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In:Discourse Markers and (Dis)fluency: Forms and functions across languages and registers
Ludivine Crible
[Pragmatics & Beyond New Series 286] 2018
► pp. v–viii

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Published online: 1 March 2018
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https://doi.org/10.1075/pbns.286.toc

Table of contents

List of figures viii
List of tables x
List of abbreviations and acronyms xii
Acknowledgments xvi
Chapter 1.Introduction 1
1.1Fluency in time and space 1
1.2Background and objectives 7
1.3Preview of the book 9
Chapter 2.Definitions and corpus-based approaches to fluency and disfluency 13
2.1Disfluency or repair? Levelt’s legacy 14
2.2Holistic definitions of fluency 20
2.3Componential approaches to fluency and disfluency 23
2.3.1 Qualitative components of perception 23
2.3.2 Quantitative components of production 25
2.3.3 Götz’s qualitative-quantitative approach 34
2.4Synthesis: definition adopted in this work 37
2.5A usage-based account of (dis)fluency 39
2.5.1 Key notions in usage-based linguistics 41
2.5.2 From schemas to sequences of fluencemes 41
2.5.3 Variation in context(s) 44
2.5.4 Accessing fluency through frequency 48
2.6Summary and hypotheses 51
Chapter 3.Definitions and corpus-based approaches to discourse markers 55
3.1From connectives to pragmatic markers: defining the continuum 56
3.2 Discourse markers in contrastive linguistics 62
3.3Models of discourse marker functions 68
3.3.1 Discourse relations in the Penn Discourse TreeBank 2.0 68
3.3.2 The many scopes of DM functions 74
3.4“Fluent” vs. “disfluent” discourse markers 81
3.4.1 DM features and (dis)fluency 82
3.4.2 Previous corpus-based accounts of DMs and disfluency 83
3.5Summary and hypotheses 90
Chapter 4.Corpus and method 95
4.1The DisFrEn dataset 96
4.1.1 Source corpora 96
4.1.2 Comparable corpus design 99
4.1.3 Corpus structure in situational features 102
4.2Discourse marker annotation 106
4.2.1 Identification of DM tokens 108
4.2.2 Functional taxonomy 112
4.2.3 Three-fold positioning system 116
4.2.4 Other variables 120
4.2.5 Annotation procedure 123
4.3Disfluency annotation 124
4.3.1 Simple fluencemes 125
4.3.2 Compound fluencemes 128
4.3.3 Related phenomena and diacritics 131
4.3.4 Annotation procedure 133
4.3.5 Macro-labels of sequences 136
4.4Summary 139
Chapter 5.Portraying the category of discourse markers 141
5.1Distribution across languages and registers 142
5.1.1 General frequency 142
5.1.2 The status of tag questions 144
5.1.3 Register variation 145
5.1.4 A greater effect of register over language? 147
5.1.5 DM expressions in contrast 149
5.1.6 Diversity hypothesis 151
5.2Position of DMs: initiality in question 154
5.2.1 Clause-initial DMs 154
5.2.2 Utterance-initial DMs 156
5.2.3 Turn-initial DMs 159
5.2.4 Non-initial DMs 161
5.2.5 Interim summary on position 169
5.3Domains and functions: frequency and diversity 170
5.3.1 Single domains 171
5.3.2 Single functions 186
5.3.3 Double domains and functions 192
5.4Integrating syntax and pragmatics 197
5.5Co-occurrence of DMs 206
5.5.1 Co-occurrence across languages and registers 207
5.5.2 Co-occurrence across positions 211
5.5.3 Integrated statistical model of co-occurrence 214
5.6Summary 217
5.7Interim discussion: the potential of bottom-up research 218
Chapter 6.Disfluency in interviews 222
6.1Data 223
6.2Fluenceme rates in English and French 224
6.2.1 Number of tags 224
6.2.2 Number of tokens 226
6.2.3 Radio vs. face-to-face interviews 230
6.3Clustering tendencies 234
6.3.1 Isolation vs. combination 234
6.3.2 Most frequent clusters 236
6.3.3 DMs in clusters 238
6.4Fluency as frequency
6.4.1 Frequency and structural complexity 240
6.4.2 Frequency and sequence length 246
6.5Summary 253
Chapter 7.The (dis)fluency of discourse markers 255
7.1 Sequence types across registers 255
7.1.1 “Cluster” 258
7.1.2 “Sequence category” 259
7.1.3 “Internal structure” 264
7.1.4 Sequence-specific DMs 267
7.2Sequence types across DM features 269
7.2.1 Disfluency and functional domain 269
7.2.2 Disfluency, domain and position 273
7.2.3 Synthesis of variables 278
7.3Potentially Disfluent Functions 280
7.3.1 PDFs across registers 281
7.3.2 PDFs and sequence types 284
7.3.3 PDFs and sequence structure 287
7.4Summary 292
7.5Interim discussion: the “silence” of corpora 294
Chapter 8.Discourse markers in repairs 297
8.1Previous approaches to repair 298
8.1.1 Reformulation and its markers: the French classics 299
8.1.2 Contrastive perspectives on reformulation markers 303
8.1.3 From reformulation to repair: Levelt’s (1983) typology of repair 311
8.1.4 Research questions and hypotheses 315
8.2Data and method 317
8.2.1 Selection criteria 318
8.2.2 Repair category 319
8.2.3 Relation to annotated fluencemes 321
8.2.4 Intra-annotator agreement 323
8.3Repair categories across languages 323
8.4DMs in repair 327
8.4.1 Position of the DMs 328
8.4.2 DM lexemes 331
8.4.3 Potentially Disfluent Functions in repairs 333
8.4.4 Specification and enumeration 336
8.5DMs and modified repetitions 339
8.6 Summary 342
8.7Interim discussion: low quantity, high quality? 346
Chapter 9.Conclusion 349
9.1Summary of the main findings 349
9.2General discussion 354
9.3Implications and research avenues 358
Bibliography 362
Appendix 1.Discourse markers by register 385
Appendix 2.List of discourse markers in DisFrEn and their functions 386
Appendix 3.List of functions in DisFrEn and their discourse markers 397
Appendix 4.Top-five most frequent functions by register in DisFrEn 401
Index
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