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In:Digital and Internet-Based Research Methods in Applied Linguistics
Edited by Matt Kessler
[Research Methods in Applied Linguistics 15] 2026
► pp. 194–218

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Chapter 10
Online surveys

 | Georgia State University
 | University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
Published online: 5 January 2026
DOI logo with link
https://doi.org/10.1075/rmal.15.10bur
Abstract
This chapter explores the use of online surveys and questionnaires as one of the most frequent and versatile methods of data collection in applied linguistics research. It describes their multifaceted applications to study phenomena ranging from language attitudes to the measurement of language proficiency. The chapter emphasizes strategic design considerations and implementation procedures, highlighting best practices and common pitfalls in the construction of surveys and analysis of survey data. Additionally, the chapter examines important challenges associated with surveys, such as participant recruitment, data integrity, and ethics, making recommendations and highlighting important future directions in research on this method. By drawing from contemporary literature and studies with an exemplary use of online surveys in diverse contexts, this chapter will equip researchers and practitioners in applied linguistics with valuable knowledge to craft effective, meaningful, and ethically responsible online surveys and questionnaires.
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
  • 2.Frequently asked research questions
  • 3.Implementation
    • Step 1: Understand the research goals and survey purpose
    • Step 2: Write the items to be included in your survey
    • Step 3: Design the layout and overall questionnaire
    • Step 4: Conduct a pilot of the survey
    • Step 5: Finalize and administer the survey
      • Sampling
      • Increase completion rate
      • Survey data analysis
  • 4.Example studies
    • Li et al. (2020)
    • Constantine et al. (2022)
    • Van Gorp et al. (2024)
    • Ma and Winke (2019)
    • Arndt (2023)
  • 5.Ethics and research integrity considerations
  • 6.Challenges and issues
  • 7.Future research directions
  • References
References (64)
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