286, 297, 300, 323, 327, 348–350
- Stimulus
136–137, 158–159, 168, 243, 250, 302
- Stimuli 41, 129, 159–160, 163–165, 167–170, 172, 174
- see also Response 40–41, 91, 158–160, 162–164, 168–173, 199
- Story 38, 47, 135–137, 139–140, 146–150, 298, 8, 33, 75, 78–79, 81, 89, 106, 122–123, 133, 135–140, 143, 146–148, 151, 155, 298, 376–377, 379
- Strategies 11, 21, 46, 50, 94, 97, 111–112, 114–115, 117, 119, 128, 171–172, 174, 183–184, 197–199, 265, 271, 276, 281, 284, 329, 331, 333, 335–336, 354
- Stress 14, 150, 281, 295, 298, 306, 308, 354, 368
- Structural Equation Modelling (SEM)268
- Structured
38–39, 188, 216–217, 222–223, 267, 269–271, 278, 320, 322, 328, 354
- Unstructured 39, 188, 328, 377
- Study Abroad
1–2, 4–5, 7–13, 15, 18, 20, 22, 24–30, 33–82, 85–90, 92–100, 102–103, 109, 135–136, 151, 157, 161, 166, 170, 178, 183–184, 187, 193, 198, 202, 209, 214, 239, 241–243, 246, 249–253, 255–256, 265–266, 291–292, 319, 323–324, 328, 331, 334, 344–345, 355, 378
- Study Abroad and Language Acquisition (SALA) Project 13, 15, 36, 47, 188, 214, 216, 218–220, 222–229, 299
- Study Abroad Social Interaction Questionnaire (SASIQ) 12, 355, 378
- SASIQ 355–357, 367
- Style 3, 121, 125, 190, 196, 197, 199, 201, 265, 269, 273–274, 280, 298, 306, 349, 351–352Subject 33, 36–37, 45–46, 50, 128, 164, 215–220, 222–223, 225–229, 285, 297, 309
- Subjunctive 119, 254
- Subordination 15, 211, 214–215, 218, 247, 252–253
- Suggestions 59, 74, 135, 157, 172, 174, 210, 258, 280, 311, 320, 329, 347, 367
- Surveys 16, 34, 44–45, 100, 111, 127, 267, 271, 346, 365
- Syllable 186, 188–189, 195
- Syntax
15, 125, 171
- Syntactic 15, 125, 163, 169–172, 174–175, 186, 190, 197, 199, 210–211, 213–215, 217–218, 221–223, 225–226, 230–232, 240, 246–247, 251–253
- System 17, 190–192, 210, 215, 236, 239–242, 247–248, 253–256, 259, 281, 298–301, 306–307, 310, 321, 340
T
- Tap294
- Target 1–3, 5, 12, 18–19, 22, 43, 63, 75, 99, 145, 159–160, 166–167, 169, 172, 174, 192, 199, 209, 212, 215, 230–231, 240–241, 244, 248–249, 251–254, 265, 280, 291–292, 295, 297–300, 302, 305, 308, 322–323, 326, 330, 332, 345, 374–375, 377–379
- TBLT 184, 194
- Technology 5, 9–10, 16–17, 19, 21, 157–158, 172, 198, 291, 373–374
- Temporal
135, 168, 184, 186, 188–189, 192, 249–250, 273
- Temporo-aspectual 240, 243, 250, 252
- Tense
39, 89, 119, 125, 137, 166, 213, 221, 235, 240, 247, 253, 256
- Tenseness 294, 305
- Test
10, 16, 22, 34, 38, 42–44, 48, 51, 55–56, 90–91, 95–96, 103, 111, 116, 200, 241, 243–246, 249–251, 253, 255, 257–258, 268, 271–272, 282, 298–299, 331, 334–335, 349, 363–364, 366
- see also C-test 91, 244, 250
- Discourse Completion Task (DCT)93
- Expanded Cultural Intelligence Scale (E-CQS)322
- OPI 22, 38, 43, 47, 87–89, 242, 244, 246, 295, 302, 328, 330, 332, 334, 357, 364, 366
- Oral Proficiency Interview (OPI) 38, 87, 96, 188, 295, 328, 348, 356–357
- Oxford Quick Placement Test38
- Positive and Negative Affectivity Schedule (PANAS)332
- SAT Spanish Test249
- Simulated Oral Proficiency Interview (S)OPI
96, 348
- (S)OPI 38, 43, 47
- Study Abroad Social Interaction Questionnaire (SASIQ) 12, 355, 378
- Test de Français International (TFI)90
- X-lex test100
- SASIQ 355–357, 367
- Think-aloud127
- Threshold 88, 189, 297, 326, 328, 374
- Tie 4, 17, 151, 346–347, 353, 358–361, 363–364, 370, 372, 381
- Timescales.336
- Token 104, 212, 220, 293, 212, 244, 253, 271
- Tool 23, 35, 41, 52, 60, 86, 111, 124, 148, 158, 248, 292, 320, 325, 335, 345–346, 349, 351, 363–364, 366, 377–378
- Tracking 13, 21, 41, 157–158, 160, 164–168, 172–175, 230, 233, 244, 250, 254–255, 257, 299, 310, 345, 350, 368
- Trait
115, 327, 333, 336
- see also State 9, 36, 59, 85, 88, 143, 145, 185, 209, 256, 292, 310, 323, 336, 368, 373
- Transferability 24, 110, 122–123, 127, 130, 234, 282
- Transformative 109–110, 123, 125–126, 291, 380
- Translation 40–41, 58, 92, 133, 159, 161, 184, 279
- Transnationalism 135, 143, 145–146
- Trial 163, 172–173, 197, 366
- Triangulation 23, 59, 61, 73, 101, 122, 174, 233, 286, 336, 366
- Trust 122, 274
- Turn-taking 70, 280
- Twitter 346, 358
- Typology 138, 239
U
- UCINET 23, 346, 360, 366, 378
- Unfilled
186, 191, 199
- see also Filled 186, 190–191, 195, 199
- Unit 139, 188, 190, 211, 213, 222–223, 246–247, 22, 39, 190, 199, 213, 218, 222–223, 225, 227, 246–247, 293, 295, 298, 300, 305–306, 308–309
V
- Validity 2, 11, 33–34, 38, 45, 50, 120, 122, 163–164, 272, 291, 301, 305, 308–309, 321, 323, 327, 336, 367, 374, 376
- Variable 5–6, 10–12, 15–16, 19, 22, 34–35, 46, 49, 53, 60, 87, 89, 106, 114, 121, 164, 172, 194, 199, 209–210, 230–231, 266, 268–269, 271–272, 278, 282–283, 286, 293, 296–297, 299, 302, 304–305, 307, 319–320, 331, 335–336, 338, 356, 369, 373–374, 379
- Variability 11–12, 14, 16, 39, 42, 46, 51, 118, 159, 162–163, 171–173, 183, 189, 195, 197–199, 229, 239, 247, 255, 268–269, 275, 283, 298, 302–303, 309, 319, 330, 345
- Variant 248–249, 296, 301
- Variation
2, 5, 20, 35, 60–61, 70, 90–91, 99, 109, 111–112, 114, 128, 138, 159, 186, 210, 212, 215, 221, 233, 248, 254, 258, 269, 274, 281–283, 285, 298, 300, 303, 305, 311, 345–346, 349, 363–364, 373, 378
- Variationism248
- see also Covariates 299, 301, 305, 307–309
- Variety 51, 59, 86, 102, 174, 183, 187, 193, 195–196, 199, 210, 212, 214, 224, 252, 266, 296, 303, 326, 335, 355–356, 364, 366–367
- Velarization294
- Verb
137, 160, 166–167, 213, 221, 225, 240, 247–248, 250–251
- Verbal 11, 41, 166, 185, 190, 195, 213, 246, 272
- Violation 159–160, 166–167, 169, 174
- Voice
24, 42, 193, 304
- Voiced 294, 296
- Voiceless 294, 305–306
- Voicing 294, 305
- Vowel
190, 291, 293–294, 303, 305–306, 308
- Vocalic 293–294, 301
W
- Waveforms 169–170
- Well-being124
- Whole people 20, 60
- Willingness to communicate 197, 199, 224, 231, 325
- Word
15, 40–41, 92, 120, 124, 127, 138, 160–161, 163–164, 167, 169–172, 176–177, 179, 193, 201, 212–213, 216, 221–223, 240, 243–244, 250, 253, 257, 263, 273, 298, 306, 313, 326, 352
- Non-word 100, 159, 161, 165, 213
- Multiword 323, 351
- Writing 11, 15, 22, 39, 90, 100, 110, 118–122, 124–125, 127, 147, 209–213, 217–218, 220, 224–225, 227, 229–233, 243, 247, 254, 283, 322, 353
X
- X-lex test100
