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In:Quantitative Methods in Multilingual Acquisition and Processing
Edited by Gabrielle Klassen and John W. Schwieter
[Research Methods in Applied Linguistics 16] 2026
► pp. 249–280

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Chapter 12
Electrodermal activity and heart rate as windows into language processing

Published online: 26 March 2026
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https://doi.org/10.1075/rmal.16.12cal
Abstract
Starting in the 20th century, theorists interested in mind-body relationships sought to understand the physiology underlying emotional arousal. Humans react in response to emotional stimuli, attentional demands, and cognitive load, the human autonomic nervous system prepares the body for decision-making to take action against threats and meet survival and goal-appropriate needs. Can measures of autonomic system reactivity be used to illuminate language processing? What practical and theoretical questions can these methods illuminate in applied linguistics? The chapter summarizes how theorists conceptualize the connection between physiological reactions and humans’ emotional responses, with explanations and examples drawn from research on the cardiac (heart rate and heart rate variability) and the electrodermal systems (skin conductance responses). The first system reviewed is the electrodermal system, which means “sweaty palms.” Skin conductance responses occur as part of readying the body for fight-or-flight. Sweaty palms and fingertips have historically been used to index emotional reactivity. In the language processing domain, this most obviously applies to highly emotional language, such as swear words. A pertinent research topic is that bilingual speakers manifest a decreased skin conductance response when hearing emotional phrases in their less proficient language. “Emotional blunting” in a non-proficient language can also influence decision-making when reading moral dilemmas. The chapter then reviews the cardiac system. Heart rate speeds up during stressful periods and slows during focused cognitive engagement as part of allocating resources away from energetic action and towards mental activity. Pertinent research for language researchers is reviewed, such as the finding that heart-rate variability is sensitive to grammatical violations. The final section reviews the results of technological developments that have led to wearables such as watches and headbands. These allow researchers to collect physiological data while people actively engage in tasks, including those of everyday life. This new technology opens the door to innovative applications in language processing research. The advantages and challenges of these methodologies are reviewed.
Article outline
  • 12.1Introduction
  • 12.2Using electrodermal activity to study language processing
    • 12.2.1Understanding the autonomic nervous system: The engine of arousal
    • 12.2.2Measuring foreign language anxiety
    • 12.2.3Measuring emotional resonances during language processing
      • 12.2.3.1How electrodermal activity varies for bilingual’s L1 vs. LX language use
      • 12.2.3.2How emotional arousal differs depending on proficiency
      • 12.2.3.3Lying in a less proficient language
      • 12.2.3.4Emotion and effort when reasoning about moral dilemmas
    • 12.2.4Analyzing electrodermal activity during simultaneous interpreting
  • 12.3Using the cardiovascular system to inform research questions
    • 12.3.1Heart rate
    • 12.3.2Heart rate variability
    • 12.3.3Using heart rate to measure cognitive effort
    • 12.3.4Using heart rate to assess emotion, effort, and stress
      during language processing
    • 12.3.5Heart rate variability is sensitive to emotion and cognition
  • 12.4How consumer wearable technologies help researchers
  • 12.5Advantages and challenges of physiological measures
    • 12.5.1Advantages
      • 12.5.1.1Low cost
      • 12.5.1.2Methodology is relatively easy
    • 12.5.2Challenges
      • 12.5.2.1Measures of arousal are nonspecific
      • 12.5.2.2Temporal resolution
  • 12.6Future research
    • 12.6.1Studying larger language narratives and longer-duration experiences
    • 12.6.2Studying language in the real world
  • 12.7Conclusion
  • Note
  • References
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