Article published In: Pragmatics
Vol. 21:3 (2011) ► pp.373–391
Ordering burgers, reordering relations
Gestural interactions between hearing and d/Deaf Nepalis
Available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC) 4.0 license.
Published online: 1 September 2011
https://doi.org/10.1075/prag.21.3.04hof
https://doi.org/10.1075/prag.21.3.04hof
This article analyzes gestural interactions between hearing and d/Deaf Nepalis to argue that local understandings of the consequences of these engagements make visible ways of ideologizing gesture that may be obscured by the gestural typologies widely used by scholars. In Nepal, d/Deafness is associated with ritual pollution that can be shared across persons. Consequently, the use of gesture in a communicative interaction can both presuppose the presence of a polluted d/Deaf body and creatively index the transmission of that pollution to a hearing interlocutor. By the same token, gesturally engaging with Deaf persons can index “modern” rejection of belief in ritual pollution on the part of the hearing participant. While many scholarly typologies of gesture focus on form and decontextualized reference, the pragmatic effects of gesture derived from and contributing to differently positioned personhoods are more significant in local ideologies in Nepal.
Keywords: Gesture, d/Deaf, Nepal, Personhood
References (61)
Acharya, Kiran (1997) Erika Hoffmann & Dambar Chemjong (trans. 2004) A History of the Deaf in Nepal. Unpublished manuscript. Kathmandu: National Association of the Deaf and Hard of Hearing.
Brookes, Heather (2004) A repertoire of South African quotable gestures. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 14.2: 186-224.
Cameron, Mary (1998) On the Edge of Auspicious: Gender and Caste in Nepal. Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press.
Csordas, Thomas (1994) The Sacred Self: A Cultural Phenomenology of Charismatic Healing. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
Driessen, Henk (1992) Gestured masculinity: Body and sociability in rural Andalusia. In J. Bremmer and H. Roodenburg (eds.), A Cultural History of Gesture. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, pp. 237-52.
Duranti, Alessandro, and Charles Goodwin (eds.) (1992) Rethinking Context: Language as an Interactional Phenomenon. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. BoP
Ekman, Paul, and Wallace Friesen (1969) The repertoire of non-verbal behavior: Categories, origins, usage, and coding. Semiotica 11: 49-98.
Emmorey, Karen (1999) Do signers gesture? In L. Messing and R. Campbell (eds.), Gesture, Speech, and Sign. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 132-159.
Escobar, Arturo (1995) Encountering Development: The Making and Unmaking of the Third World. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Fisher, William (2001) Fluid Boundaries: Forming and Transforming Identity in Nepal. New York: Colombia University Press.
Fürer-Haimendorf, Christoph von (1957) The interrelations of caste and ethnic groups in Nepal. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 201: 243-260.
Gershon, Ilana (2010) Media ideologies: An introduction. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 20.2: 283-293.
Glucklich, Ariel (1984) Karma and pollution in Hindu dharma: Distinguishing law from nature. Contributions to Indian Sociology 18.1: 25-48.
Haviland, John (2004) Gesture. In A. Duranti (ed.), A Companion to Linguistic Anthropology. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, pp. 197-221.
Höfer, András (1979) The Caste Hierarchy and the State in Nepal: A Study of the Muluki Ain of 1854. Innsbruck, Austria: Universitätsverlag Wagner.
Hoffmann, Erika (2008) Standardization beyond form: Ideologies, institutions, and the semiotics of Nepali sign language. Unpublished doctoral dissertation: The University of Michigan.
Hoffmann-Dilloway, Erika (2010) Many names for mother: The ethno-linguistic politics of Deafness in Nepal. South Asia: The Journal of South Asian Studies 33.3: 421-444.
(2011a) Lending a hand: Competence through cooperation in Nepal’s Deaf associations. Language in Society 40.3: 285-306.
(2011b) Writing the smile: Language ideologies in, and through, sign language scripts. Language and Communication 31.4: 345-355.
Irvine, Judith, and Susan Gal (2000) Language ideology and linguistic differentiation. In P. Kroskrity (ed.), Regimes of Language: Ideologies, Polities, and Identities. Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research Press, pp. 35-84.
Jakobson, Roman (1990) The speech event and the functions of language. In L.R. Waugh and M. Monville (eds.), On Language. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, pp. 69–79.
Keane, Webb (2003) Semiotics and the social analysis of material things. Language and Communication 23.3-4: 409-425. BoP
Kendon, Adam (1983) Gesture and speech: How they interact. In J.M. Weimann and R.P Harrison (eds.), Nonverbal Interaction. Beverley Hills, CA: Sage Publications, pp. 13-45.
(1995) Gestures as illocutionary and discourse structure markers in Southern Italian conversation. Journal of Pragmatics 23.3: 247-279. BoP
(2008) Some reflections on the relationship between ‘gesture’ and ‘sign’. Gesture 8.3: 348-366. BoP
Kroskrity, Paul (2004) Language ideologies. In Alessandro Duranti (ed.), A Companion to Linguistic Anthropology. Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 496-517.
Lamb, Sarah (2000) White Saris and Sweet Mangoes: Aging, Gender, and Body in North India. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Liddell, Scott (2003) Grammar, Gesture, and Meaning, in American Sign Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Liechty, Mark (2001) Consumer transgressions: Notes on the history of restaurants and prostitution in Kathmandu. Studies in Nepali History and Society 6.1: 57-101.
(2002) Out here in Kathmandu': Youth and the contradictions of modernity in urban Nepal. In D. Mines and S. Lamb (eds.), Everyday Life in South Asia. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, pp. 37-47.
(2003) Suitably Modern: Making middle class culture in a new consumer society. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Marriott, McKim (1959) Interactional and attributional theories of caste ranking. Man in India 391: 92–107.
(1968) Caste ranking and food transactions: A matrix analysis. In M. Singer and B. Cohn (eds.), Structure and Change in Indian Society. New York: Aldine Publication Company, pp. 133-172.
(1976) Hindu transactions: Diversity without dualism. In B. Kapferer (ed.), Transaction and Meaning. Philadelphia: Institute for the Study of Human Issues, pp. 109-142.
Marriott, McKim, and Ronald B. Inden (1977) Towards an ethnosociology of South Asian caste systems. In K. David (ed.), The New Wind: Changing Identities in South Asia. The Hague: Mouton, pp. 227-238.
(ed.) (2000) Language and Gesture: Window into Thought and Action. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Mines, Diane, and Sarah Lamb (2002) Introduction. In Diane Mines and Sarah Lamb (eds.), Everyday Life in South Asia. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, pp.167-173.
Morris, Desmond, Peter Collett, Peter Marsh, and Marie O'Shaughnessy (1979) Gestures, their origins and distribution. New York: Stein & Day.
Ness, Sally Ann (2008) The inscriptions of gesture: Inward migrations in dance. In Carrie Noland and Sally Ann Ness (eds.), Migrations of Gesture. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, pp. 1-30.
Noland, Carrie (2008) Introduction. In Carrie Noland and Sally Ann Ness (eds.), Migrations of Gesture. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, pp. ix-xxviii.
Okrent, Arika (2002) A modality free notion of gesture and how it can help us with the morpheme vs. gesture question in sign language linguistics (or at least give us some criteria to work with). In R. Meier, K. Cormier, and D. Quinto-Pozos (eds.), Modality and Structure in Signed and Spoken Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 175-198.
Parrish, Steven (1994) Moral Knowing in a Hindu Sacred City: An Exploration of Mind, Emotion, and Self. New York: Columbia University Press.
(2002) God-chariots in a garden of castes: Hierarchy and festival in a Hindu city. In Diane Mines and Sarah Lamb (eds.), Everyday Life in South Asia. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, pp. 174-189.
Philips, Susan (2008) Physical Graffiti West: African American gang walks and semiotic practice. In Carrie Noland and Sally Ann Ness (eds.), Migrations of Gesture. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, pp, 31-60.
Pigg, Stacey (1996) The credible and the credulous: The question of "villagers' beliefs" in Nepal. Cultural Anthropology 11.2: 160-201.
Prasad, Laxmi Narayan (2003) Status of People with Disability (People with Different Ability) in Nepal. Kathmandu: Modern Printing Press.
Sharma, Shilu (2003) The Origin and Development of Nepali Sign Language. Unpublished masters thesis: Tribhuvan University.
Sherzer, Joel (1972) Verbal and non-verbal deixis: The pointed lip gesture among the San Blas Cuna. Language in Society 2.1: 117–131.
Cited by (7)
Cited by seven other publications
Mauksch, Stefanie
Green, E. Mara
Kusters, Annelies
Maudslay, Liz
Friedner, Michele
Friedner, Michele
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 30 november 2025. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.
