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Article published In: Pragmatics
Vol. 34:1 (2024) ► pp.28–54

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The cyclic nature of negation: From implicit to explicit

The case of Hebrew Bilti (‘not’)

 | Ben-Gurion University
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Available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC) 4.0 license.
Published online: 5 April 2023
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https://doi.org/10.1075/prag.21062.bar
Abstract
The Hebrew negation adverbial bilti ‘not’ seems to function very differently in Biblical Hebrew than it does in Contemporary Hebrew. This paper addresses this difference and discusses its evolution. The main question addressed in this paper is: How has Hebrew bilti, originally an exceptive marker (with sentential scoping), ended up functioning solely as a privative in contemporary Hebrew? First, this paper argues that the biblical usage of bilti was expanded and turned into a polyfunctional (or ‘polysemous’) item. This happened via a constructionalization process which led to grammatical changes (‘grammaticalization’): The initially implicated negation (via a generalized implicature) turned explicit (semantic). In addition, in Hebrew’s later periods, the usage of bilti was narrowed and it became a privative. Thus, firstly, a pragmatically motivated path of constructionalization of bilti in Biblical Hebrew is suggested. That is, the “pragmatic negation” that arose via a generalized implicature shifted to the semantic level (performing semantic negation, explicit negation). Secondly, bilti’s functions in post-biblical Hebrew periods are outlined, tracing its narrowing functions until its fixation in Contemporary Hebrew as a privative.
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
  • 2.Background and terminology
    • 2.1Constructionalization
    • 2.2Grammaticalization
    • 2.3Negative Polarity Items (NPIs)
    • 2.4Jespersen’s Cycle
    • 2.5The history of Hebrew
    • 2.6Methodology and corpora
  • 3.The constructionalization path of Hebrew bilti
    • 3.1Biblical bilti
      • 3.1.1Bilti as an exclusion operator
      • 3.1.2Bilti as a conditioned-exception npi
      • 3.1.3Bilti ‘im ‘except if/unless/if not’
      • 3.1.4Ad bilti ‘until no more’ as a negation collocation
      • 3.1.5Le-bilti as an adverbial negation operator
      • 3.1.6A summary of bilti’s Biblical preposition-phrase uses
      • 3.1.7Bilti as a privative
      • 3.1.8The constructionalization of Biblical Hebrew bilti and other exceptives
      • 3.1.9Bilti in post-biblical periods
  • 4.Summary and conclusions
  • Acknowledgments
  • Notes
  • References
  • Corpora
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Corpora
Ma’agarim Database (MD): The Historical Dictionary Project of the Academy of the Hebrew Language: [URL]
The hetenten: [https://auth.sketchengine.eu/#login?next=https%3A%2F%2Fapp.sketchengine.eu%2]
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