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Article published In: Pragmatics
Vol. 5:4 (1995) ► pp.485–513

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Language crossing and the problematisation of ethnicity and socialisation

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Available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC) 4.0 license.
Published online: 1 December 1995
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https://doi.org/10.1075/prag.5.4.04ram
This paper begins in Section 1 by noting two processes that have been generally overlooked in sociolinguistics. Firstly, the prevailing approaches to ethnicity have tended to neglect the processes through which individuals can either adopt someone else's ethnicity, or get together with them and create a new one. Secondly, socialization in sociolinguistics is most commonly seen as enculturation into an ingroup, not as a process of learning to like and live with social and ethnic difference. To throw some light on these two processes, the paper turns its focus towards a practice it calls 'language crossing' ('code crossing', 'crossing'). Language crossing involves code alternation by people who are not accepted members of the group associated with the second language that they are using (code switching into varieties that are not generally thought to belong to them). This kind of switching involves a distinct sense of movement across social or ethnic boundaries and it raises issues of legitimacy which, in one way or another, participants need to negotiate in the course of their encounter. A fuller account of the intricate dialectic between language, peer group belonging and ethnic otherness that lies at the heart of language crossing emerges as the paper proceeds. After some methodological preliminaries (Section 2) and an outline of some of the ways in which the multiracial peer group I studied can be considered a community (Section 3), the empirical description of crossing itself begins with an initial emphasis on the way that crossing was integrated with what was shared in peer group culture (Section 4). The following section (Section 5) turns to the way in which crossing processed ethnic division and race stratification within the peer group, and this is further elaborated in the discussion of socialisation in Section 6. Section 7 contains a conclusion which briefly links crossing's treatment of ethnicity with Bourdieu's discussion of doxa, orthodoxv and heretical discourse.
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2010. Styling the occidental other: interculturality in Chinese university performances. Language and Intercultural Communication 10:3 ► pp. 243 ff. DOI logo
Talmy, Steven
2010. Becoming “Local” in ESL: Racism as Resource in a Hawai‘i Public High School. Journal of Language, Identity & Education 9:1 ► pp. 36 ff. DOI logo
Gutiérrez, Kris D.
2009. A Comprehensive Federal Literacy Agenda: Moving beyond Inoculation Approaches to Literacy Policy. Journal of Literacy Research 41:4 ► pp. 476 ff. DOI logo
Das, Sonia
2008. The Talk of Tamils in Multilingual Montreal: A Study of Intersecting Language Ideologies in Nationalist Quebec. Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism 8:2 ► pp. 230 ff. DOI logo
Jaspers, Jürgen
2008. Problematizing ethnolects: Naming linguistic practices in an Antwerp secondary school. International Journal of Bilingualism 12:1-2 ► pp. 85 ff. DOI logo
Reveles, John M. & Bryan A. Brown
2008. Contextual shifting: Teachers emphasizing students' academic identity to promote scientific literacy. Science Education 92:6 ► pp. 1015 ff. DOI logo
Riley, Kathleen C.
2008. Language Socialization. In The Handbook of Educational Linguistics, ► pp. 398 ff. DOI logo
Riley, Kathleen C.
2009. Who made the soup? Socializing the researcher and shaping her data. Language & Communication 29:3 ► pp. 254 ff. DOI logo
Wimmer, Andreas
2008. Elementary strategies of ethnic boundary making. Ethnic and Racial Studies 31:6 ► pp. 1025 ff. DOI logo
Honig, Alice Sterling
2007. Oral language development. Early Child Development and Care 177:6-7 ► pp. 581 ff. DOI logo
Androutsopoulos, Jannis
2006. Cultural Studies und Sprachwissenschaft. In Kultur — Medien — Macht, ► pp. 237 ff. DOI logo
Androutsopoulos, Jannis
2008. Cultural Studies und Sprachwissenschaft. In Kultur — Medien — Macht, ► pp. 237 ff. DOI logo
GARRETT, PAUL B.
2005. What a language is good for: Language socialization, language shift, and the persistence of code-specific genres in St. Lucia. Language in Society 34:03 DOI logo
Garrett, Paul B.
2007. Language Socialization and the (re)Production of Bilingual Subjectivities. In Bilingualism: A Social Approach, ► pp. 233 ff. DOI logo
MILLER, LAURA
2004. Those Naughty Teenage Girls: Japanese Kogals, Slang, and Media Assessments. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 14:2 ► pp. 225 ff. DOI logo
Skapoulli, Elena
2004. Gender Codes at Odds and the Linguistic Construction of a Hybrid Identity. Journal of Language, Identity & Education 3:4 ► pp. 245 ff. DOI logo
Duranti, Alessandro
2003. Language as Culture in U.S. Anthropology. Current Anthropology 44:3 ► pp. 323 ff. DOI logo
Eckert, Penelope
2003. Language And Adolescent Peer Groups. Journal of Language and Social Psychology 22:1 ► pp. 112 ff. DOI logo
Garrett, Paul B. & Patricia Baquedano-López
2002. Language Socialization: Reproduction and Continuity, Transformation and Change. Annual Review of Anthropology 31:1 ► pp. 339 ff. DOI logo
Reyes, Angela
2002. “Are you losing your culture?”: poetics, indexicality and Asian American identity. Discourse Studies 4:2 ► pp. 183 ff. DOI logo
Reyes, Angela
2005. Appropriation of African American slang 
by Asian American youth1. Journal of Sociolinguistics 9:4 ► pp. 509 ff. DOI logo
GOTSBACHNER, EMO
2001. Xenophobic Normality: The Discriminatory Impact of Habitualized Discourse Dynamics. Discourse & Society 12:6 ► pp. 729 ff. DOI logo
Bailey, Benjamin
2000. The Language of Multiple Identities among Dominican Americans. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 10:2 ► pp. 190 ff. DOI logo
Schely‐Newman, Esther
1998. Competence and ideology in performance: Language games, identity and Israeli bureaucracy in personal narrative. Text and Performance Quarterly 18:2 ► pp. 96 ff. DOI logo
Rampton, Ben
1997. Cross-talk and Language Crossing: Indian English, Interactional Sociolinguistics and Late Modernity. Southern African Journal of Applied Language Studies 5:2 ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
RAMPTON, BEN
1997. Second Language Research in Late Modernity: A Response to Firth and Wagner. The Modern Language Journal 81:3 ► pp. 329 ff. DOI logo
Rampton, Ben
1999. Sociolinguistics and cultural studies: New ethnicities, liminality and interaction. Social Semiotics 9:3 ► pp. 355 ff. DOI logo
Rampton, Ben
2000. Speech community. In Handbook of Pragmatics, ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
Rampton, Ben
2022. Hegemony, social class and stylisation. Pragmatics. Quarterly Publication of the International Pragmatics Association (IPrA) ► pp. 49 ff. DOI logo
Rampton, Ben, Roxy Harris & Constant Leung
1997. Multilingualism in England. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 17 ► pp. 224 ff. DOI logo
[no author supplied]
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[no author supplied]
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This list is based on CrossRef data as of 30 november 2025. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.

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