Article published In: The interpersonal functions of public signs during the Covid-19 pandemic
Edited by Eva Ogiermann
[Pragmatics and Society 14:2] 2023
► pp. 334–357
Disseminating risk communication
Advice offered on non-official public signage during the Covid-19 pandemic
Published online: 6 July 2023
https://doi.org/10.1075/ps.22016.ogi
https://doi.org/10.1075/ps.22016.ogi
Abstract
This paper investigates advice offered on closure signs displayed on businesses in Greece and the UK during the first lockdown of the Covid-19 pandemic. By scrutinising signs photographed in London and in Athens, as well as speeches delivered by the British and Greek prime ministers at the time of the closures, our analysis shows how business owners pass on government instructions to their customers. The study thus makes an original contribution to research on the effectiveness of risk communication, revealing that while businesses in both countries supported the implementation of containment measures, the Greek signs replicated governmental messages more closely. At the same time, the analysis of advice offered by business owners to their customers in an unprecedented context of a global health crisis provides new insights into research on this speech act.
Keywords: Covid-19 pandemic, risk communication, closure signs, advice, Greece, UK
Article outline
- 1.Introduction
- 2.Theoretical background: Advice
- 3.Methodology
- 3.1Data collection
- 4.Analysis
- 4.1Government ‘advice’
- 4.1.1Framing
- 4.1.2Pragmatic choices
- 4.2Advice on signs
- 4.2.1Functions of advice
- 4.2.2Forms of advice
- English
- Greek
- 4.1Government ‘advice’
- 5.Discussion and conclusion
- Notes
References Prime ministers’ statements (last accessed on 22/02/22)
References (35)
Bach, Kent, and Robert M. Harnish. 1979. Linguistic Communication and Speech Acts. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Bardovi-Harlig, Kathleen, and Beverly S. Hartford. 1990. “Congruence in native and nonnative conversations: Status balance in the academic advising session.” Language Learning 40(4): 467–501.
Barker, Kathryn, Emilia Ling, Mosoka Fallah, Brian VanDeBogert, Yvonne Kodl, Rose Jallah Macauley, K. Viswanath, and Margaret Kruk. 2020. “Community engagement for health system resilience: evidence from Liberia’s Ebola Epidemic.” Health Policy and Planning 351: 416–423.
Bella, Spyridoula, and Eva Ogiermann. 2022. “Accounts as acts of identity. Justifying business closures on Covid-19 public signs in Athens and London.” Pragmatics.
Blommaert, Jan. 2013. Ethnography, Superdiversity and Linguistic Landscapes: Chronicles of Complexity. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Blum-Kulka, Shoshana, Juliane House, and Gabriele Kasper. 1989. “Appendix. The CCSARP Coding Manual.” In Cross-Cultural Pragmatics: Requests and Apologies ed. by Shoshana Blum-Kulka, Juliane House, and Gabriele Kasper, 273–294. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
Brown, Penelope, and Stephen C. Levinson. 1987. Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
DeCapua, Andrea, and Lisa Huber. 1995. “’If I Were You …’: Advice in American English.” Multilingua 141: 117–132.
Drew, Paul, and Elizabeth Couper-Kuhlen (eds). 2014. Requesting in Social Interaction. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Haverkate, Henk. 1984. Speech acts, Speakers and Hearers. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Jang, Kyungeun, and Namkee Park. 2018. “The effects of repetitive information communication through multiple channels on prevention behavior during the 2015 MERS outbreak in South Korea.” Journal of Health Communication 23(7): 670–678.
Locher, Miriam A. 2006. Advice online. Advice-giving in an American Internet Health Column. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Locher, Miriam A., and Sebastian Hoffmann. 2006. “The emergence of the identity of a fictional expert advice-giver in an American Internet advice column.” Text and Talk 26(1): 69–106.
MacGeorge, Erina L., and Lyn M. van Swol. 2018. “Advice across Disciplines and Contexts.” In The Oxford Handbook of Advice, ed. by Erina L. MacGeorge, and Lyn M. Van Swol. 3–17. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Martínez Flor, Alicia. 2005. “A theoretical review of the speech act of suggesting: Towards a taxonomy for its use in FLT.” Revista Alicantina de Estudios Ingleses 181: 167–187.
Ogiermann, Eva. 2009. “Politeness and in-directness across cultures: A comparison of English, German, Polish and Russian requests.” Journal of Politeness Research 5(2): 189–216.
. 2015. “In/directness in Polish children’s requests at the dinner table.” Journal of Pragmatics 821: 67–82.
Ogiermann, Eva, and Spyridoula Bella. 2021. “On the dual role of expressive speech acts: Relational work on signs announcing closures during the Covid-19 pandemic.” Journal of Pragmatics 1841: 1–17.
Rieger, Marc Oliver, and Yanping He-Ulbricht. 2020. “German and Chinese dataset on attitudes regarding COVID-19 policies, perception of the crisis, and belief in conspiracy theories.” Data in Brief 331: 106384.
Rogers, Wendy, Street, Jackie. M., Braunack-Mayer, Annette. Janet, Hiller, and Flu Views Team. 2009. “Pandemic influenza communication: views from a deliberative forum.” Health Expectations. 12(3): 331–342.
Rossi, Giovanni. 2012. “Bilateral and unilateral requests: The use of imperatives and mi X? interrogatives in Italian.” Discourse Processes 49(5): 426–458.
Scollon, Ron. 2008. “Discourse itineraries: Nine processes of resemiotization.” In Advances in Discourse Studies ed. by Vijay Bhatia, John Flowerdew, and Rodney Jones, 233–244. London: Routledge.
Scollon, Ron, and Suzie Wong Scollon. 2003. Discourses in Place: Language in the Material World. London: Routledge.
Searle, John R. 1969. Speech acts. An Essay in the Philosophy of Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Shaw, Chloe and Hepburn, Alexa. 2013. “Managing the moral implications of advice in informal interactions.” Research on Language and Social Interaction 461, 344–362.
Svennevig, Jan. 2021. “How to do things with signs. The formulation of directives on signs in public spaces.” Journal of Pragmatics 1751: 165–183.
Van den Broek-Altenburg, Eline, and Adam Atherly. 2021. “Adherence to COVID-19 policy measures: Behavioral insights from The Netherlands and Belgium.” PloS one. 16(5): e0250302.
Weigand, Edda. 2010. Dialogue the Mixed Game. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Boris Johnson. 16/03/20: [URL]
. 23/03/20: [URL]
Kyriakos Mitsotakis. 11/03/20: [URL]
. 22/03/20: [URL]
Cited by (4)
Cited by four other publications
Lindegaard, Laura Bang
Bella, Spyridoula & Eva Ogiermann
Ogiermann, Eva
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 30 november 2025. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.
