In:Offers and Offer Refusals: A postcolonial pragmatics perspective on World Englishes
Eric A. Anchimbe
[Pragmatics & Beyond New Series 298] 2018
► pp. 313–316
Subject index
Published online: 15 November 2018
https://doi.org/10.1075/pbns.298.si
https://doi.org/10.1075/pbns.298.si
A
- address form2, 8, 12–13, 16, 18, 23, 39, 46, 63–64, 69, 77, 85, 89, 91–92, 98, 108, 110–111, 113, 116, 120, 127, 129, 130–131, 133, 137, 142, 147–152, 170–173, 175, 178–179, 184, 186–187, 191, 195, 197, 199, 210, 223–225, 231, 233, 237–239, 245, 247–248, 256, 270, 277–278, 280–281; see also address patterns
- address patterns88, 128, 149; see also address form
- African societies3, 8, 12, 102, 227
- age2, 5, 8, 15, 26–29, 36, 46–48, 50, 58, 65, 72–73, 75–78, 86, 93–95, 102–103, 127–130, 136–139, 141, 143–144, 147, 152–158, 161, 163–165, 171, 175, 178, 181–182, 184, 186, 189–193, 195–197, 204, 212, 214, 234, 236, 238, 249–250, 267–271, 275–277
- age asymmetry137–138, 158, 171, 175, 178, 186, 196
- age-based power150
- age-based asymmetrical relationships137, 175, 186
- Akan11, 18, 45, 56, 202, 280
B
- British colonisation55; See also British colonialism
- British English13, 38
- British colonialism59, 259; See also British colonisation
- British-ruled Cameroon59
- British Cameroons252
- British Gold Coast59
- bystander effect2, 157; see also onlooker responsesee also third-party effect
C
- Cameroon2–3, 10–19, 22, 25–26, 38–40, 53–62, 69–76, 80–81, 84, 92–93, 108–109, 116–123, 126–127, 129–131, 134–136, 144–145, 158, 160–163, 169, 172–173, 187, 191–193, 198, 200, 209, 211–212, 225–233, 238–239, 247–249, 259–262, 269, 271, 275–281
- Cameroon English6, 12–13, 15–16, 19, 22, 38–39, 141, 235, 248, 269, 276
- Cameroon French12–13, 15, 38–39
- Cameroon Pidgin English12, 15, 39
- code-switching43, 182, 191, 250, 254–255, 281
- collectivist society2, 101, 162–163, 189–190, 226, 231, 245, 260, 277, 280
- collectivist culture3, 29, 48, 51, 135, 139, 182, 189, 193, 199, 212, 237, 242–243
- collectivist cultural norm27–28, 189, 264
- colonial languages11–12, 39, 56, 133, 251, 272, 275, 282–283
- colonialism32, 36, 38–39, 41, 44–46, 48, 51, 54, 56–59, 61, 151, 193, 242, 251, 259; see also colonisation
- colonisation6, 39, 55–56, 59–60, 62, 251; see also colonialism
- commissive speech act1, 10, 102, 108
- commissive act117
- commissive intent232
- communicative act5, 15, 19, 22–24, 25–26, 28, 34, 39, 43–44, 63–64, 66, 76–77, 79–80, 91–92, 99–100, 103, 105–106, 108, 124, 136–138, 156, 165–167, 186, 193, 196, 218–219, 221, 275–276, 280, 282
- Cross-cultural pragmatics8, 29, 33, 35, 282
E
- ethnicity19, 27, 29, 44, 48–49, 153, 160, 249, 251, 255, 258–260, 262, 265
- ethnic boundaries254, 261
- ethnic group1, 15–19, 27, 45, 48–50, 53, 56, 64, 70–71, 125, 135, 148, 189–190, 199–200, 215, 252–254, 258–262, 264–266, 270
- ethnic identity48, 53, 151, 196, 257–259
- ethnic language11, 39, 199, 250–251, 253–254, 256–258, 271
- ethnic stereotypes15, 50, 265
- ex-colonial language11–12, 39, 56, 133, 251–252, 272, 275
- external modification15, 23–24, 64, 79, 137–138, 196
- ezigbo omume11, 14, 32, 135
F
- face1, 3–4, 9, 11–15, 18–19, 29, 32, 42–43, 47–48, 52–54, 70–72, 86, 93, 96, 101, 133–135, 148, 161, 196, 209, 215–216, 233, 244–246, 248, 257–259, 261, 268, 275, 277
- face needs70, 135, 258, 275
- face threat9, 14, 134, 196, 245–246, 248
- face threatening act14, 133, 215
- face threatening question4, 70, 72
- face wants3, 9, 42, 54
- group face1, 53, 161
- individual face3, 9, 42, 47, 54, 70, 135, 214, 245, 275
- individual face needs70, 135, 275
- individual face rights47
- individual face wants3, 9, 42, 54
- public face48, 101, 148, 245
- French colonisation55
G
- gender15, 19, 26–29, 38, 44, 54–55, 63–67, 70, 84, 86–87, 92, 96, 101–105, 125–126, 128, 130–133, 136, 147–149, 152, 156, 158, 169, 176–177, 182, 189, 191, 197, 204, 207, 215–216, 218, 221–223, 232, 239–241, 249, 268, 272, 275
- gender conceptualisations54–55
- gender differentiation54, 67, 131, 133
- gender discourses55, 130–131, 133
- gender equality54
- gender expectations55
- gender roles55, 247, 272
- gender stereotypes131–132
- gender-based expectations272
- gendered identity53
- German colonisation56
- Ghana3, 9, 14, 18–19, 45–46, 48–49, 59, 61–62, 68–76, 78, 80–81, 84, 86–89, 93, 96, 99, 101–106, 116–120, 122–123, 129–131, 134, 136, 144–145, 149, 156, 158, 161, 163, 169, 175–177, 181, 183, 185, 187, 191, 202–203, 214–219, 222–223, 235, 251–254, 264–266, 277–281
- Ghanaian English6, 12, 15, 19, 22, 111, 173, 203, 223, 229, 240, 276
H
- head act5, 15, 23–24, 28, 63–65, 75–76, 78–81, 84–92, 94, 100, 105, 108, 110, 112–113, 115–116, 119, 137–139, 147–150, 152, 165–166, 172, 181, 186, 190, 195, 204–205, 207–211, 218, 229, 241, 276
- Historical pragmatics29, 33, 37–38, 43, 282
- hlonipha9, 11, 14, 32, 135
- hybridism7, 32, 34, 41, 45, 56, 130, 160, 164–165, 188, 222, 242, 249, 255, 263, 267, 272–273
- hybrid varieties39
- linguistic hybridism249
I
- Identity17, 27, 36–37, 42, 44, 48–50, 53–54, 70, 73, 98–99, 142, 151, 190, 199, 247, 250–253, 257–259, 272–273
- hybrid identities40
- identity opportunism43, 53, 247, 250, 253, 256–257, 285
- indigenous ethnic identity257
- language identity251, 253, 257–258
- linguistic identity19, 53, 249, 250–252
- Igbo9, 11, 14–15, 18, 32, 254, 293, 295
- Igbo language11
- indigenous African cultures12, 15
- indigenous African languages11, 15
- indigenous African religions266
- indigenous religion272
- indigenous religious experience267
- indigenous codes of conduct188
- indigenous cultures3, 46, 270
- indigenous cultural norms229, 265, 268
- indigenous social norms242
- indigenous social systems41, 60
- indigenous language7–8, 12, 16, 19–20, 24, 27, 51, 55, 58, 72, 249–250, 252–253, 256, 280–281,
- indigenous languages6–8, 11–12, 39, 45, 56, 58, 60, 191, 251–252, 271, 282
- indigenous lingua franca45, 56, 254
- indigenous pragmatic practices43
- Intercultural pragmatics35–36
- Interlanguage pragmatics29, 33–34
- internal modification5, 23–24, 63, 79–80, 84–85, 88, 108, 110, 122, 143–144, 166, 172, 195, 203–204, 208, 210, 221, 223, 225, 228, 233–234, 237, 241
K
- kinship2–3, 8, 16, 27–28, 39–41, 47, 50–51, 69, 98, 111, 125–127, 129–130, 135, 148–149, 154, 169–171, 175–176, 180, 182–187, 199, 223, 238–239, 241, 245, 252–253, 268–270, 275, 277, 280–281
- kinship relation2, 51, 268
- kinship relationship2, 16, 28, 41, 47, 178, 241, 245, 277
- kinship role269
- kinship space40, 50, 154, 269
- kinship term16, 40–41, 50, 69, 111, 125–126, 129–130 , 142, 148, 154, 169–170, 175, 180, 182–185, 186–187, 223, 238–239, 241, 275, 277, 280
L
- language policy46, 56–57, 59, 283
- official language19, 44–45, 51, 56–57, 130, 249, 251–252, 254, 257–258, 271, 275, 282
- linguistic victimisation43, 250, 256
M
- multilingualism35, 41, 254
N
- native language33, 184–185, 192, 253, 255, 258
O
- offer1–5, 14, 18–20, 23–28, 31, 37, 40–42, 44, 46–47, 49, 52–53, 62–70, 90–91, 101–103, 113, 116, 127–130, 132–140, 142, 156, 162–164, 186, 188–191, 193, 195–197, 200–201, 204, 207, 211, 213–217, 224, 226, 237, 239, 241–249, 251–254, 256–257, 260–270, 272, 275–281
- polite offers196, 281
- routine offer3, 108, 229
- third-party imperative offer 82, 90–91, 98, 103, 112–114, 116, 170
- third-party imperative strategy90, 112
- offer refusal1, 5, 14, 18–19, 23–24, 26, 28, 62–65, 75, 79–80, 87–89, 91–92, 98–99, 119–124, 136–138, 143–144, 147–148, 150, 152–153, 156, 172, 176–181, 189, 195, 203–204, 208–209, 211, 213, 233–237, 245, 277
- offer refusal utterance1, 5, 19, 26, 28, 62, 89, 120–124, 136, 144, 147, 150, 176–178, 181, 233–236
- acceptance strategy177, 181
- assurance strategy176–177, 179–180, 236–237
- direct refusal strategy122, 124, 177, 179–180, 234
- impediment strategy121–122, 177, 181, 234–235
- inability strategy123
- postponement strategy120, 124
- return offer strategy180
- offer utterance3–5, 28, 62, 65, 70, 84–85, 88, 108–109, 114, 116, 119–120, 122, 132, 136,147, 149–150, 169–170, 172, 174, 180, 203, 207–208, 221–223, 225, 228, 231
- declarative strategy108, 119, 221–223, 228, 230
- execution strategy116–117, 119, 174–175, 221–222, 231–232
- imperative strategy90, 112–113, 116, 166, 169–170, 172, 174, 221–223, 225, 228
- preference strategy109–113, 121, 123, 166, 172–173, 177–178, 221–222, 225, 227
- onlooker response46, 50, 138, 157, 160–162, 189, 258, 270; see also bystander effectsee also third-party effect
P
- peer equality195–196, 207–208, 224–225, 234, 239, 245, 248, 269, 277, 280
- Pidgin6, 12, 18–20, 39, 44, 51, 56–60, 72–73, 97, 130, 185–186, 249–251, 254–255, 257, 280–281
- Pidgin English12, 15, 19–20, 39, 57–59, 72–73, 97, 130, 185, 244, 251, 280–281
- politeness1, 3, 7–14, 29, 31–32, 43, 52, 63, 74, 79, 86–88, 97, 101–102, 112–113, 124, 140, 147, 149–150, 159, 169, 171–172, 186, 195, 203, 210, 215, 223–224, 236, 241, 248, 272, 276
- politeness strategy7, 8, 14
- postcolonial African cultures98
- postcolonial communities6, 10, 13–14, 17–19, 35–36, 43, 48, 56–57, 59, 65, 70, 91, 121, 125, 132, 134, 144, 164, 169, 182, 221, 249, 256, 273
- postcolonial citizens217, 263
- postcolonial contexts3, 6, 14–15, 20, 32–35, 41, 48, 51, 58, 60, 109, 127–128, 130, 134–135, 140, 164, 170, 211, 246, 259, 269, 272
- postcolonial discourse188, 282
- postcolonial era37, 127, 275
- postcolonial heritage136, 176, 207
- postcolonial multilingual societies1, 5, 28–29, 34, 249
- postcolonial society7–10, 12, 14–15, 17, 27, 29–30, 32, 34, 44–46, 48, 52–55, 63, 69, 76, 127, 133, 139, 142, 153, 184–186, 195, 214, 227, 235, 241–242, 248–250, 254–260, 267–272, 275–278, 282–283
- Postcolonial Englishes6–7
- Postcolonial English13
- postcolonial varieties of English6
- postcolonial pragmatics7, 9–10, 13, 15, 19–20, 23, 25, 27–30, 32–33, 36–39, 41–42, 44, 50–51, 55–57, 59–62, 136, 143, 154, 159, 164, 188, 235, 262, 268, 271, 275–276, 282
- postcolonial pragmatic components3, 27–28, 44, 48, 55, 64, 99, 124–127, 134, 136–137, 182, 193, 195, 237, 263
- power16, 20, 28, 36–37, 45, 60, 63, 65, 72, 77–78, 88–90, 92–93, 95, 101, 109, 118, 124–125, 127, 129, 133, 139, 141–142, 144, 150, 160–161, 178, 180–181, 197, 201, 214, 226, 251, 258, 267, 277, 282
- asymmetrical power relationship63, 80, 95, 127, 195, 277
- colonial power60, 251
- power asymmetrical situations195
- power asymmetry95, 129
- power imbalance20, 88, 157
- power structure36, 109
- social power69, 109, 124, 156, 161, 180, 201
- pre-colonial cultures39–40
- preparatory act23–24, 63–71, 73–78, 84, 88–89, 105, 139–142, 165–166, 196–203, 218, 221, 240, 278–279
R
- religion4, 16, 26–28, 40–41, 44, 52–53, 57–59, 61, 63–64, 96–97, 99, 102, 121, 125, 134–135, 143, 154, 157, 161, 163, 180, 182, 188–189, 193, 207, 209–211, 213, 215, 234–237, 242–243, 263–267, 272, 275–276
- religious belonging28, 249, 263
- religious doctrine157, 188, 263, 265
- religious identity52–53
- respect2–3, 7–11, 25, 32, 34, 46, 68–69, 86, 101, 124–125, 133–134, 137, 140–144, 157–160, 163–164, 169–170, 177–178, 186–190, 195–196, 209, 224–225, 231, 241, 248–250, 268–269, 272, 281
- respect address form122, 142
- respect norms19, 249
- respect system2, 10, 14, 25, 68
S
- social cohesion2, 11, 16, 84, 88–89, 92, 94, 105, 132, 139, 159, 182, 187, 211, 216, 233; see also societal cohesion
- social interaction6–8, 12–13, 19, 27, 32–34, 39–42, 57, 113, 122, 136–137, 142, 164, 188, 249, 272, 275–276, 282
- social norms2, 9, 25, 27–28, 48, 52, 68, 72, 80, 85, 89, 91–92, 117, 134–135, 152–155, 157, 160, 164, 174, 188, 246, 256, 258–259, 269–271, 275–277, 281
- social relationships1, 10, 32, 77, 105, 108, 172, 191, 212, 270, 277
- social roles1, 11, 28, 43, 46, 50, 103, 127, 133, 142, 189, 211, 243, 249, 255, 268, 270, 275–276
- social status8, 16, 28–29, 53–54, 62–65, 78, 101, 128, 133, 189, 197, 234, 256, 268, 276, 281
- social structure28, 30–32, 37, 72, 100, 122, 125, 127, 212, 216, 268
- societal cohesion3, 11, 16, 50, 78, 96, 182, 217, 276–277, 279see also social cohesion
- societal norms3, 5, 28, 62, 139, 143–144, 148, 152, 174, 249, 277
- speech act1, 5, 10–15, 22–23, 30, 35, 38–39, 43, 64, 77, 94, 102, 108, 113, 169–170, 180, 196, 203, 207, 215, 217, 223, 228, 275–276, 276, 282
- supportive act5, 15, 23–24, 28, 68, 73, 79–80, 85–86, 91–93, 95–96, 98–104, 121–122, 137–139, 148, 152–154, 156, 158–161, 163–165, 177, 195–196, 202, 211–212, 214–218, 235, 276, 279, 281
T
- theory of communicative acts15, 20, 22–23, 65
- third-party effect46, 50, 138, 160, 189, 217, 258, 270; see also bystander effectsee also onlooker response
- Twi45, 56, 68–69, 72, 75, 132, 151, 160, 169, 184–185, 202, 212, 214, 242, 254–256
- Twi language185
U
- ubuntu11, 14, 32, 135
V
- Variational pragmatics13, 29, 33, 38–39, 43, 276, 282
W
- wakimae32
- Western1–2, 7–15, 29–33, 42–43, 54–55, 76, 109, 112, 122, 133, 170, 240, 261–262, 272, 282
- Western concepts54
- Western context9, 47, 76, 109, 170
- Western frameworks29, 42
- Western societies8, 12, 30, 52, 269
- Western theories8–9, 11, 14–15, 32
- Western pragmatics30, 43
- Western pragmatic theories12, 30, 282
- World Englishes6, 10, 19–22, 38, 276, 282
- World Englishes paradigm19–22, 282
Z
- Zulu9, 11, 14, 18, 32, 39
- Zulu language288
