Article published In: Pragmatics
Vol. 20:2 (2010) ► pp.213–228
Promises, threats, and the foundations of speech act theory
Available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC) 4.0 license.
Published online: 1 June 2010
https://doi.org/10.1075/prag.20.2.05bla
https://doi.org/10.1075/prag.20.2.05bla
I suggest that promises and threats are similar speech acts and pose analogous problems for Speech Act Theory. After showing that they share the same formal types, I argue against there being purportedly fundamental differences between them in regard to explicitability, deontics, and illocution/perlocution. I conclude that the joint analysis of promises and threats suggests the propriety of a holistic theory of illocutionary acts.
Keywords: Speech Act Theory, Threats, Promises, Holism
References (38)
Atiyah, P.S. (1979) Promises and the law of contract. Mind 88.351: 410-418. BoP
. (1981) Promises, morals and law. Oxford: Clarendon Press. BoP
Beller, S. (2002) Conditional promises and threats – Cognition and emotion. Proceedings of the Twenty- Fourth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, pp. 113-118.
Beller, S. and Bender, A. (2004) Cultural differences in the cognition and emotion of conditional promises and threats – Comparing Germany and Tonga. In K.D. Forbus, D. Gentner and T. Regier (eds), Proceedings of the Twenty-Sixth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, pp. 85-90.
Beller, S., A. Bender, and G. Kuhnmünch (2005) Understanding conditional promises and threats. Thinking & Reasoning 11.3: 209-238.
Bennett, J. (1991) How do gestures succeed? In E. Lepore and R. van Gulick (eds.), John Searle and his critics. Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 3-15.
Blanco Salgueiro, A. (2004) Palabras al viento. Ensayo sobre la fuerza ilocucionaria. Madrid: Trotta.
Blanco Salgueiro, A et al.. (2007) Un rompecabezas acerca de la fuerza. In C. Martínez . (eds.), Current topics in logic and analytic philosophy. Santiago de Compostela: Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, pp. 53-77.
Blanco Salgueiro, A. (2008) Cómo hacer cosas malas con palabras: Actos ilocucionarios hostiles y los fundamentos de la Teoría de los Actos de Habla. Crítica, Revista Hispnoamericana de Filosofía 40.118: 93-120.
Castelfranchi, C., and M. Guerini (2007) Is it a promise or a threat? Pragmatics & Cognition 15.2: 277-311. BoP
Conison, J. (1997) The pragmatics of promise. Canadian Journal of Law and Jurisprudence 10.2: 273-322.
Habermas, J. (1991) Comments on John Searle: “Meaning, communication and representation”. In E. Lepore and R. Van Gulick (eds.), John Searle and his critics. Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 17-29.
Habib, A. (2008) Promises. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Ed. E.N. Zalta. URL =<[URL]>.
Harrison, J. (1962) Knowing and promising. Mind 71.284: 443-457. BoP
Heath, J. (1995) Threats, promises and communicative action. European Journal of Philosophy 3.3: 225-241.
Kimball, R.H. (2006) What’s wrong with argumentum ad baculum? Reasons, threats, and logical norms. Argumentation 201: 89-100.
Kissine, M. (2008) From predictions to promises. How to derive deontic commitment. Pragmatics & Cognition 16.3: 471-491. BoP
Nicoloff, F. (1989) Threats and illocutions. Journal of Pragmatics 131: 501-522. BoP
Peetz, V. (1977) Promises and threats. Mind 86.344: 578-581. BoP
Searle, J.R. (1965) What is a speech act? In M. Black (ed.), Philosophy in America. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. London: Allen and Unwin.
. (1969) Speech Acts. An Essay in the Philosophy of Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
. (1975) A taxonomy of illocutionary acts. In K. Gunderson (ed.), Language, Mind and Knowledge. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Searle, J.R., and D. Vanderveken (1985) Foundations of Illocutionary Logic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Cited by (21)
Cited by 21 other publications
Conti Jimenez, Luz
Krokowski, Thorben & Hartmut Hirsch-Kreinsen
Rabab’ah, Ghaleb, Noureddine Derki, Sharif Alghazo & Otmane Abdelkader Drissi
Temitope Michael, Ajayi & Lawal Cornelius Muyiwa
Etaywe, Awni
Zhukova, Valentina
Ioanesyan, E. R.
Ioanesyan, E. R.
Megger, Dawid & Igor Wysocki
Rodríguez, Juan Luis
2022. The interplay of greetings and promises. Pragmatics. Quarterly Publication of the International Pragmatics Association (IPrA) ► pp. 167 ff.
Chen, Jinshi
Peters, Arne & Marije van Hattum
2021. Pseudonyms as carriers of contextualised threat in 19th-century Irish English threatening notices. English World-Wide. A Journal of Varieties of English 42:1 ► pp. 29 ff.
Slutskiy, Pavel
Tavory, Iddo
Wiśniewska-Przymusińska, Malwina
Kern, Beate
2018. La promesa atenuada en el discurso parlamentario español. Spanish in Context 15:2 ► pp. 177 ff.
Nick, I. M.
Nowosielski, Diána
Davidson, Ronald M.
Moulinou, Iphigenia
[no author supplied]
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 30 november 2025. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.
