In:The Manipulative Disguise of Truth: Tricks and threats of implicit communication
Viviana Masia
[Pragmatics & Beyond New Series 322] 2021
► pp. 223–226
Index
Published online: 12 May 2021
https://doi.org/10.1075/pbns.322.index
https://doi.org/10.1075/pbns.322.index
A
- accommodation 12, 66–67, 211–212
- activation states 22, 124 ; see also active 32, 48, 69, 77–78, 111, 125, 144, 162, 165–167, 176, 194
- advertising 2, 39, 41–42, 45, 147, 161, 163, 167, 196
- Aikhenvald 71–73, 78
- Amaral & Cummins 14, 92
- anche 20, 45, 87, 108–109, 126, 132, 140, 203
- annotation 88, 161–162, 167, 195
- Aristotle 35, 128
- assertion 23–24, 28–29, 34, 56, 61, 66, 74–78, 81–86, 88–92, 94–95, 100, 103–104, 106, 112, 119, 122, 138, 145, 159, 204, 216 ; see also assertive 2, 29, 43, 61–62, 66, 74, 76–79, 84, 88, 90, 92, 94, 101, 103, 107, 110, 113, 118, 135–137, 144, 158, 201, 204
- attack 8, 53, 55, 57–59, 82–84, 86–90, 92, 105, 110, 155–156, 158–159, 186
- attenuated direct evidentiality 79, 81
- Austin 23, 118
- Autism Spectrum Disorder 196, 209–210, 215, 219
B
- background 6, 8, 10–11, 13–15, 19, 24, 26, 37, 78, 101, 122, 125, 138, 143, 153, 157, 160 ; see also background knowledge 14–15, 26, 37, 78, 143, 157
- Balkan 72, 106
- Bednarek 100, 105, 107, 114
- Berruto13
- Bianchi 20, 122–123
- blasting 59–60, 105–106, 109–110, 113–114, 116–118, 205
- Boas71
- bona fide 119, 155, 167, 198–201
- Bonini63
- Bredart & Modolo 62, 103
- broad evidentiality72
- Brocca 55, 148, 152–153, 155–160, 212
- Brown & Levinson 83, 92
- Bucholtz & Hall83
C
- Cervantes 127–128
- Chafe 9–10, 22–23, 28, 71–72, 91, 103, 125, 212
- Chafe & Nichols 71–72, 91
- challengeability 21, 82–86, 88, 92–93, 145, 204
- change of state verbs 12, 67, 155–156
- Cherokee72
- Cheyenne73
- Clinton, Hillary 86–87, 166, 168, 190–191, 193, 215
- clitic-left dislocation22
- coefficients of implicitness164
- commitment 2, 20, 28–29, 36, 43, 66, 71–72, 74, 76–81, 83–84, 91–93, 100, 119, 138, 151, 165, 169, 204, 207, 217
- common ground 6, 11–13, 17, 19, 24, 42–43, 69, 75, 79, 104–105, 130–132, 134, 136–137, 143, 204, 207, 220
- communicative dynamism 33, 118, 129
- communicative effectiveness 105, 130, 144, 149, 154
- communicative goal 14, 19, 23, 41, 47, 101
- computation charts189
- Conchucos Quechua 75, 77
- content challengeability 84–85 ; see also content commitment 28–29, 204
- content types 53, 55, 57–60, 71, 82–89, 92, 95, 104–105, 113–115, 117, 150, 205
- contextual theories24
- conversational maxims 17, 42
- Coolidge & Wynn 30, 34
- Cotter 97, 100
- COVID-19 36, 54–55, 151–152
- Cresti 21, 23, 118, 195
- Critical Discourse Analysis 97, 117, 209, 214
- culture of implicitness xv, 195, 197
- Cuzco Quechua 73, 76, 211
D
- Danler 25, 139–140
- deception 8, 11, 33, 100, 217
- defining relative clauses12
- definite phrases 12, 93
- deontic 14, 68
- diachronic comparison194
- direct evidentials 72, 74
- discourse commitment 28–29, 204
- discursive presuppositions15
- Domaneschi 39, 60, 66–67
E
- electroencephalography 61, 63
- epistemic theories24see also epistemic vigilance 9, 220
- ERPs 64–66
- European languages 22, 72, 76
- evaluation 41, 48, 94–95, 104–105, 107–108, 112, 116, 134, 145, 158, 167, 205, 209, 213–214
- evaluative presuppositions 107, 111, 115–117
- event-related desynchronization66
- event-related synchronization 66–67
- evidential markers 73, 75
- evidentiality
xv, 71–81, 85, 88, 91–92, 94–95, 119, 204, 209–210, 212, 216–217, 221
see also narrow evidentiality72
- broad evidentiality72
- evolutionary 30, 33–34, 127, 214, 218
- exapted33
- experimental xv, 2, 10, 19, 39, 42, 60–63, 68–69, 92, 133, 148, 158, 160, 165, 167, 197, 209, 211, 214, 217 ; see also experiments 14, 103, 148, 161
- explicitation 15, 131, 133–134, 139, 148, 154, 162–163, 193, 205
- extension index199
- eye-tracking61
F
- Facebook 53, 55, 82, 152
- factive predicates 12, 138
- Faller 71, 73–74
- Farahzad & Allameh124
- Farwell & Helmreich123
- first-hand evidentials72
- focalization 127, 210 ; see also focus 2, 5, 10, 21–24, 28, 33–34, 41–42, 48, 62–63, 67–68, 78, 81, 94, 101, 103–104, 109, 124–125, 129, 134–135, 157, 164, 167, 180, 213, 216
- Frege11
- frequency bands65
- frequency coefficient 88, 94
G
- garden path 66, 103, 210, 216
- givenness 23, 210
- Givón 6, 21, 34, 47, 83
- global implicitness 189–194 ; see also global implicitness index 189–190, 194
- good-enough processing 98, 118
- Grabe101
- Grice 15–18, 110, 195
- Grillo, Beppe 52, 57–59
- Grottanelli Vinigi35
- Gutt131
H
- Hintz & Hintz 73, 75–76, 204
- Hoey107
- holiday catalogues 198–199, 201
- Hollande, François 86–87
- Hornby61
- Hunston & Thompson 99, 107–108
I
- illocutionary force 21, 23, 40, 43, 73, 77–78, 129, 145, 167
- impact 3, 7, 34–35, 68, 71, 104, 112–113, 118, 139, 148, 159, 163–164, 167–168, 189–193, 208–209, 215, 217
- IMPAQTS xv, 26, 52, 148, 161, 163, 194–195, 198, 205
- implicature
2, 5, 10, 13, 15, 18, 20–21, 31–32, 34, 42, 50–53, 56–58, 67, 71, 74, 78–81, 93, 130, 132, 134–135, 143, 146, 148, 152, 154–157, 159, 162, 164, 166–168, 195, 200–201, 204, 207, 211, 213, 217, 220
see also conversational implicatures
152, 164, 220
- conventional implicatures 18, 146, 148, 157, 164, 166
- generalized implicatures164
- particularized implicatures18
- generalized scalar implicatures 18, 166
- implicit XV–XVI, 2–3, 5–7, 9–10, 15, 27, 30–31, 33–36, 39, 43, 45, 47, 52–53, 55, 57–58, 60, 63, 68–69, 71–72, 81–82, 89, 92, 121–122, 124, 130–133, 139, 143–150, 152–155, 157–168, 175, 189–190, 193–201, 203–207, 211–212, 215, 217–218 ; see also implicit communication XV–XVI, 2–3, 5–7, 10, 15, 27, 30–31, 34–35, 39, 45, 52, 57, 60, 63, 71–72, 82, 121, 124, 143, 146, 148–149, 153, 155, 157, 159–163, 165, 189, 193–198, 200–201, 203–207, 212, 218
- implicit content 132, 143–144, 148, 153–155, 162–163, 189, 194, 197, 217 ; see also implicit strategies 33, 57–58, 60, 68–69, 81, 152, 154, 158, 162–163, 167–168, 189–190, 193–194, 196, 198–201, 207, 212
- implicitating impact190
- implicitness xv, 5, 18, 31, 45, 72, 146, 154, 158, 164–168, 189–195, 197–198, 200–201, 204, 215, 217
- implicitness of content 164–165, 200
- implicitness of responsibility 164–165, 189, 200
- indefinite adjective26
- indirect evidential 75–76, 78
- indirect speech 2, 5, 20, 43, 210, 216, 218
- individual knowledge 76, 78
- inference 15, 17–18, 20, 36, 67, 77 ; see also inferential evidentials73
- information structure 10, 21, 23, 28–29, 41, 60–61, 67, 73, 78, 91, 94–95, 118, 124–125, 130, 138, 211–213, 215–217, 219 ; see also information units 62, 94, 118, 125
- informative 14, 20, 55, 79, 93, 101, 104–105, 114, 117–118, 128, 143, 145, 150, 155–156, 158, 200
- intentional meaning 19, 42–43, 79, 81, 111–113, 130–131, 135, 143, 165, 167, 203
- irony 110–112, 117, 172, 210, 214, 218, 221
- Italian press 98, 104, 113, 117
- iterative adverbs12
J
- Johnson, Boris 55, 150, 152
- journalism 97, 198–200, 211, 220
K
- Kapogianni112
- Kasher67
- Katan125
- Keenan139
- Kierkegaard43
- Krebs & Dawkins30
L
- Lambrecht 11, 94, 103
- Langford & Holmes 61, 103
- Le Pen, Marine 48, 50, 86–87, 92–93, 166–167
- Lee & Xu 53, 82–83, 105
- length 78, 87, 159, 189–193, 199
- lists52
- Loftus14
- Lombardi Vallauri XV–XVI, 2, 10, 12, 21, 30, 32, 39, 97, 118, 164, 167–168, 193, 198–199, 203, 211, 215–217, 219
M
- Macron, Emmanuel 150, 152
- macropragmatic130
- manipulation xv, 1–2, 5, 7–9, 15, 30–31, 33, 35–37, 71, 97, 99–100, 121, 124–125, 140, 143, 146, 148, 161, 203, 206–208, 211–212, 214, 218, 220
- manipulation-enhancing143
- manipulation-reducing143
- manipulative communication 10, 29, 39, 148, 206 ; see also manipulative intentions31
- Masia 2, 12, 22, 24, 30, 32–33, 35, 39, 43, 60, 66, 76, 82, 97–98, 105, 119–120, 164, 167–168, 193, 198–199, 203, 210–212, 215–217
- Maxim of Manner16
- Maxim of Quality16
- Maxim of Quantity16
- Maxim of Relation 16, 32, 40, 42–43, 47, 51, 80, 132–133, 152
- Mazzarella 39, 85
- measurement system 167–168
- media 54, 57, 60, 97, 105, 149–150, 152–153, 160, 167, 172, 184, 209–210, 216 ; see also media literacy 160, 210
- mental model 37, 41, 94, 98, 110–111, 123, 129, 145, 153
- micropragmatic 21, 130, 216
- Moses Illusion61
- mutual knowledge 76, 78, 213
N
- N400 66–67, 211, 214
- negation 19–20
- neurolinguistic 2, 60, 63
- neuromarketing 205, 218, 221
- neuropragmatics 60, 209, 213
- neutral 9, 30, 55, 82–90, 92, 94, 105–106, 108, 113–117, 155, 198
- newness 23, 98, 114
- news discourse 95, 97, 99–100, 104–105, 110, 117, 205, 209 ; see also news journalism199
- nominalizations 26, 141
- Noveck 62, 67, 217 ; see also Noveck & Posada67
O
- Obama, Barack 9, 47–48, 54, 80, 86–87, 93, 134, 143, 168, 178, 190, 192–193
- ontological theories24
- opinion 7, 9, 35, 37, 53, 55, 57–59, 84–85, 92, 105, 117, 119, 135, 152, 155–156, 158–159, 172
- OPPP! website 161, 193–195
P
- P600 66–67, 211, 213
- packaging 5, 9, 23–24, 28–29, 32–33, 58–59, 62, 66, 69, 74, 77–78, 83–86, 88, 91–94, 100, 103–105, 112, 114–117, 119, 124, 135–136, 165, 167, 219 ; see also packaging challengeability 84–85
- persuasion 7, 35–37, 71, 208, 212 ; see also persuasiveness
- scale200
- Piattelli 36, 203, 208
- pilot study 153, 195, 197, 205, 211, 215
- Pinker 2, 5–6, 30
- political communication 82, 94, 113, 161, 212 ; see also political discourse xv, 2–3, 26, 28, 39, 45, 71, 82–83, 91, 95, 104, 108, 119, 121, 131, 147, 149, 155, 157, 161–163, 194, 201, 216, 220
- political journalism 198–200
- political speeches 3, 26, 45, 53, 57, 60, 95, 97, 104, 132, 148, 161–162, 167, 193–194, 198–199, 204–205
- Politzer-Ahles & Gwilliams67
- pragmatic markers204
- Prague School21
- praise 53, 55, 57, 59, 82–83, 86–89, 92–93, 155–156, 158–159, 198, 211
- presumptive meanings xv, 19, 39, 71
- presupposition
2, 5, 10–15, 19–20, 24, 28, 31–34, 40, 43, 45, 48, 58, 61–62, 66, 68–69, 71, 75–78, 81–95, 98–101, 104–106, 108–110, 112–119, 124, 135, 137–138, 145–146, 148, 152–159, 161–162, 164–168, 190, 193, 195, 200–201, 204–205, 207, 209–216, 219–220
see also new presuppositions
66, 68, 104, 113–114, 119
see also pragmatic presuppositions
13, 164, 220
- presupposition triggers 66, 106, 138, 146, 153, 158, 161
- Principle of Cooperation 16, 74
- prominence22
R
- Rajoy, Mariano50
- readability 125, 159, 162
- Reboul 30–31
- relevance 15–16, 32, 36, 43, 57, 103, 114, 131, 135, 143, 147, 163, 165, 213, 218, 220
- Renzi, Matteo 57–59, 86–87, 140–141
- responsibility 36, 39–40, 42–44, 46, 79–80, 85, 91, 100, 111, 135, 138–141, 143, 145, 155, 164–167, 187, 189–193, 200, 203, 212
- retraction 74, 76–78
- Rigotti 7, 120
- Romance languages 22, 27, 155
- Russell11
S
- Salvini, Matteo 26, 45, 54, 57–59, 86–87, 106, 111–112, 132, 151–152, 194
- Sanatifar 131, 143, 205
- Sánchez, Pedro 151–152
- Santos 139, 141–142
- Saussure 15, 28, 30, 39, 71, 99–100, 211, 217–219
- Saussure & Schulz30
- Sbisà xv, 2, 5, 10, 12–15, 19–21, 39, 68–69, 95, 98, 100–102, 104, 106, 110, 117–119, 148, 153–155, 162, 195–197
- Scarpa 125–127, 144
- semantic theories 24, 33
- Social Network Sites 53, 204
- societies of intimates34
- Sorensen 33, 63, 219
- Sorite’s paradox25
- sourceness 71–72, 77, 79–80, 204, 207
- speaker’s commitment 20, 43, 76, 83–84, 165
- speech acts 8, 20, 28, 43, 74, 79, 130, 213, 218–219
- Sperber & Wilson 32, 43, 79, 130
- Stalnaker 6, 8, 11–13, 31, 195
- stance-taking 53, 60, 82–84, 86–90, 92, 94, 150, 152, 158
- strawman fallacy219
- subordinate clauses12
- synchronic comparison194
T
- Tariana73
- Tavano & Kaiser62
- territory 76, 79, 85, 91, 186, 214
- text comprehension 3, 101, 146
- text types 102, 132, 198, 200–201
- thematic 125–126, 195 ; see also theme 10, 21, 24, 169
- Theory of Mind 31, 196, 209, 212
- threats 2, 136, 160, 204, 207
- topic
xv, 2, 10, 21–24, 28, 31–34, 41–43, 45, 48, 62, 67–69, 75, 77–79, 81, 95, 104, 124–126, 135, 144, 146–148, 161, 164–168, 195, 204, 207, 210, 212, 215, 217, 221
see also topicalization
5, 10, 21, 39, 68–69, 71, 162, 200–201, 204
- topic-comment10
- translation xv, 2, 20, 27, 46, 49, 51, 121–129, 131–147, 154, 205, 212–214, 218
- tricks 2, 157, 206
- Trump, Donald 54, 84, 133, 135–137, 145, 150, 152, 180, 215
- tweets 3, 53–59, 82, 148–150, 152–153, 155–156, 158 ; see also Twitter 2, 53, 57–60, 82, 149, 152–153, 155, 197, 205, 210–213, 215–216
V
- vague expressions xv, 68, 80, 139, 145, 163, 165, 198, 204–205, 217 ; see also vagueness 2, 5, 10, 24–26, 31, 33, 39, 43–45, 51, 62–63, 71, 78–81, 139, 141–142, 146, 148, 161–162, 164–165, 168, 195, 200–201, 204, 207, 214, 218–221
- vagueness-as-ignorance hypothesis63
- valency constructions25
- Van Dijk 7–8, 97–99, 117
- Van Tiel & Schaeken62
- Varzi 24, 33
W
- Wanka Quechua73
- Webanno 161–162
