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In:Research Methods in Complex Dynamic Systems Theory Approaches to Second Language Development
Edited by Wander Lowie, Rosmawati and Vanessa De Wilde
[Research Methods in Applied Linguistics 14] 2025
► pp. 121–142

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Chapter 7
Applying retrodictive qualitative modeling to activity theory

A case of study abroad research

 | Temple University, Japan campus
 | Universidad Andrés Bello
Published online: 11 September 2025
DOI logo with link
https://doi.org/10.1075/rmal.14.07oki
Abstract
This chapter reports how retrodictive qualitative modeling (RQM), a research approach compatible with Complex Dynamic Systems Theory (CDST), can address methodological challenges in studying long-term second language (L2) learning. RQM’s three-step process — identifying outcome archetypes, conducting retrospective interviews, and tracing dynamic pathways — was applied in a longitudinal study of Japanese study abroad (SA) participants. Grounded Theory (GT) and activity theory (AT) frameworks were used to develop coding schemes and visualization of system dynamics. The chapter highlights RQM’s affordances for modeling complex learner trajectories and socio-contextual influences over time. It also discusses limitations and ethical considerations encountered during the study and offers guidance for researchers seeking to apply RQM, as well as for those designing longitudinal or mixed-methods studies grounded in CDST.
Article outline
  • Introduction
  • Retrodictive Qualitative Modelling (RQM)
  • The empirical study
    • Context and participants
    • Datasets
    • Data analysis
    • Summary of findings
    • The dedicated learner
    • The signature dynamics of the dedicated learner
  • Affordances and limitations of RQM
    • Ethical considerations
  • Implications for RQM in future research
  • Conclusion
  • References
References (31)
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