Synthesizing the domains of investigation highlighted in current research in distributed cognition and related fields, this paper offers an initial taxonomy of the overlapping types of resources which typically contribute to distributed or extended cognitive systems. It then outlines a number of key dimensions on which to analyse both the resulting integrated systems and the components which coalesce into more or less tightly coupled interaction over the course of their formation and renegotiation.
2026. Exploring Collective Dynamics in Cognitive Agent Networks. In Artificial General Intelligence [Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 16057], ► pp. 335 ff.
Dellantonio, Sara & Luigi Pastore
2025. Crafting Knowledge Through Manipulating the Environment: A Cognitive Approach to Understanding. In Abductive Minds: Essays in Honor of Lorenzo Magnani - Volume 1 [Synthese Library, 505], ► pp. 97 ff.
Haraldsen, Mats & Karin Kukkonen
2025. Thinking elsewhere: designer environments for religion and literature. Religion, Brain & Behavior► pp. 1 ff.
Krueger, Joel
2025. Home as mind: AI extenders and affective ecologies in dementia care. Synthese 205:2
Mohr, Jan
2025. Expansion and Densification of Fictional Spaces. Transtextual Characters in Arthurian Romances and Grimmelshausen. Journal of Literary Theory 19:2 ► pp. 263 ff.
Cassinadri, Guido & Marco Fasoli
2024. The extended mind thesis and the cognitive artifacts approach: A comparison. In Brains and Machines: Towards a Unified Ethics of AI and Neuroscience [Developments in Neuroethics and Bioethics, 7], ► pp. 167 ff.
Ferrario, Andrea, Alessandro Facchini & Alberto Termine
2024. Experts or Authorities? The Strange Case of the Presumed Epistemic Superiority of Artificial Intelligence Systems. Minds and Machines 34:3
Furlanis, Tomislav, Takayuki Kanda & Dražen Brščić
2024. Robots as moral environments. AI & SOCIETY 39:4 ► pp. 1749 ff.
Gallagher, Shaun & Antonio Mastrogiorgio
2024. Economic interactions that are beyond simulation. Journal of Economic Interaction and Coordination 19:3 ► pp. 553 ff.
Grohman, Magdalena G., Eun Ah Lee, Nicholas Gans, Ann Majewicz Fey & Matthew J. Brown
2024. The Formation of Engineers in Research Labs during the COVID-19 Crisis. In A Diversity of Pathways Through Science Education, ► pp. 197 ff.
Rinne, Ida
2024. Interpersonal scaffoldings for shared emotions: how social interaction supports emotional sharing. Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences
Ryan, Shane, S. Orestis Palermos & Mirko Farina
2024. Smart Environments. Social Epistemology 38:4 ► pp. 491 ff.
Tomczyk, Barbara
2024. Rozproszony system człowiek-artefakt jako autonomiczny sprawca. Racje i wątpliwości. Studia Philosophiae Christianae 60:1 ► pp. 43 ff.
Vetrivel, S. C., K. C. Sowmiya, V. P. Arun, T. P. Saravanan & R. Maheswari
2024. Guiding Principles for Youth-Centric Development. In Exploring Youth Studies in the Age of AI [Advances in Human and Social Aspects of Technology, ], ► pp. 307 ff.
Wilkinson, Dominic & Neil Levy
2024. Scaffolding informed consent. Journal of Medical Ethics► pp. jme-2024-110105 ff.
Fabry, Regina E.
2023. Distributed autobiographical memories, distributed self‐narratives. Mind & Language 38:5 ► pp. 1258 ff.
Fernandez Velasco, Pablo
2023. Entropy, prediction and the cultural ecosystem of human cognition. Synthese 201:3
Grohman, Magdalena, Matthew Brown, Nicholas Gans & Jeff Edwards
2023. Collective Memory: Metaphor or Real?. Integrative Psychological and Behavioral Science 57:1 ► pp. 189 ff.
Lebahn-Hadidi, Malte, Lotte Abildgren, Lise Hounsgaard & Sune Vork Steffensen
2023. Integrating cognitive ethnography and phenomenology: rethinking the study of patient safety in healthcare organisations. Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences 22:1 ► pp. 193 ff.
Martín-Lucas, Judith & Ángel García del Dujo
2023. Knowledge-building in an environment mediated by digital technology: A case study in higher education. Education and Information Technologies 28:3 ► pp. 3267 ff.
2023. Peribiophoty. Journal of Embodied Research 6:1
Sanches de Oliveira, Guilherme
2023. The strong program in embodied cognitive science. Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences 22:4 ► pp. 841 ff.
Saarinen, Jussi A & Joel Krueger
2022. Making Space for Creativity: Niche Construction and the Artist’s Studio. The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 80:3 ► pp. 322 ff.
Andrada, Gloria
2021. Epistemic Complementarity: Steps to a Second Wave Extended Epistemology. In The Mind-Technology Problem [Studies in Brain and Mind, 18], ► pp. 253 ff.
Andrada, Gloria
2021. Mind the notebook. Synthese 198:5 ► pp. 4689 ff.
Beni, Majid D.
2021. Inflating the social aspects of cognitive structural realism. European Journal for Philosophy of Science 11:3
2021. Non Verbal Communication in Software Engineering – An Empirical Study. IEEE Access 9 ► pp. 71942 ff.
Farina, Mirko & Sergei Levin
2021. The Extended Mind Thesis and Its Applications. In Handbook of Embodied Psychology, ► pp. 127 ff.
Lassiter, Charles & Joseph Vukov
2021. In search of an ontology for 4E theories: from new mechanism to causal powers realism. Synthese 199:3-4 ► pp. 9785 ff.
Schwengerer, Lukas
2021. Online Intellectual Virtues and the Extended Mind. Social Epistemology 35:3 ► pp. 312 ff.
Schwengerer, Lukas
2021. Extending Introspection. In The Mind-Technology Problem [Studies in Brain and Mind, 18], ► pp. 231 ff.
Schwengerer, Lukas
2025. Towards tool-assisted self-knowledge. Synthese 205:5
Scott, Stephanie M. & Chris Raftery
2021. Brain-Computer Interfaces and Creative Expression: Interface Considerations for Rehabilitative and Therapeutic Interactions. Frontiers in Computer Science 3
Yoon, Hye-Gyoung, Mijung Kim & Eun Ah Lee
2021. Visual Representation Construction for Collective Reasoning in Elementary Science Classrooms. Education Sciences 11:5 ► pp. 246 ff.
Heersmink, Richard & John Sutton
2020. Cognition and the Web: Extended, Transactive, or Scaffolded?. Erkenntnis 85:1 ► pp. 139 ff.
Lee, Eun Ah, Nicholas Gans, Magdalena Grohman, Marco Tacca & Matthew J. Brown
2020. Guiding Engineering Student Teams’ Ethics Discussions with Peer Advising. Science and Engineering Ethics 26:3 ► pp. 1743 ff.
Amon, Mary Jean & Luis H. Favela
2019. Distributed cognition criteria: Defined, operationalized, and applied to human-dog systems. Behavioural Processes 162 ► pp. 167 ff.
Arfini, Selene
2019. The Tacit Dimension of Ignorance. In Ignorant Cognition [Studies in Applied Philosophy, Epistemology and Rational Ethics, 46], ► pp. 21 ff.
Gahrn-Andersen, Rasmus
2019. Biological simplexity and cognitive heteronomy. Language Sciences 71 ► pp. 38 ff.
Hernández-Orallo, José & Karina Vold
2019. Proceedings of the 2019 AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society, ► pp. 507 ff.
Magnani, Lorenzo
2019. Manipulative Abduction, External Semiotic Anchors, and Blended Cognition. In Blended Cognition [Springer Series in Cognitive and Neural Systems, 12], ► pp. 23 ff.
Magnani, Lorenzo
2024. Anchors of Meaning. In Pathways to the Origin and Evolution of Meanings in the Universe, ► pp. 377 ff.
Pearlman, Karen
2019. On Rhythm in Film Editing. In The Palgrave Handbook of the Philosophy of Film and Motion Pictures, ► pp. 143 ff.
Barnier, Amanda J., Louis Klein & Celia B. Harris
2018. Transactive Memory in Small, Intimate Groups: More Than the Sum of Their Parts. Small Group Research 49:1 ► pp. 62 ff.
Finley, Jason R., Farah Naaz & Francine W. Goh
2018. Important Dimensions and Unanswered Questions. In Memory and Technology, ► pp. 155 ff.
Heersmink, Richard & Simon Knight
2018. Distributed learning: Educating and assessing extended cognitive systems. Philosophical Psychology 31:6 ► pp. 969 ff.
McGraw, John J & Jan Krátký
2017. Ritual ecology. Journal of Material Culture 22:2 ► pp. 237 ff.
Peltola, Henna-Riikka
2017. Sharing experienced sadness: Negotiating meanings of self-defined sad music within a group interview session. Psychology of Music 45:1 ► pp. 82 ff.
Smart, Paul, Richard Heersmink & Robert W. Clowes
2017. The Cognitive Ecology of the Internet. In Cognition Beyond the Brain, ► pp. 251 ff.
Vaccari, Andres Pablo
2017. Against cognitive artifacts: extended cognition and the problem of defining ‘artifact’. Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences 16:5 ► pp. 879 ff.
Davies, Jim & Kourken Michaelian
2016. Identifying and individuating cognitive systems: a task-based distributed cognition alternative to agent-based extended cognition. Cognitive Processing 17:3 ► pp. 307 ff.
De Michelis, Giorgio
2016. How Thumbelina Knows. Informatics 3:4 ► pp. 22 ff.
Sánchez Guerrero, Héctor Andrés
2016. Introduction. In Feeling Together and Caring with One Another [Studies in the Philosophy of Sociality, ], ► pp. 1 ff.
Barrett, Louise
2015. A Better Kind of Continuity. The Southern Journal of Philosophy 53:S1 ► pp. 28 ff.
Barrett, Louise
2020. Thinking Outside the Head. In The Cambridge Handbook of Evolutionary Perspectives on Human Behavior, ► pp. 194 ff.
Colombetti, Giovanna & Joel Krueger
2015. Scaffoldings of the affective mind. Philosophical Psychology 28:8 ► pp. 1157 ff.
Colombetti, Giovanna & Tom Roberts
2015. Extending the extended mind: the case for extended affectivity. Philosophical Studies 172:5 ► pp. 1243 ff.
Keil, Paul G.
2015. Human-Sheepdog Distributed Cognitive Systems: An Analysis of Interspecies Cognitive Scaffolding in a Sheepdog Trial. Journal of Cognition And Culture 15:5 ► pp. 508 ff.
van der Schyff, Dylan
2015. Music as a manifestation of life: exploring enactivism and the ‘eastern perspective’ for music education. Frontiers in Psychology 06
Harris, Celia B, Amanda J Barnier, John Sutton & Paul G Keil
2014. Couples as socially distributed cognitive systems: Remembering in everyday social and material contexts. Memory Studies 7:3 ► pp. 285 ff.
Jeffares, Ben
2014. Back to Australopithecus: Utilizing New Theories of Cognition to Understand the Pliocene Hominins. Biological Theory 9:1 ► pp. 4 ff.
Kirchhoff, Michael
2014. Extended cognition & constitution: Re-evaluating the constitutive claim of extended cognition. Philosophical Psychology 27:2 ► pp. 258 ff.
Michaelian, Kourken
2014. JFGI: FROM DISTRIBUTED COGNITION TO DISTRIBUTED RELIABILISM*. Philosophical Issues 24:1 ► pp. 314 ff.
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2014. Philosophy of Mind and Cognitive Science since 1980. In History of Philosophy in Australia and New Zealand, ► pp. 773 ff.
Szanto, Thomas
2014. How to share a mind: Reconsidering the group mind thesis. Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences 13:1 ► pp. 99 ff.
Williamson, Kellie & John Sutton
2014. Embodied Collaboration in Small Groups. In Brain Theory, ► pp. 107 ff.
Heersmink, Richard
2013. Embodied Tools, Cognitive Tools and Brain-Computer Interfaces. Neuroethics 6:1 ► pp. 207 ff.
Heersmink, Richard
2013. A Taxonomy of Cognitive Artifacts: Function, Information, and Categories. Review of Philosophy and Psychology 4:3 ► pp. 465 ff.
Heersmink, Richard
2015. Dimensions of integration in embedded and extended cognitive systems. Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences 14:3 ► pp. 577 ff.
Heersmink, Richard
2016. The cognitive integration of scientific instruments: information, situated cognition, and scientific practice. Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences 15:4 ► pp. 517 ff.
Heersmink, Richard
2017. Distributed Cognition and Distributed Morality: Agency, Artifacts and Systems. Science and Engineering Ethics 23:2 ► pp. 431 ff.
Heersmink, Richard
2017. Extended mind and cognitive enhancement: moral aspects of cognitive artifacts. Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences 16:1 ► pp. 17 ff.
Hirst, William, Dora M. Coman & Alin I. Coman
2013. A Social Turn for the Internet: Commentary on Sparrow and Chatman. Psychological Inquiry 24:4 ► pp. 310 ff.
Kirchhoff, Michael David
2012. Extended cognition and fixed properties: steps to a third-wave version of extended cognition. Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences 11:2 ► pp. 287 ff.
Woelert, Peter
2012. Idealization and external symbolic storage: the epistemic and technical dimensions of theoretic cognition. Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences 11:3 ► pp. 335 ff.
Woelert, Peter
2013. The ‘Economy of Memory’: Publications, Citations, and the Paradox of Effective Research Governance. Minerva 51:3 ► pp. 341 ff.
Huebner, Bryce
2011. Genuinely collective emotions. European Journal for Philosophy of Science 1:1 ► pp. 89 ff.
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2010. Sharing memories, family conversation and interaction. Discourse & Society 21:5 ► pp. 499 ff.
Curşeu, Petru Lucian, René Schalk & Sandra Schruijer
2010. The Use of Cognitive Mapping in Eliciting and Evaluating Group Cognitions. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 40:5 ► pp. 1258 ff.
Sterelny, Kim
2010. Minds: extended or scaffolded?. Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences 9:4 ► pp. 465 ff.
Sukhoverkhov, Anton
2010. Memory, Sign Systems, and Self-Reproductive Processes. Biological Theory 5:2 ► pp. 161 ff.
Sutton, John, Celia B. Harris, Paul G. Keil & Amanda J. Barnier
2010. The psychology of memory, extended cognition, and socially distributed remembering. Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences 9:4 ► pp. 521 ff.
Barnier, Amanda J. & John Sutton
2008. From individual to collective memory: Theoretical and empirical perspectives. Memory 16:3 ► pp. 177 ff.
Sutton, John
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This list is based on CrossRef data as of 29 november 2025. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
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