This book provides a comprehensive study of hedging in academic research papers, relating a systematic analysis of forms to a pragmatic explanation for their use. Based on a detailed examination of journal articles and interviews with research scientists, the study shows that the extensive use of possibility and tentativeness in research writing is intimately connected to the social and institutional practices of academic communities and is at the heart of how knowledge comes to be socially accredited through texts. The study identifies the major forms, functions and distribution of hedges and explores the research article genre in detail to present an explanatory framework based on a complex social and ideological interpretive environment. The results show that hedging is central to Scientific argument, individual scientists and, ultimately, to science itself. The importance of hedging to student writers is also recognised and a chapter devoted to teaching implications.
“This is definitely a book to order for any library with a respectable linguistics section, and for specialists in modality and pragmatics, [...]”
Janet Holmes, University of Wellington
“[...] a book that raises issues of vital importance to teachers and researchers in the field of ESP and academic discourse generally.”
Susan Hood, Hong Kong Polytechnic University
“Hyland's book is a stimulating and comprehensive overview of the subject, which brings much literature together, and substantially advances our understanding of a complex phenomenon.”
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2024. Explicitation Translation Strategies for Hedging in Scientific and Technical English—Taking the Chinese Translation of <i>The Next Five Hundred Years</i>: <i>Engineering Life to Reach New Worlds</i> as an Example. Modern Linguistics 12:11 ► pp. 577 ff.
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2023. Hedging practices in soft science research articles: A corpus-based analysis of Indonesian authors. Cogent Arts & Humanities 10:1
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2023. Pragmatic linguistic analysis of the videos by terrorists of the Barcelona and Cambrils attacks. Círculo de Lingüística Aplicada a la Comunicación 96 ► pp. 287 ff.
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2023. Connecting with the Audience: Metadiscourse. In Developing Multilingual Writing [Multilingual Education, 42], ► pp. 67 ff.
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2023. INTERACTIONAL METADISCOURSE MARKERS IN DENTISTRY CASE REPORTS. Germanic Philology Journal of Yuriy Fedkovych Chernivtsi National University :843 ► pp. 138 ff.
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2023. Shades of grey: riskification and hedging in the Indo-Pacific. The Pacific Review 36:6 ► pp. 1181 ff.
2023. How to do things with insecure extensions. Synthese 203:1
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2023. Female Language in Popular Science. Gender Studies 22:1 ► pp. 168 ff.
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2023. Workplace communication in flux: from discrete languages, text genres and conversations to complex communicative situations. Applied Linguistics Review 14:4 ► pp. 679 ff.
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2023. Normes discursives et styles individuels dans la presse des États-Unis. Etudes de stylistique anglaise :17
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2023. COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGIES USED IN TOURISM AND PHARMACOLOGY RESEARCH ARTICLE DISCUSSIONS. Journal of Language and Communication 10:1 ► pp. 1 ff.
Schmauss, Lindsay Susannah & Kelly Kilian
2023. Hedging with modal auxiliary verbs in scientific discourse and women’s language. Open Linguistics 9:1
WHITT, RICHARD J.
2023. Epistemic space and key concepts in early and late modern medical discourse: an exploration of two genres. English Language and Linguistics 27:2 ► pp. 241 ff.
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2023. Active verbs with inanimate, text-denoting subjects in Polish and English abstracts of research articles in linguistics. Poznan Studies in Contemporary Linguistics 59:1 ► pp. 217 ff.
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2025. Major English Equivalents of the Polish Impersonal -no/-to Construction in Translated Academic Prose: A Parallel Corpus-Driven Study of Research Article Abstracts. Studia Linguistica Universitatis Iagellonicae Cracoviensis 142:4 ► pp. 257 ff.
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2020. Viewpoint in Translation of Academic Writing: An Illustrative Case Study. Między Oryginałem a Przekładem 26:47 ► pp. 111 ff.
Xie, Shaoliang & Chenggang Mi
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Xuan Nguyen, Nghia
2023. Structures and Functions of Lexical Bundles in Student and Expert Timed Argumentative Writing: A Corpus-Driven Study. Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities 31:3 ► pp. 1015 ff.
Yao, Mingxin, Ying Wei & Huiyu Wang
2023. Promoting research by reducing uncertainty in academic writing: a large-scale diachronic case study on hedging in Science research articles across 25 years. Scientometrics 128:8 ► pp. 4541 ff.
杨, 娜
2023. A Corpus-Based Comparative Study of Engagement Markers in English Debating between Chinese and Foreign Debaters. Modern Linguistics 11:10 ► pp. 4635 ff.
谷, 莹莹
2023. A Research on the Pragmatic Role of Hedges in the Writing of Chinese College Students under the Perspective of Memetics. Modern Linguistics 11:08 ► pp. 3465 ff.
饶, 金盈
2023. A Comparative Study on the Politeness Strategies across Chinese and English —Taking Academic Book Reviews from 2015 to 2021 as an Example. Modern Linguistics 11:10 ► pp. 4446 ff.
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2022. Do hedges always hedge?. Pragmatics. Quarterly Publication of the International Pragmatics Association (IPrA)► pp. 321 ff.
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2022. Semantic Prosody of Research Verbs: A Corpus-Informed Study. Journal of Language and Education 8:2 ► pp. 48 ff.
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2022. The Construction of Knowledge Claims in Three Disciplines: An Exploration of Hedging and Boosting Strategies in Research Articles Written in English by Arab and Anglophone Writers. Journal of Language and Education 8:2 ► pp. 31 ff.
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2022. Hedging in Scientific Discourse: Comparative Analysis of English and Russian Traditions in Academic Writing. In Science and Global Challenges of the 21st Century - Science and Technology [Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, 342], ► pp. 545 ff.
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2022. Functional categories of hedges: A diachronic study of Russian research article abstracts. Russian Journal of Linguistics 26:3 ► pp. 645 ff.
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2022. Genre Analysis of Abstracts of Research Articles Published in Biostatistics. International Journal of Literature, Language and Linguistics 5:1 ► pp. 17 ff.
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2022. Information technology students’ involvement in in-class debates: Speech acts and modification of the illocutionary force. Discourse and Interaction 15:2 ► pp. 28 ff.
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2022. A typology of the characteristics of teachers’ written feedback comments on second language writing. Cogent Education 9:1
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2022. LİSANSÜSTÜ TEZLERİN SONUÇ BÖLÜMLERİNDE ÜSTSÖYLEM BELİRLEYİCİLERİ. Çukurova Üniversitesi Türkoloji Araştırmaları Dergisi 7:2 ► pp. 766 ff.
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2021. Views of Social Studies Teachers on Scientific Research Methodology. Participatory Educational Research 8:4 ► pp. 64 ff.
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2021. Investigating the Effect of Process-based Instruction of Writing on the IELTS Writing Task Two Performance of Iranian EFL Learners: Focusing on Hedging & Boosting. Cogent Education 8:1
Jaakola, Minna
2021. Marking one’s own viewpoint: The Finnish evidential verb+kseni‘as far as I understand’ construction. Nordic Journal of Linguistics 44:3 ► pp. 255 ff.
2021. A Multifactorial Analysis of Concessive Clause Positioning. Journal of Quantitative Linguistics 28:4 ► pp. 356 ff.
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2021. Stance-taking across monologic and dialogic modes of academic speech. Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies 39:4 ► pp. 352 ff.
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2021. The peculiarities of realization of modal values of necessity and epistemic possibility in the Russian and Chinese languages. Litera :2 ► pp. 42 ff.
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2021. Investigating disagreement in the scientific literature. eLife 10
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2021. Hedging modal adverbs in Slovenian academic discourse. Slovenščina 2.0: empirical, applied and interdisciplinary research 9:1 ► pp. 145 ff.
Lin, Yen-Yu & Siaw-Fong Chung
2021. A Corpus-Based Study on Two Near-Synonymous Verbs in Academic Journals: PROPOSE and SUGGEST. English Teaching & Learning 45:2 ► pp. 189 ff.
Liu, Xiao
2021. The Low Co-Occurrence of Nominalization and Hedging in Scientific Papers Written by Chinese EFL Learners. SSRN Electronic Journal
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2021. Diachronic corpus analysis of stance markers in research articles: The field of applied linguistics. Cogent Arts & Humanities 8:1
Sabet, Peyman G. P., Samran Daneshfar & Grace Zhang
2021. Elastic language in academic emails: Communication between a PhD applicant and potential supervisors. Australian Journal of Linguistics 41:3 ► pp. 263 ff.
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2021. Stance markers in English medical research articles and newspaper opinion columns: A comparative corpus-based study. PLOS ONE 16:3 ► pp. e0247981 ff.
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2021. A corpus-based comparison of use of hedges and boosters by Turkish ELT MA and PhD students. Dil ve Dilbilimi Çalışmaları Dergisi 17:1 ► pp. 33 ff.
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2021. Mitigation strategies in examiners’ reports of Mphil theses. International Journal of Research Studies in Education 10:11
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2021. Post-publication expert recommendations in faculty opinions (F1000Prime): Recommended articles and citations. Journal of Informetrics 15:3 ► pp. 101174 ff.
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2021. Üstsöylem: Tanım, Modeller, Çözümlemeler Çerçevesinde Bir Değerlendirme. Kültür Araştırmaları Dergisi :8 ► pp. 275 ff.
2020. On Hedging in Teaching Academic Writing. In Integrating Engineering Education and Humanities for Global Intercultural Perspectives [Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, 131], ► pp. 494 ff.
Crespo, Begoña & Isabel Moskowich
2020. Astronomy, Philosophy, Life Sciences and History Texts: Setting the Scene for the Study of Modern Scientific Writing. English Studies 101:6 ► pp. 665 ff.
Gonnella, Marisa de Luján, Virginia Gabriela Cattólica, Carolina Inés Diruscio & Virginia Beatriz Zamboni
2020. TERRITORIOS E INSTRUMENTOS PARA EL DESARROLLO RURAL: ANÁLISIS DE PROGRAMAS EN LOCALIDADES, INSTITUCIONES Y PUBLICACIONES. Revista Americana de Empreendedorismo e Inovação 2:1 ► pp. 166 ff.
Goźdź-Roszkowski, Stanisław & Katarzyna Fronczak
2020. "You Don't Have Time to Think Up There. If You Think You're Dead" – A Corpus-assisted Study of Discursive Strategies to Engage Readers in Corporate Blogs. Research in Language 18:1 ► pp. 69 ff.
Hassan, Ali Sabah & Nadya Khairy Muhamed Said
2020. A PRAGMATIC STUDY OF HEDGES IN AMERICAN POLITICAL EDITORIALS. International Journal of Research in Social Sciences and Humanities 10:3 ► pp. 60 ff.
Işık-Taş, Elvan Eda
2020. The Statement of Purpose in Graduate Program Applications: The Impact of Academics’ Feedback on L2 Writer Identity. In English for Specific Purposes Instruction and Research, ► pp. 177 ff.
Khedri, Mohsen & Konstantinos Kritsis
2020. How do we make ourselves heard in the writing of a research article? A study of authorial references in four disciplines. Australian Journal of Linguistics 40:2 ► pp. 194 ff.
2020. Tact or frankness in English and Russian blind peer reviews. Intercultural Pragmatics 17:4 ► pp. 471 ff.
Larina, Tatiana & Douglas Mark Ponton
2022. I wanted to honour your journal, and you spat in my face: emotive (im)politeness and face in the English and Russian blind peer review. Journal of Politeness Research 18:1 ► pp. 201 ff.
Lee, Youra & Seok-Hoon You
2020. Comprehension Analysis on the Discourse Marker
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Lee, Youra & Seok-Hoon You
2020. Comprehension Analysis on the Discourse Marker Function of English -ly Type Epistemic Stance Adverbials. Lanaguage Research 56:3 ► pp. 383 ff.
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2020. New concepts, different approaches: tackling e-visibility in research project websites. Revista de Lingüística y Lenguas Aplicadas 15:1 ► pp. 83 ff.
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2020. Engagement under revision: How Iranian scholars negotiate the arguability of their texts. Complutense Journal of English Studies 28 ► pp. 147 ff.
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[no author supplied]
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This list is based on CrossRef data as of 3 december 2025. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.
