Article published In: Pragmatics of Active Social Inclusion
Edited by Yoshiko Matsumoto and Heidi E. Hamilton
[Pragmatics and Society 15:1] 2024
► pp. 49–66
Code accommodation as a measure of inclusion for bilingual people living with dementia of the Alzheimer’s type
A case study
Available under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) 4.0 license.
For any use beyond this license, please contact the publisher at rights@benjamins.nl.
Open Access publication of this article was funded through a Transformative Agreement with Utrecht University.
Published online: 22 December 2023
https://doi.org/10.1075/ps.23042.sch
https://doi.org/10.1075/ps.23042.sch
Abstract
This case study explores the dynamics of code choices in interactions involving bilingual people living with
dementia of the Alzheimer’s Type (DAT) and their primary care partners, focusing on two narrative interviews held in private
settings. Drawing on a combination of Communication Accommodation Theory and Conversation Analysis, it takes account of the
patterns, communicative functions and effects of code choices and code switching as practices of interactional adjustment. The
qualitative analysis sheds light on inclusive and non-inclusive interactional adjustments expressed through code choices by
individual speakers, especially focusing on code accommodation at turn boundaries. Results indicate a high language awareness in
the two speakers living with DAT and positive communicational outcomes when code accommodation is performed by the conversational
partner.
Article outline
- 1.Introduction
- 2.Interactional adjustment in the context of dementia
- 3.Data
- 4.Analysis
- 4.1Overall code choices across conversational partners
- 4.2Non-inclusive code accommodation practices in bilingual DAT conversations
- 4.3Inclusive code accommodation practices in bilingual DAT conversations
- 5.Conclusion
- Note
References
References (26)
Baker, Rosemary, Daniel Angus, Erin R. Smith-Conway, Kathrine S. Baker, Cindy Gallois, Andrew Smith, Janet Wiles, and Helen J. Chenery. 2015. “Visualising conversations between care home staff and residents with dementia.” Ageing & Society 351: 270–297.
Davis, Boyd, and Margaret Maclagan. 2014. “Talking with Maureen: Extenders and formulaic language in small stories and canonical narratives” In Dialogue and Dementia: Cognitive and Communicative Resources for Engagement, ed. by Robert W. Schrauf, and Nicole Müller, 87–120. London/New York: Psychology Press.
de Bot, Kees, Charlotta Plejert, Hanne Gram Simonsen, Valantis Fyndanis, Pernille Hansen, Monica I. Norvik, Bente Ailin Svendsen, and Jan Svennevig. 2020. “Multilingualism and Ageing: An Overview.” Research Perspectives in Multilingualism and Second Language Acquisition 1(4): 1–98.
Dragojevic, Marko, Jessica Gasiorek, and Howard Giles. 2016. “Accommodative strategies as core of the theory.” In Communication accommodation theory: Negotiating personal relationships and social identities across contexts, ed. by Howard Giles, 36–59. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Gallois, Cindy, Anne Weatherall, and Howard Giles. 2016. “CAT and talk in action.” In Communication accommodation theory: Negotiating personal relationships and social identities across contexts, ed. by Howard Giles, 105–122. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Gasiorek, Jessica, Ann Weatherall, and Bernadette Watson. 2021. “Interactional Adjustment: Three Approaches in Language and Social Psychology.” Journal of Language and Social Psychology 40 (1): 102–119.
Gasiorek, Jessica. 2016a. “Theoretical perspectives on communication adjustment in interaction.” In Communication accommodation theory: Negotiating personal and social identities across contexts, ed. by Howard Giles, 13–35. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
. 2016b. “The “Dark Side” of CAT.” In Communication accommodation theory: Negotiating personal and social identities across contexts, ed. by Howard Giles, 85–104. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Giles, Howard (ed). 2016. Communication accommodation theory: Negotiating personal relationships and social identities across contexts. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Grosjean, François. 2021. Life as a bilingual: Knowing and using two or more languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hamilton, Heidi E. 1991. “Accommodation and mental disability”. In Contexts of Accommodation: Developments in Applied Sociolinguistics, ed. by Howard Giles, Justine Coupland, and Nikolas Coupland, 157–186. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lindholm, Camilla. 2017. “Ageing as a Swedish-speaking Finn: Positioning and language choice at a nursing home.” In Multilingual interaction and dementia, ed. by Charlotta Plejert, Camilla Lindholm, and Robert W. Schrauf, 23–51. Blue Ridge Summit, PA: Multilingual Matters.
MAXQDA, Software für qualitative Datenanalyse. 1989 – 2021. VERBI Software. Consult. Sozialforschung GmbH, Berlin, Deutschland.
Müller, Nicole. 2017. “‘Fear nó Bean, a Man or a Woman?’ Bilingual Encounters in Residential Eldercare in Ireland.” In Multilingual Interaction and Dementia, ed. by Charlotta Plejert, Camilla Lindholm, and Robert W. Schrauf, 52–73. Blue Ridge Summit, PA: Multilingual Matters.
Myers-Scotton, Carol. 2006. Multiple voices: An introduction to bilingualism. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell.
Plejert, Charlotta, Camilla Lindholm, and Robert W. Schrauf (eds). 2017. Multilingual interaction and dementia. Bristol, Blue Ridge Summit: Multilingual Matters.
Ryan, Ellen B., Mary L. Hummert, and Linda H. Boich. 1995. “Communication predicaments of aging: Patronizing behavior toward older adults.” Journal of Language and Social Psychology 141: 144–166.
Sabat, Steven R. 2001. The experience of Alzheimer’s disease: Life through a tangled veil. Oxford/ Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers.
Schneider, Carolin. 2022. “‘Te hablo en inglés?’ Code choice negotiation in caregiving with bilinguals who are living with Alzheimer’s.” In Dementia Caregiving East and West: Issues of Communication, ed. by Boyd H. Davis and Margret Maclagan, 54–69. Cambridge Scholars.
Svennevig, Jan, and Marianne Lind. 2016. “Dementia, interaction, and bilingualism: An exploratory case study.” In Helt fabelaktig! Festskrift til Hanne Gram Simonsen på 70-årsdagen, ed. by Hans-Olav Enger, Monica I. Norvik Knoph, Kristian Emil Kristoffersen, and Marianne Lind, 199–218. Oslo: Novus.
Svennevig, Jan, and Heidi E. Hamilton. 2022. “Fostering Storytelling by Persons with Dementia in Multiparty Conversation.” In Multilingualism across the Lifespan, ed. by Unn Røyneland and Robert Blackwood, 169–188. New York: Routledge.
Watson, Bernadette M., Liz Jones and David G. Hewett. 2016. “Accommodating Health.” In Communication accommodation theory: Negotiating personal and social identities across contexts, ed. by Howard Giles, 152–168. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
World Health Organization. “Dementia.” September 20, 2022. [URL]
