Article published In: Pragmatics & Cognition
Vol. 30:1 (2023) ► pp.59–91
Mirative evidentials, relevance and non‑propositional meaning
Published online: 9 November 2023
https://doi.org/10.1075/pc.22012.ifa
https://doi.org/10.1075/pc.22012.ifa
Abstract
In this study, we are addressing the call for further research
( 2015. Evidentials:
Their links with other grammatical
categories. Linguistic
Typology 19(2). 239–277. ) into how
languages, in our case Modern Greek, mark the unexpected. Our first research
question is: Can we identify a class of mirative evidential markers in Modern
Greek? The expected answer is that we can, if we take account of frequency rates
in a variety of sources in the real world, namely plays, corpora and tags in
social media. The second research question is: Do these markers convey
propositional or non-propositional meaning? Our findings suggest that the Greek
data involves predominantly non-propositional types of meaning since mirativity
is not delivered by the semantic content of the utterance (e.g., Ooo! Tí
vlépoun ta mátia mou? “Oh! What do I see?”, Ma ti les tóra?
“But what are you saying now?”, Ba ba ti akoúo?
“Well, well, what do I hear?” Mi mou pis! ‘Don’t tell
me!’).
Keywords: evidentiality, mirativity, emotion, surprise, showing-meaning
Article outline
- 1.Introduction
- 2.Mirative evidentiality
- 3.The showing-meaning continuum
- 4.The data
- 5.Methodology
- 5.1Rationale
- 5.2Sources of data
- 5.2.1Plays
- 5.2.2Corpora
- 5.2.3Interviews and tags in social media
- 5.3Procedure of analysis
- 6.Results
- 7.Discussion
- 8.Concluding remarks
- Acknowledgements
- Notes
References
References (64)
Adams, Reginald B. Jr., Ambady, Nalini, Macrae, C. Neil & Robert E. Kleck. 2006. Emotional
expressions forecast approach-avoidance
behavior. Motivation and
Emotion 30(2). 179–188.
Adams, Reginald B. Jr. & Robert E. Kleck. 2003. Perceived
gaze direction and the processing of facial displays of
emotion. Psychological
Science 141. 644–647.
. 2005. Effects
of direct and averted gaze on the perception of facially communicated
emotion. Emotion 51. 3–11.
2015. Evidentials:
Their links with other grammatical
categories. Linguistic
Typology 19(2). 239–277.
Aksu-Koç, Ayhan A. & Dan I. Slobin. 1986. A
psychological account of the development and use of evidentials in
Turkish. In Wallace L. Chafe & Johanna Nichols (eds.), Evidentiality:
The linguistic coding of
epistemology, 159–167. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
Alvanoudi, Angeliki. 2022. Polar
answers and epistemic stance in Greek
conversation. Pragmatics 32(1). 1–27.
Barés Gómez, Cristina & Matthieu Fontaine. 2021. How
surprising! Mirativity, evidentiality and abductive
inference. In Teresa Lopez-Soto (ed.), Dialog
Systems, Logic, Argumentation &
Reasoning 221, 115–136. Berlin: Springer Verlag.
Chafe, Wallace L. & Johanna Nichols (eds.). 1986. Evidentiality:
The linguistic coding of
epistemology (vol. 201). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
Chondrogianni, Maria. 2011. The
pragmatics of the Modern Greek modal particles θα, να, μη
(ν) and
ας. In Katerina Chatzopoulou, Alexandra Ioannidou & Suwon Yoon (eds.), Proceedings
of the 9th International Conference on Greek
Linguistics, 322–332. Chicago, Illinois, USA, University of Chicago.
. 2012. Basic
illocutions of the MG
indicative. In Zoe Gavriilidou, Angeliki Efthymiou, Evangelia Thomadaki & Penelope Kambakis-Vougiouklis (eds.), Selected
papers of the 10th
ICGL, 223–234. Komotini, Greece Democritus University of Thrace.
. 2014. Basic
illocutions of the Modern Greek
subjunctive. In Nikolaos Lavidas, Thomaï Alexiou & Areti-Maria Sougari (eds.), Major
Trends in Theoretical and Applied Linguistics
1, 249–272. London: Versita-de Gruyter Open Poland.
Darwin, Charles. 1965. The
expression of the emotions in man and
animals. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. (Original work published
1872)
DeLancey, Scott. 1992. The
historical status of the conjunct/disjunct pattern in
Tibeto-Burman. Acta Linguistica
Hafniensia 25(1). 39–62.
Eibl-Eibesfeldt, Irenaus. 1972. Similarities
and differences between cultures in expressive
movements. In Robert A. Hinde (ed.), Non-verbal
communication, 297–311. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
Fang, Hongmei. 2018. Mirativity
in Mandarin: The sentence-final particle Le
(了). Open
Linguistics 4(1). 589–607.
Friedman, Victor A. 2003. Evidentiality
in the Balkans with special attention to Macedonian and
Albanian. In Alexandra Aikhenvald & Robert Dixon (eds.), Studies
in
Evidentiality, 189–218. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Heilbron, Micha & Maria Chait. 2018. Great
expectations: Is there evidence for predictive coding in auditory
cortex? Neuroscience 3891. 54–73.
Hengeveld, Kess, Eli Nazareth Bechara, Roberto Gomes Camacho, Alessandra Regina Guerra, Taísa Peres de Oliveira, Eduardo Penhavel, Erotilde Goreti, Pezatti, Liliane Santana, Edson Rosa Francisco de Souza & Maria Luiza de Sousa Teixeira. 2007. Basic
illocutions in the native languages of
Brazil. Alfa: Revista de
lingüística 51(2). 73–90.
Ifantidou, Elly. 2001. Evidentials
and
relevance (vol. 861). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Ifantidou, Elly & Lemonia Tsavdaridou. 2021. Mirative
evidentials and non-propositional
meaning. Paper delivered at
the 54th Annual Meeting of the Societas
Linguistica
Europaea, Athens, 30
August-3 September 2021.
Ivanova-Sullivan, Tanya. 2007. Expressing
surprise in Bulgarian: The meaning and use of the
admirative. Unpublished
manuscript. Ohio State University.
Karachaliou, Rania & Argyris Archakis. 2015. Identity
construction patterns via swearing: Evidence from Greek teenage
storytelling. Pragmatics and
Society 6(3). 421–443.
Katsiveli, Stamatina. 2020. Marking
the unexpected: The case of ba in Greek
talk-in-interaction. Journal of
Pragmatics 1701. 55–68.
Kim, Ahrim. 2018. Utterance-final
particle-canha in modern spoken Korean: A marker of shared knowledge,
(im)politeness, theticity and
mirativity. Linguistics 56(5). 995–1057.
Kim, Nam-Gyoon & Heejung Son. 2015. How
facial expressions of emotion affect distance
perception. Frontiers in
Psychology 61. 1825.
Kraus, Kelsey. 2019. Intonation
and expectation: English mirative contours and
particles. Proceedings of Sinn und
Bedeutung 23(2). 19–36.
Kriaras, Emmanouil. 1995. Neo Elliniko Lexiko tis Sinxronis Dimotikis
Glossas [New dictionary of
Modern Demotic
Greek]. Athens: Ekdotiki Athinon.
Lee, Hyo Sang. 1993. Cognitive
constraints on expressing newly perceived information, with reference to
epistemic modal suffixes in Korean. Cognitive
Linguistics 4(2). 135–168.
López, Cristina Sánchez. 2017. Mirativity
in Spanish: The case of the particle
mira. Review of Cognitive
Linguistics. Published under the auspices of the Spanish Cognitive Linguistics Association 15(2). 489–514.
Müller, Cornelia, Alan Cienki, Ellen Fricke, Silva Ladewig, David McNeill & Sedinha Tessendorf (eds.) 2014. Body –
Language –
Communication (vol. 21). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Nelson, Anthony J., Adams, Reg B. Jr., Stevenson, Michael T., Weisbuch, Max & Michael I. Norton. 2013. Approach-avoidance
movement influences the decoding of anger and fear
expressions. Social
Cognition 311. 745–757.
Peterson, Tyler. 2010. Examining
the mirative and nonliteral uses of
evidentials. In Tyler Peterson & Uli Sauerland (eds.), Evidence
from
evidentiality (vol. 281), 129–159. University of British Columbia. Working Papers in Linguistics (UBCWPL).
. 2015. Mirativity
as surprise: Evidentiality, information, and
deixis. Journal of Psycholinguistic
Research 45(6). 1327–1357.
. 2017. Problematizing
mirativity. Review of Cognitive
Linguistics 15(2). 312–342.
Plutchik, Robert. 1980. A
general psychoevolutionary theory of
emotion. In Robert Plutchik & Henry Kellerman (eds.), Theories
of
emotion, 3–33. New York: Academic Press.
Portner, Paul & Raffaella Zanuttini. 2000. The
force of negation in Wh exclamatives and
interrogatives. In Laurence Horn & Yasuhiko Kato (eds.), Negation
and polarity. Syntactic and semantic
perspectives, 201–239. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
. 2005. The
semantics of nominal
exclamatives. In Reinaldo, Elugardo & Robert J. Stainton (eds.), Ellipsis
and nonsentential
speech, 57–67. The Netherlands: Springer.
Reisenzein, Rainer. 2000a. The
subjective experience of
surprise. In Herbert Bless & Joseph Forgas (eds.), The
message within: The role of subjective experience in social cognition and
behavior, 262–279. Philadelphia, PA: Psychology Press.
. 2000b. Exploring
the strength of association between the components of emotion syndromes: The
case of surprise. Cognition and
Emotion 141. 1–38.
Reisenzein, Rainer, Horstmann, Gernot & Achim Schützwohl. 2019. The
cognitive-evolutionary model of surprise: A review of the
evidence. Topics in Cognitive
Science 11(1). 50–74.
Rett, Jessica. 2011. Exclamatives,
degrees and speech acts. Linguistics and
Philosophy 34(5). 411–442.
. 2012. Miratives
across constructions and
languages. Comuniación presentada en el 5th
California Universities Semantics and
Pragmatics. CUSP 5 – University of California, San Diego, 27–28.
. 2017. The
semantics of emotive markers and other illocutionary
content. [URL]
Rett, Jessica & Sarah Murray. 2013. A
semantic account of mirative
evidentials. Proceedings of
SALT 231, 453–472.
Scott, Kate. 2018. “Hashtags
work everywhere”: The pragmatic functions of spoken
hashtags. Discourse, Context &
Media 221. 57–64.
Setatos, Michalis. 1994. Επιχειρηματολογικές χρήσεις του λέγω
(Argumentative uses of λέγω
[say]. In Michalis Setatos (ed.), Γλωσσολογικές μελέτες [Linguistic
studies]. Aristotelian University of
Thessaloniki B(4). 147–166.
Sperber, Dan & Deirdre Wilson. 2015. Beyond
speaker’s meaning. Croatian Journal of
Philosophy XV(44). 117–149.
Torres Bustamante, Teresa. 2013. On
the syntax and semantics of mirativity: Evidence from Spanish and
Albanian. New Brunswick: Rutgers University.
Triantafyllides, Manolis. 1998. Dictionary
of standard Modern Greek. Institute for
Modern Greek Studies of the Aristotle University of
Thessaloniki.
Trotzke, Andreas. 2017. Mirative
fronting in German: Experimental
evidence. Review of Cognitive
Linguistics 15(2). 460–488.
Tsavdaridou, Lemonia. 2020. Exploring
mirativity in Modern Greek: Surprise in
interaction. Athens: National and Kapodistrian University of Athens MA dissertation.
Tzartzanos, Achilles. 1996. Neoelliniki syntaksi (tis koinis
dimotikis) [Modern Greek
Syntax (of the demotic
Koine)]. Thessaloniki: Kyriakides.
Valetopoulos, Freiderikos & Eleni Motsiou. 2014. Peur et surprise: Définition et
description [Φόβος και έκπληξη:
Ορισμός και
περιγραφή]. In 11th
International Conference on Greek Linguistics, ICGL11, Selected
Papers, 151–165. Rhodes: University of the Aegean, Department of Mediterranean Studies.
Wharton, Tim. 2003. Interjections, language and the ‘showing-saying’ continuum. Pragmatics & Cognition 111. 39–91.
Wilson, Deirdre & Tim Wharton. 2006. Relevance
and prosody. Journal of
Pragmatics 38(10). 1559–1579.
Cited by (1)
Cited by one other publication
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 29 november 2025. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.
