Cover not available

Article published In: Revista Española de Lingüística Aplicada/Spanish Journal of Applied Linguistics
Vol. 29:1 (2016) ► pp.1–29

Get fulltext from our e-platform
JBE logo with link
PDF logo with download linkDownload PDF
authorization required

“Well, I think that my argument is…,” or modality in a learner corpus of English

 | Universidad de Granada
Published online: 30 August 2016
DOI logo with link
https://doi.org/10.1075/resla.29.1.01bar
Linguistic modality is the expression of the speaker’s subjectivity including possibility, probability, necessity, obligation, permission, prohibition, and desire. This paper analyses a learner English corpus collected at two Spanish universities, paying special attention to which linguistic devices (e.g., modal verbs, adjectives, adverbs or nouns) English as a Foreign Language (EFL) students make use of when providing for and against arguments in their assignments. Applying a corpus-based methodology not only enabled comparisons to be made with other native and non-native data but also facilitated both quantitative and qualitative analyses. The findings show remarkable similarities and differences, and leave several issues at stake: the relationship between the degree of assertiveness of a text and (1) the student’s gender, (2) their command of the Foreign Language (FL), and (3) their familiarity with the genre they are expected to write in.
References (139)
Abraham, W. (2012). Modality and theory of mind elements across languages. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Aijmer, K. (1980). Evidence and the declarative sentence. Stockholm: Almqvist and Wiksell. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. (2002). Modality in advanced Swedish learners’ written interlanguage. In S. Granger, J. Hung, & S. Petch-Tyson (Eds.), Computer learner corpora, second language acquisition and foreign language teaching (pp. 55–76). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Aikhenvald, A.Y., & Dixon, R.M.W. (2003). Studies in evidentiality. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Aliakbari, M., & Hayatzadeh, A. (2008). Variation of language strategies among Iranian English students: The effect of gender. International Journal of Pedagogies and Learning, 4(3), 72–87. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Allison, D. (1995). Modifying meanings: Modality and argumentation in students’ written answers to a legal problem. Hong Kong Papers in Linguistics and Language Teaching, 181, 59–72.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Al-Sharafi, A.G. (2014). Modality in Arab EFL students’ academic writing: Implications for policy, practice, and research. In K.M. Damerow & R.M. Bailey (Eds.), Teaching and learning English in the Arabic-speaking world (pp. 14–31). New York: Routledge.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Amanatullah, E., & Morris, M.W. (2010). Negotiating gender roles: Gender differences in assertive negotiating are mediated by women’s fear of backlash and attenuated when negotiating on behalf of others. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98(2), 256–267. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Arregui, A. (2011). Counterfactual-style revisions in the semantics of deontic modals. Journal of Semantics, 28(2), 171–210. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Baker, P. (2008). Sexed texts: Language, gender and sexuality. London: Equinox.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. (2014). Using corpora to analyze gender. London: Bloomsbury.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bartens, H. (1999). Dynamic modality in Mari. Linguistica Uralica, 35(1), 22–34.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Biber, D., Johansson, S., Leech, G., Conrad, S., & Finegan, E. (1999). Longman grammar of spoken and written English. London: Longman.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bijari, J., Mehrdad, A.G., & Karimi, L. (2014). A corpus based study of the relationship among the Iranian EFL students’ gender, language proficiency, and cross-cultural knowledge of apologizing and requesting. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 4(9), 1954–1960. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Boye, K. (2010). Semantic maps and the identification of cross-linguistic generic categories: Evidentiality and its relation to epistemic modality. Linguistic Discovery, 8(1), 4–22. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Boye, K., & Harder, P. (2009). Evidentiality: Linguistic categories and grammaticalization. Functions of Language, 16(1), 9–43. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Butler, J. (1990). Gender trouble: Feminism and the subversion of identity. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bybee, J., Perkins, R., & Pagliuca, W. (1994). Mood and modality. In The evolution of grammar: Tense, aspect, and modality in the languages of the world (pp. 176–242). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Cameron, D. (1998). Gender, language, and discourse: A review essay. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 23(4), 945–973. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. (2007). Unanswered questions and unquestioned assumptions in the study of language and gender: Female verbal superiority. Gender and Language, 1(1), 15–25. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. (2010). Sex/gender, language and the new biologism. Applied Linguistics, 31(2), 173–192. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Cariani, F., Kaufmann, M., & Kaufmann, S. (2013). Deliberative modality under epistemic uncertainty. Linguistics and Philosophy, 36(3), 225–259. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Carli, L. (2002). Assertiveness. In J. Worrell (Ed.), Encyclopedia of women and gender: Sex similarities and differences and the impact of society on gender, Vol. 11 (pp. 157–168). London: Academic Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Charlebois, J. (2011). Gender and the construction of hegemonic and oppositional femininities. Blue Ridge Summit, PA: Lexington.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Chen, H.I. (2010). Contrastive learner corpus analysis of epistemic modality and interlanguage pragmatic competence in L2 writing. Arizona Working Papers in SLA and Teaching, 171, 27–51.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Chen, Z. (2012). Expression of epistemic stance in EFL Chinese university students’ writing. English Language Teaching, 5(10), 173–179. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Chilton, P. (2011). Language structure and geometry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Coates, J. (1983). The semantics of the modal auxiliaries. London: Croom Helm.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. (1986). Women, men and language: A sociolinguistic account of gender differences in language. London: Longman.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Coates, J., & Cameron, D. (Eds.). (1988). Women in their speech communities. London: Longman.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Collentine, J.G. (1995). The development of complex syntax and mood-selection abilities by intermediate-level learners of Spanish author(s). Hispania, 78(1), 122–135. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. (2010). The acquisition and teaching of the Spanish subjunctive: An update on current findings. Hispania, 93(1), 39–51.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Collins, P., Salkie, B., van der Auwera, R., & Pierre, J. (2010). Modality in English: Theory and description. English Language and Linguistics, 14(3), 507–511. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Crawford, M. (1995). Talking difference: On gender and language. London: Sage.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Crismore, A., Markkanen, R., & Seffensen, M.S. (1993). Metadiscourse in persuasive writing: A study of texts written by American and Finnish university students. Written Communication, 10(1), 39–71. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Croft, R., Boddy, C., & Pentucci, C. (2007). Say what you mean, mean what you say: An ethnographic approach to male and female conversations. International Journal of Market Research, 49(6), 715–734. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Davies, M. (2004). BYU-BNC: The British National Corpus. [URL]Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Depraetere, I., & Reed, S. (2011). Towards a more explicit taxonomy of root possibility. English Language and Linguistics, 15(1), 1–29. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Díaz-Negrillo, A. (2007). A fine-grained error tagger for learner corpora. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Jaén.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Easteal, P., Bartels, L., & Bradford, S. (2012). Language, gender and ‘reality’: Violence against women. International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice, 40(4), 324–337. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Eggins, S. (2004). An introduction to systemic functional linguistics. London: Pinter.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Ellis, R., & Barkhuizen, G. (2005). Analysing learner language. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Elorza, I. (2007). A corpus-based study of the priming of but in comment articles in English. Retrieved January 30, 2012, from [URL].
Facchinetti, R., Krugg, M., & Palmer, F.R. (Eds.). (2003). Modality in contemporary English. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Florian, V., & Zernitsky-Shurka, E. (1987). The effect of culture and gender on self-reported assertive behavior. International Journal of Psychology, 22(1), 83–95. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Fox, A.B., Bukatko, D., Hallahan, M., & Crawford, M. (2007). The medium makes a difference. Gender similarities and differences in instant messaging. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 26(4), 389–397. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Gabrielatos, C. (2010). A corpus-based examination of English if-conditionals through the lens of modality: Nature and types. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Lancaster.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Gabrielatos, C., & McEnery, T. (2005). Epistemic modality in MA dissertations. In P.A. Fuertes Olivera (Ed.), Lengua y sociedad: Investigaciones recientes en lingüística aplicada. Lingüística y filología, 611 (pp. 311–331). Valladolid: University of Valladolid.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Gibbs, D.A. (1990). Second language acquisition of the English modal auxiliaries can, could, may, and might . Applied Linguistics, 11(3), 297–314. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Gisborne, N. (2007). Dynamic modality. SKASE Journal of Theoretical Linguistics, 4(2), 44–61.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Gilquin, G., & Paquot, M. (2008). Too chatty: Learner academic writing and register variation. English Text Construction, 1(1), 41–61. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Goga-Vigaru, R. (2012). A corpus-based analysis of deontic and epistemic values of the modal shall in legal texts. Contemporary Readings in Law and Social Justice, 4(2), 752–763.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Granger, S., Dagneaux, E., & Meunier, F. (Eds.). (2002). International corpus of learner English. Louvain-la-Neuve: UCL Presses Universitaires.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Gudmestad, A. (2012) Acquiring a variable structure: An interlanguage analysis of second-language mood use in Spanish. Language Learning, 621, 373–402. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Halliday, M.A.K. (1985). An introduction to functional grammar. London: Edward Arnold.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Halliday, M.A.K., & Matthiessen, C.M.I.M. (2013). An introduction to functional grammar (4th ed.). Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Haan, F. de. (2001). The relation between modality and evidentiality. Linguistische Berichte, 91, 201–216.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Hansen, B., & Haan, F. de. (Eds.). (2009). Modals in the languages of Europe. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Hart, D. (Ed.). (2003). English modality in context: Diachronic perspectives. Bern: Peter Lang.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Harwood, N. (2005). What do we want EAP teaching materials for? Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 41, 149–161. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Hermerén, L. (1978). On modality in English: A study of the semantics of the modals. Lund: CWK Gleerup.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Holmes, J. (1995). Women, men and politeness. London/New York: Longman.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. (2009). Discourse and politeness: Ambivalent face in Japanese. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 13(2), 279–282. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Holmes, J., & Marra, M. (2011). Leadership discourse in a Maori workplace: Negotiating gender, ethnicity and leadership at work. Gender and Language, 5(2), 317–342. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Holmes, J., Marsden, S., & Marra, M. (2013). Doing listenership: One aspect of sociopragmatic competence at work. Pragmatics and Society, 4(1), 26–53. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Holmes, J., & Schnurr, S. (2006). ‘Doing femininity’ at work: More than just relational practice. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 10(1), 31–51. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Hyland, K., & Milton, J. (1997). Qualification and certainty in L1 and L2 students’ writing. Journal of Second Language Writing, 6(2), 183–205. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Huddleston, R.D., & Pullum, G.K. (2002). The Cambridge grammar of the English language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Hunston, S. (1989). Evaluation in experimental research articles. Unpublished PhD Thesis, University of Birmingham, Retrieved March 25, 2012, from [URL].Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Iatridou, S., & Zeijlstra, H. (2013). Negation, polarity, and deontic modals. Linguistic Inquiry, 44(4), 529–568. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Jacobs, R.A. (1995). English syntax: A grammar for English language professionals. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Jespersen, O. (1922). Language: Its nature, development and origin. London: George Allen and Unwin.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Jiménez Catalán, R.M. (Ed.). (2010). Gender perspectives on vocabulary in foreign and second languages. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Jinyu, D. (2014). Study on gender differences in language under the sociolinguistics. Canadian Social Science, 10(3), 92–96.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Kader, M.I.B.A., Begi, N., & Vaseghi, R. (2013). A corpus-based study of Malaysian ESL learners’ use of modals in argumentative compositions. English Language Teaching, 6(9), 146–157.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Kärkkäinen, E. (1992). Modality as a strategy in interaction: Epistemic modality in the language of native and non-native speakers of English. Pragmatics and Language Learning, 31, 197–216.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Kiefer, F. (1994). Modality. In R.E. Asher (Ed.), The encyclopaedia of language and linguistics (pp. 2515–2520). Oxford: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Kirkham, S. (2011). Personal style and epistemic stance in classroom discussion. Language and Literature, 20(3), 207–217. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Kosur, H.M. (2010). In pursuit of a description of modality: A comprehensive review of linguistic modality. Retrieved December 5, 2010, from [URL].Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Lakoff, R. (1975). Language and woman’s place. New York: Harper and Row.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Lazar, M.M. (Ed.). (2005). Feminist critical discourse analysis: Gender, power and ideology in discourse. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Lee, J.F. (1987). Morphological factors influencing pronominal reference assignment by learners of Spanish. In T. Morgan, J.F. Lee, & B. VanPatten (Eds.), Language and language use: Studies in Spanish (pp. 221–232). Lanham, MD: University Press of America.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Litosseliti, L., & Sunderland, J. (Eds.). (2002). Gender identity and discourse analysis. Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Lyons, J. (1977). Semantics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Maltz, D.N., & Borker, R.A. (1982). A cultural approach to male‑female miscommunication. In J.J. Gumperz (Ed.), Language and social identity (pp. 196‑216). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Marín Arrese, J.I. (Ed.). (2004). Perspectives on evidentiality and modality. Madrid: Editorial Complutense.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
McConnell-Ginet, S. (2011). Gender, sexuality, and meaning: Linguistic practice and politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
McElhinny, B.S. (2008). Words, worlds, and material girls: Language, gender, globalization. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
McEnery, T., & Kifle, N.A. (2002). Epistemic modality in argumentative essays of second-language writers. In J. Flowerdew (Ed.), Academic discourse (pp. 182–195). Harlow: Longman.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Mills, S. (2012). Gender matters: Feminist linguistic analysis. London: Equinox.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Mondorf, B. (2011). Gender differences in English syntax. Munich: Walter de Gruyter.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Mukundan, J., Saadullah, K.A.B., Ismail, R.B., & Zasenawi, N.H.B.J. (2013). Malaysian ESL students’ syntactic accuracy in the usage of English modal verbs in argumentative writing. English Language Teaching, 6(12), 98–105. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. (2011). Gender identities and discourse. In G. Andersen & K. Aijmer (Eds.), Pragmatics of society (pp. 53–77). Berlin/Boston: Walter de Gruyter. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Nordström, J. (2010). Modality and subordinators. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Oh, S.Y., & Kang, S.Y. (2013). The effect of English proficiency on Korean undergraduates’ expression of epistemic modality in English argumentative writing. The Journal of Asia TEFL, 10(4), 97–132.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Palmer, F.R. (1986). Mood and modality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Peck, J.J. (2006). Women and promotion: The influence of communication style. In M. Barrett & M. Davidson (Eds.), Gender and communication at work (pp. 50–68). Aldershot, Hampshire: Ashgate.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Preisler, B. (1986). Linguistic sex roles in conversation: Social variation in the expression of tentativeness in English. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Rayson, P., & Garside, R. (2000). Comparing corpora using frequency profiling. Retrieved July 15, 2012 from [URL].
Recsky, L. (2006). Epistemic modality and spoken discourse: An English-Portuguese cross-linguistic investigation. Linguagem and Ensino, 9(1), 159–185.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Rett, J., & Hyams, N. (2014). The acquisition of syntactically encoded evidentiality. Language Acquisition, 21(2), 173–198. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Rocci, A. (2009). Modalities as indicators in argumentative reconstruction. In F.H. van Eemeren & B. Garssen (Eds.), Pondering on problems of argumentation (pp. 207–228). Dordrecht: Springer. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Rodríguez Louro, C., & Harris, T. (2013). Evolution with an attitude: The grammaticalisation of epistemic/evidential verbs in Australian English. English Language and Linguistics, 17(3), 415–443. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Roth, S.S. (2014). Power, politics, and gender-related epistemic modality in interview discourse. Retrieved June 30, 2014, from [URL].
Salazar, D., & Verdaguer, I. (2009). Polysemous verbs and modality in native and non-native argumentative writing: A corpus-based study. International Journal of English Studies, Special Issue, 209–219.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Salkie, R., Busuttil, P., & van der Auwera, J. (Eds.). (2009). Modality in English: Theory and description. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Sánchez M.J., & Alonso, P. (2010). Effect of an expert and contextual instruction of modals on learning. RESLA, 231, 267–280.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Saussure, L. de, Moeschler, J., & Puskás, G. (Eds.). (2007). Recent advances in the syntax and semantics of tense, aspect and modality. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Scott, M. (1999). Wordsmith Tools 3.0. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Simon-Vandenbergen, A.M., & Aijmer, K. (2007). The semantic field of modal certainty: A corpus-based study of English adverbs. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Snitz, B.E., Unverzagt, F.W., Chang, C.H., Bilt, J.V., Gao, S., Saxton, J., Hall, K.S., & Ganguli, M. (2009). Effects of age, gender, education and race on two tests of language ability in community-based older adults. International Psychogeriatrics, 21(6), 1051–1062. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Soufleros, E. (2010). Theories of second/foreign language learning/acquisition. Patterns of modality in argumentative essays by L1 Greek and L1 Spanish advanced EFL learners. Retrieved March 14, 2012, from [URL].Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Talmy, L. (2000). Force dynamics in language and cognition. In Toward a cognitive semantics, Vol. 11 (pp. 409–470). Boston, MA: The MIT Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Tannen, D. (1990). You just don’t understand. New York: Harper Collins.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. (1996). Gender in research on language: Researching gender-related patterns in classroom discourse. TESOL Quarterly, 30(2), 341–344. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Thompson, G. (2004). Introducing functional grammar (3rd ed.). London: Arnold.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Thompson, P. (2002). Modal verbs in academic writing. In B. Kettemann & G. Marko (Eds.), Teaching and learning by doing corpus analysis (pp. 305–325). Amsterdam: Rodopi. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Toulmin, S.E. [1958] (2003). The uses of argument. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Traugott, E.C. (2011). Modality from a historical perspective. Language and Linguistics Compass, 5(6), 381–396. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
van der Auwera, J., & Salkie, R. (2009). Modality in English: Theory and description. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
van Linden, A. (2012). Modal adjectives: English deontic and evaluative constructions in synchrony and diachrony. Berlin/Boston: Walter de Gruyter. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Vold, E.T. (2006). Epistemic modality markers in research articles: A cross-linguistic and cross-disciplinary study. International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 16(1), 61–87. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Weatherall, A. (2002). Gender, language and discourse. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
West, C., & Zimmerman, D.H. (1983). Small insults: A study of interruptions in conversations between unacquainted persons. In B. Thorne, C. Kramarae, & N. Henley (Eds.), Language, gender and society (pp. 102–117). Rowley, MA: Newbury House.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Whitt, R.J. (2009). Auditory evidentiality in English and German: The case of perception verbs. Lingua, 119(7), 1083–1095. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Williams, C., & Dellinger, K. (2010). Gender and sexuality in the workplace. Bradford: Emerald. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Wright, G.H. von. (1951). An essay in modal logic. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Yong, F.L. (2010). A study on the assertiveness and academic procrastination of English and communication students at a private university. American Journal of Scientific Research, 91, 62–72.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Zamorano-Mansilla, J.R., & Carretero, M. (2010). An annotation scheme for dynamic modality in English and Spanish. Linguistics and the Human Sciences, 6(1-3), 297–320.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Zhao, T., & Intaraprasert, C. (2013). Use of communication strategies by tourism-oriented EFL learners in relation to gender and perceived language ability. English Language Teaching, 6(7), 46–59. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Cited by (7)

Cited by seven other publications

Hui Lin, Teh, Lee Geok Imm, Vahid Nimehchisalem & Ain Nadzimah Abdullah
2025. PATTERNS OF GRAMMATICAL STRUCTURES OF STANCE IN ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAYS BY L2 MALAYSIAN UNDERGRADUATES. Journal of Language and Communication 12:1 ► pp. 125 ff. DOI logo
Ortega-Robles, Carmen & Encarnación Hidalgo-Tenorio
2025. They really, really, really don’t like to admit they made mistakes: A critical discourse analysis of appraisal in wrongful convictions. Language and Cognition 17 DOI logo
Pyykönen, Maria
2023. Exploring patterns of lexical variation in the use of epistemic stance markers in written L2 English across task types and levels of proficiency. International Journal of Learner Corpus Research 9:2 ► pp. 215 ff. DOI logo
Wang, Weilu, Jijun Wang & Manfu Duan
2023. Corpus-Based Lexical Development of EFL Writing. In Proceedings of the 2022 International Conference on Diversified Education and Social Development (DESD 2022), ► pp. 53 ff. DOI logo
Pérez-Paredes, Pascual & María Belén Díez-Bedmar
2019. Certainty adverbs in spoken learner language. International Journal of Learner Corpus Research 5:2 ► pp. 253 ff. DOI logo
Işık-Taş, Elvan Eda
2018. Nominal stance construction in IELTS tests. Journal of English for Academic Purposes 34 ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
Kecskes, Istvan & Monika Kirner-Ludwig
2017. “It Would Never Happen in My Country I Must Say”: A Corpus-Pragmatic Study on Asian English Learners’ Preferred Uses of Must and Should. Corpus Pragmatics 1:2 ► pp. 91 ff. DOI logo

This list is based on CrossRef data as of 30 november 2025. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.

Mobile Menu Logo with link to supplementary files background Layer 1 prag Twitter_Logo_Blue