In:Quantitative Methods in Multilingual Acquisition and Processing
Edited by Gabrielle Klassen and John W. Schwieter
[Research Methods in Applied Linguistics 16] 2026
► pp. 311–314
Index
Published online: 26 March 2026
https://doi.org/10.1075/rmal.16.index
https://doi.org/10.1075/rmal.16.index
A
- accent 60–61, 93, 107, 109, 268, 286, 294
- acceptability judgment task 4, 112, 151, 153, 155–158, 163, 166
- accuracy 18, 37, 37, 37, 37, 39, 39, 47, 66, 68, 73, 73, 76, 76, 76, 86, 87, 87, 93, 93, 93, 93, 93, 94, 94, 98, 104, 115, 115, 118, 119, 154, 154, 155, 155, 156, 169, 170, 178, 178, 179, 179, 179, 182, 183, 184, 184, 191, 195, 195, 197, 208, 208, 208, 209, 209, 209, 209, 209, 209, 209, 231
- acoustic
- analysis 61, 73, 281, 300
- cues 59, 62
- primitives 281–282
- Adaptive Control Hypothesis 4, 187
- aerodynamic techniques 281–282, 286, 288, 300–301
- age of acquisition 60, 103, 107, 110–111, 116, 118, 141, 191–192, 210, 234, 240, 241, 258, 272
- alpha band 182, 232–234
- ambiguity resolution 159, 165
- anterior cingulate cortex 182, 189, 231, 235–237
- anxiety 250–254, 256, 260, 262, 266–267, 269, 271, 274
- articulatory phonology 282–283, 301
- articulatory settings 285–286, 294, 299, 301
- artificial grammars194
- artificial languages 156–157
- aspiration 284, 288
- associative priming 132, 137–138
- attention 4–5, 12, 19, 122, 163–164, 175–182, 184, 191, 194, 196, 205–206, 212, 214, 216–219, 234, 236, 249–251, 266, 274
- attrition 106, 116
- auditory lexical decision task 68, 115–116
- auditory processing 63, 65–67
- authentic materials 210–211
- autonomic nervous system 249–250, 264
B
- basal ganglia 181, 188–189, 230
- beta band 232–233
- Bilingual Interactive Activation Model 134, 138
- bilingual
- advantage 107, 173–174
- cognition 173, 177, 183, 187, 190, 195, 197
- experience 4, 174, 177, 181, 187–188, 190, 193, 197–198
- language control 4, 178
- language processing 4, 6, 10, 107, 140–141
- lexicon 4, 6, 8
- biofeedback 298, 300
- Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent (BOLD) data 184, 237, 239
- bottom-up processing 12, 63, 244
C
- calibration (in eyetracking) 5, 20, 209, 287
- captioned video 204, 219–220
- categorical perception 63–64
- cerebellum 183, 189, 192, 194, 197, 230–231, 236
- coarticulation 58, 287, 291
- codeswitching 4, 10–13, 20, 32, 123, 153, 159, 162, 165–166, 169, 187
- cognate 83, 136, 138–139
- cognitive
- conflict 4, 173, 175–180, 186–187, 192, 197
- control 24, 27, 116, 168, 178, 180, 182, 187, 189, 194, 198–199, 201, 241
- effort 5, 204, 205, 207, 250, 251, 258, 258, 260, 265, 271, 271, 271
- load 5, 249, 264, 277
- collocations 137, 216, 218–219, 223
- competence 3, 102, 108–110, 116–117, 122, 125–126, 242
- complex systems 8–10, 13
- comprehension (see “language comprehension”)
- conflict monitoring 184, 186, 194, 200
- consonant clusters 284, 294, 303
- consonant series286
- constriction location291
- converging methods 8, 23
- coronal consonants303
- Cross-Language Articulatory Database (CLAD) 302, 306
- cross-language/cross-linguistic
- influence 5, 6, 75, 107, 224, 302
- orthographic priming 132–134, 144
- phonological priming 134–136, 226
- semantic priming 137–138
- cross-modal priming 56, 70–71
- cue-based retrieval154
D
- data interpretation 4, 54
- decision-making 117, 249, 252, 261, 274, 280
- delta band 232, 234, 236
- demographic variables 46, 191
- digit span task175
- dimensional change card sort task177
- discrimination tasks65
- distributional patterns14
- divergence point analysis18
- domain-generality 178, 194–196, 202, 244
- dominance 13–14, 75, 110, 116, 137, 143, 149, 159, 166, 169
- dorsolateral prefrontal cortex 235–237, 241, 244
E
- ecological validity 2, 8, 10–12, 18–20, 22, 57, 228, 268
- electrodermal activity 5, 81, 249–258, 260, 262, 269–270, 274, 276, 278
- electroencephalography (EEG) 11, 20, 119, 162, 184–186, 202–203, 229, 231–232, 254
- electromagnetic articulography 6, 281–282, 286, 292, 303, 305
- electropalatography 281–282, 286, 288, 302, 304, 306–308, 310
- emotional arousal 249–250, 253, 257–258
- emotionality advantage 256, 258
- episodic memory 178, 181, 202
- error-related negativity (ERN) 184–185, 194
- event-related field 232, 244
- event-related potentials (ERPs) 10–15, 20, 22–27, 146–148, 170, 171, 184–189, 194–195, 200–201, 203, 247, 272, 274
- executive control 110, 125, 181, 183–184, 186–189, 192–193, 200, 233, 236, 240, 248
- executive function 4, 107, 119, 125, 173, 177–178, 181–182, 184–186, 188, 190–191, 193–194, 197–202, 231, 279
- explicit knowledge 95, 153
- eye-tracking 5, 7–8, 11, 15–16, 22–23, 27, 86, 92, 164, 204–226, 274–275
F
- fixation (in eye-tracking) 5, 15–16, 204–210, 213, 215, 219
- Flanker task/effect 4, 176–177, 180, 183–187, 189–194, 197, 199, 202–203
- forced-choice acceptability judgment task 3, 64, 72
- foreign language effect261
- formant frequencies47
- form-meaning mapping 3, 82–83, 85–86, 88–89
- functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) 5, 227, 237, 245, 278
G
- gamma band 232, 234–235
- garden-path sentences 171, 213, 225
- gaze (in eye-tracking) 15, 17, 73, 81, 115, 204, 206, 209, 214, 222, 279
- gestural
- coordination294
- overlap294
- score283
- go-no-go task 176, 180, 185–187, 191, 194
- grammatical
- gender 11, 13–16, 22–25, 27, 42, 52, 86, 153, 207, 213, 215, 225
- violations 249, 265, 272
- grammaticality judgment task 3, 113, 153, 157
H
- habituation274
- heart rate 5, 249–250, 254–280
- heritage bilinguals/learners/speakers 20, 21, 24–25, 33, 37, 44, 106, 151, 153, 160, 171, 215, 223, 258, 287–288, 302
- heterogeneity 17, 35, 152, 259
- hippocampus 192, 231, 236, 242
I
- identity 53, 70–72, 143, 235
- idioms 210, 215–216, 218–219, 223, 226
- implicit knowledge 125, 154
- incremental masked priming 130, 142
- incremental processing 158, 169
- individual differences 11, 14, 24, 26–27, 76, 108–109, 115, 144, 168, 170, 189, 205, 223, 244, 266, 278
- inferior frontal gyrus 181, 189, 235, 237, 241–242
- inferior parietal lobule 189, 233, 242, 244
- inhibitory control 175, 178–179, 181–182, 186, 190, 197, 201
- input 9, 16–17, 24, 41, 48, 55, 62–63, 68, 70, 75, 84, 104, 112, 114, 116, 120–121, 125, 153, 169, 204, 210–211, 213–214, 216–217, 219–220, 222, 225, 229, 272, 285, 296
- interactional context 13, 23–24, 188–190, 200
- interference suppression 183, 187, 191, 197, 201
- inter-gestural timing292
- interlanguage 3, 35, 39, 46–47, 54, 75, 77, 82–83, 85
- interlingual homophones 134–136, 146
- interpreting 24, 26, 84, 91, 109, 151, 173, 262–263, 266–267, 274, 276–279
- inter-stimulus interval139
K
- keystroke logging 5, 221–223
L
- LAN (left anterior negativity) 3, 5, 9, 13, 15, 21, 29, 36–37, 40, 48, 56, 95, 103, 105, 108–109, 118, 120–121, 123, 134, 141–142, 159, 162, 165, 177, 183–184, 187, 190–191, 212, 217, 221, 240–241, 253, 285
- language
- attrition116
- comprehension 5, 15–16, 19, 27, 121, 149, 170, 172, 204, 211, 221
- control 10–11, 13, 162, 172, 178, 181, 183, 186, 192, 197, 200, 201, 236, 244
- dominance 143, 149, 166, 169
- environment 10, 275
- experience 7–9, 22, 24, 75, 77, 110, 121, 126, 147, 152, 167–168, 186, 188–191, 201, 286, 302
- exposure 106–107, 116, 120–121
- mode 42, 145
- production 11, 84, 100–102, 104, 149, 212, 219, 221–222, 231, 236, 251, 306
- shift119
- switching 5, 11, 22–23, 76, 100, 153, 162, 185, 188, 200–201, 233, 235, 244–245, 248
- letter span task175
- lexical
- access 4, 67–68, 70–71, 75–76, 78–79, 100, 115, 125, 132, 134, 145, 236, 308
- competition 131, 223
- decision task 3, 56, 68–72, 75, 115–116, 129–130, 133–139, 146–150
- encoding 76, 78
- organization144
- processing 73, 75, 166, 223, 234
- recognition (see “word recognition”)
- representation 17, 59, 69–70, 75–76, 78–79, 116, 133, 144
- lexicon 3, 4, 24, 57, 62, 67–72, 74–79, 115–116, 121, 124, 133, 145, 148, 223–224, 245, 278
- lexico-semantics 100, 149, 200, 234, 240
- literacy 15, 17–19, 24–25, 27, 34, 44, 108–109, 125, 168, 213, 244
- longitudinal (research design) 40, 51, 189, 236, 245
- lying 88, 98, 259–260, 274
M
- magnetoencephalography (MEG) 5, 11, 182, 198, 227–229, 231–233, 245–248
- masked priming (see “priming”)
- maze task 4, 151, 164–167, 170, 172
- mega-study approach142
- mental lexicon (see “lexicon”)
- metalinguistic awareness 65, 108
- minimal pairs 72–73
- minority language 48, 153
- mismatch negativity (MMN)235
- mixed-effects analyses 28, 41–42, 54
- moral dilemmas 249, 261
- morphosyntactic processing 10, 15, 23, 27, 213
- morphosyntax 215, 233, 235–236, 245
- multimodal 44–45, 49, 51, 220, 225, 269, 274, 302
- multiword sequences 210, 216, 218–219, 222, 226
N
- N2 119, 184–186, 189, 194, 200
- N400 12, 26, 131, 137, 140, 143, 244
- nasal airflow287
- nasalization 281–282, 284, 286, 288, 301–302, 310
- nasometry 286–287
- neural oscillations 232, 248
- neural plasticity (see “plasticity”)
- neuroimaging 1, 5, 11, 131, 186, 195–199, 201, 227–228, 240, 243, 247–248, 270, 274
- non-linguistic tasks 173, 190, 197, 243
- non-local agreement155
- novel word learning 3, 56, 72–73
O
- offline measures 3, 104–105, 110, 113
- online measures6
- orthographic
- activation136
- influence134
- priming 132–134, 143–145, 149
- output 104, 112, 194–195, 208, 211, 222, 230, 281–282
P
- P3 184–185, 189, 194, 200
- P600 13–15, 26
- Palenquero 17–18
- parasympathetic nervous system 264–265
- perceptual
- assimilation 75, 282
- sensitivity78
- performance 9, 12, 21–22, 51, 73, 75, 78–79, 101, 112, 116, 118–120, 124, 126, 143, 149, 168, 170, 172, 175, 177, 179, 183–186, 190–191, 193–195, 201, 214, 238, 257, 267, 269, 279
- phenotype 8–9, 23
- phoneme 46–47, 58, 60, 69, 71, 74, 77, 79, 82, 135, 222
- phonetic
- categories 60, 66, 75–76, 79, 212, 223
- categorization 2, 56, 78
- cues 16, 26
- variation 24, 46, 48
- phonological
- awareness 65, 77
- categories 60, 78, 302
- contrast78
- priming 134–136, 143–149, 212
- processing 74, 78, 231
- representation 3, 56, 59, 69, 146–147, 150
- phonotactics285
- picture naming (task) 2, 60, 73, 145, 238
- plasticity 5, 78–79, 202, 244–245, 247–248
- polygraph 259–260
- positron emission tomography (PET) 5, 227–231, 244–248
- power analysis 99, 169–170, 167
- prediction costs14
- prefrontal cortex 2, 7
- preregistration171
- priming (paradigm) 1, 3–4, 56, 70–72, 79, 127–150, 193, 212–213
- processing difficulty 163, 165–166, 169, 206
- production (see “language production”)
- proficiency 1, 3, 26, 33, 42, 47, 70, 76, 102–126, 133, 135–137, 139, 141–144, 146–149, 159–160, 163, 177, 185, 188–190, 201, 217–218, 223, 227, 230, 233–236, 240–241, 244, 246–248, 253, 256, 258, 260, 272, 286, 298
- pronunciation 49, 51, 56, 59, 76, 108, 135, 296, 298, 302–306, 308–310
- pupil dilation 15, 20, 27
- pupillometry 7–8, 11, 19–22, 25
- putamen230
R
- reaction time 1, 4, 79, 86, 116, 122–123, 128, 148, 151–152, 176, 179–183, 186, 195, 197, 200, 202, 236
- reading
- comprehension 101, 126, 213–214, 224–225
- fluency 120, 217
- times 4, 18, 96, 151, 159–160, 162, 164, 168, 206, 217–221, 228
- while-listening 204, 211–212, 219, 223
- real-time processing 24–25
- regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) 227, 229–230
- region of interest (ROI) 196, 189, 205–211, 216, 220–221, 232, 245
- regressions (in eye-tracking) 2, 28, 30, 36, 40–42, 52, 54, 104, 119, 164, 171, 191, 206–207, 213
- relative clauses 165, 216, 156, 161, 165, 168, 172, 216
- reliability 38, 105, 111, 113, 120, 168, 228–229, 248
- response dominance 13–14
- response inhibition 119, 176, 180, 183–184, 186, 191, 194, 197, 201, 235
S
- saccades (in eye-tracking) 205–207, 213, 224
- sampling rate 208–209
- self-paced reading 4, 151–152, 154–155, 158–164, 166, 168–172
- semantic integration12
- Shallow Structure Hypothesis 152, 155, 160, 170
- Simon task/effect 178–180, 182, 184–185, 193, 195, 198, 203
- skin conductance response (SCR) 249, 251–257, 260, 262, 269–270, 275, 277, 279
- socioeconomic status 17, 19, 27, 174, 201
- sociolinguistic context/perspectives 20–21, 31–33, 40, 44–45, 47, 52, 54, 93, 109, 117
- spatial resolution 11, 184, 229, 298
- spillover effects 4, 151, 163, 166
- stereotaxic space 243–244
- stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) 128–130, 137, 142, 149, 150
- stress 58, 66–67, 76, 78, 250–251, 260, 262–263, 266–268, 271, 273–275, 277–279
- Stroop task/effect 4, 175, 197, 203, 256, 275
- sympathetic nervous system 250, 264, 265
- syntactic ambiguity 160, 165, 172, 213
- syntactic dependencies 155, 165, 170
T
- taboo words 252–254, 256–259, 274–276
- task
- demands 13, 17, 96, 114, 116, 135, 193–194, 199
- dynamics283
- effects 146, 159, 168
- switching 11, 26
- temporal delay hypothesis142
- temporal organization301
- temporal resolution 11, 184, 239, 272
- textual enhancement219
- theta band 182, 189, 232, 234–236
- third language acquisition 156, 171
- top-down processing163
- translation ambiguity 142, 148–149
- triangulation 57, 74, 267
- typological distance241
U
- ultrasound 6, 281–282, 286, 291, 295–310
- Unified Bilingual Experience Trajectory (UBET) 188–189, 192–194, 199
- usage-based approaches 28–29, 49–50, 54–55, 192
V
- validity 2, 8, 10–12, 14–15, 18–20, 22, 37–38, 57, 111, 126, 228, 268, 273
- variability 4–11, 13–15, 20, 24–26, 43, 47, 54–55, 89, 91, 110, 112, 117, 121, 146, 174, 190–191, 200, 203, 210, 249, 255, 264–269, 271, 273–277, 279–280, 285, 310
- variationist approaches 2, 10, 14, 26, 28, 30, 34–36, 40, 44
- Visual World Paradigm 16–17, 20, 23, 205–206, 224
- vocabulary learning 3, 56, 72–73, 78–79, 215, 217–218, 225–226, 266, 270, 276
- vocal tract 281–283, 301
- voice onset time (VOT) 16, 47, 59, 74, 78
- voicing contrasts 59, 62, 77, 283
- voxel239
W
- WEIRD populations 15, 17
- word learning (see “vocabulary learning”)
- word recognition 4–5, 25, 67–69, 72–73, 78–80, 115–116, 129, 131–134, 136–138, 140, 143–145, 147–149, 212, 223, 226, 238, 247
- working memory 63, 162, 170, 175, 178–179, 189–191, 246, 275
- writing systems 139, 227, 241–242, 247
