The goal of this monograph is a comprehensive analysis of understatements and other forms of non-direct speech (hedges) in modern English. It is based on a multi-level approach, including philosophical, cultural, and socio-psychological arguments. The main part consists of an investigation of the linguistic restrictions for understatements and hedges to be formed by means of the following grammatical categories: negation of predicates, gradation of predicates, modalization of affirmative sentences by means of parenthetical verbs, modal adverbs, modal verbs, and questions.
2026. BALANCING AUTHORITY AND UNCERTAINTY: HEDGING PRACTICES IN NEW YORK TIMES OPINION COLUMNS. Pamukkale University Journal of Social Sciences Institute :72 ► pp. 43 ff.
Kazar, İrem
2026. Magazin Haberlerinde Kaçınma Stratejileri. Turcology Research :85 ► pp. 91 ff.
AlMarayat, Sana'a, Ismail Almazaidah & Ola Alkayid
2025. Hedges in political discourse: An elusive strategic technique. Research Journal in Advanced Humanities 6:4
Maremukova, Elleonora V.
2025. GRAMMATICAL FEATURES OF THE EXPLICATION
OF THE CAUSATION IN DIFFERENT LINGUOCULTURES. IKBFU's Vestnik. Series: Philology, Pedagogy, Psychology :2 ► pp. 5 ff.
Nevala, Minna
2025. Caon, Luisella, Moragh S. Gordon and Thijs Porck: Unlocking the history of English: Pragmatics, prescriptivism and text types. Current Issues in Linguistic Theory 364. Journal of Historical Sociolinguistics 11:1 ► pp. 325 ff.
2024. A Corpus-Based Study of Adverbial Hedges in Pakistani English Newspaper Editorials. VFAST Transactions on Education and Social Sciences 12:1 ► pp. 09 ff.
Pop, Anișoara
2024. Making Things More or Less Fuzzy with Words? - Hedging in Medical Research Articles: Native vs Non-native Speakers of English, by Monica Mihaela Marta. Acta Marisiensis. Philologia 6:6 ► pp. 183 ff.
Quintana Toledo, Elena
2024. The approximators about, at least and nearly as interpersonal devices in nineteenth-century women’s instructive texts. Revista de Lingüística y Lenguas Aplicadas 19 ► pp. 164 ff.
Al-Mutairi, Naif Barakah & Mohammad Mahzari
2023. Advice-seeking and advice-giving in Arabic computer-mediated communication in the medical context. Frontiers in Psychology 14
Jameel, Prof. Abdulkarim Fadhil
2023. A Pragmatic Study of Hedging in Academic Discourse. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES 13:1 ► pp. 674 ff.
Lian, Olaug S., Sarah Nettleton, Huw Grange & Christopher Dowrick
2023. ‘It feels like my metabolism has shut down’. Negotiating interactional roles and epistemic positions in a primary care consultation. Health Expectations 26:1 ► pp. 366 ff.
Tkacheva, Julia Gennadievna
2023. Themed collection of papers from Foreign International Scientific Conference « Science in the Era of Challenges and Global Changes» Ьу НNRI «National development» in cooperation with AFP (Puerto Cabezas, Nicaragua). Мау 2023. - Caracas (Venezuela), ► pp. 97 ff.
Viktorova, E. Yu.
2023. Pragmatic Syncretism in the Use of Hedges (Based on Russian Thesis Reviews). Discourse 9:4 ► pp. 127 ff.
Vine, Bernadette & Janet Holmes
2023. Doing leadership in style: Pragmatic markers in New Zealand workplace interaction. Intercultural Pragmatics 20:1 ► pp. 1 ff.
Boginskaya, Olga A.
2022. Functional categories of hedges: A diachronic study of Russian research article abstracts. Russian Journal of Linguistics 26:3 ► pp. 645 ff.
Boginskaya, Olga A.
2023. Russian lexical and syntactic hedges in dissertation reviews. Russian Language Studies 21:1 ► pp. 18 ff.
2020. On Hedging in Teaching Academic Writing. In Integrating Engineering Education and Humanities for Global Intercultural Perspectives [Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, 131], ► pp. 494 ff.
Barchas‐Lichtenstein, Jena & Alexandra D'Arcy
2020. Hedge Words. In The International Encyclopedia of Linguistic Anthropology, ► pp. 1 ff.
Bernaisch, Tobias
2020. Hedges and Gender in the Inner and Expanding Circle. In Gender in World Englishes, ► pp. 94 ff.
Farese, Gian Marco
2020. The Ethnopragmatics of English Understatement and Italian Exaggeration: Clashing Cultural Scripts for the Expression of Personal Opinions. In Studies in Ethnopragmatics, Cultural Semantics, and Intercultural Communication, ► pp. 59 ff.
Hassan, Ali Sabah & Nadya Khairy Muhamed Said
2020. A PRAGMATIC STUDY OF HEDGES IN AMERICAN POLITICAL EDITORIALS. International Journal of Research in Social Sciences and Humanities 10:3 ► pp. 60 ff.
2018. Evaluation Markers and Mitigators in Analyst Reports in Light of Market Response to Stock Recommendations. International Journal of Business Communication 55:3 ► pp. 310 ff.
Ehsan Namaziandost & Sajad Shafiee
2018. Gender Differences in the Use of Lexical Hedges in Academic Spoken Language among Iranian EFL Learners: A Comparative Study. International Journal of Research in English Education 3:4 ► pp. 63 ff.
Spinolo, Nicoletta
2018. Studying Figurative Language in Simultaneous Interpreting: The IMITES (Interpretación de la Metáfora Entre ITaliano y ESpañol) Corpus. In Making Way in Corpus-based Interpreting Studies [New Frontiers in Translation Studies, ], ► pp. 133 ff.
Webb, Joseph C., Alison Pilnick & Jennifer Clegg
2018. Imagined Constructed Thought: How Staff Interpret the Behavior of Patients with Intellectual Disabilities. Research on Language and Social Interaction 51:4 ► pp. 347 ff.
Yeomans, Michael, Brandon M. Stewart, Kimia Mavon, Alex Kindel, Dustin Tingley & Justin Reich
2018. The Civic Mission of MOOCs: Engagement across Political Differences in Online Forums. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education 28:4 ► pp. 553 ff.
2022. Do hedges always hedge?. Pragmatics. Quarterly Publication of the International Pragmatics Association (IPrA)► pp. 321 ff.
Cheatham, Gregory A. & Sylvia Nyegenye
2017. Linguistic Differences with Bilingual Parents Who are Immigrants: Words for Dialoguing About Young Children. Early Childhood Education Journal 45:5 ► pp. 685 ff.
Llopis, María Ángeles Orts
2017. Terror at Home On the Rhetoric of Domestic Violence Legislation in the United Kingdom and Spain. Journal of Intercultural Communication 17:2 ► pp. 1 ff.
2023. Irony and Its Overlap with Hyperbole and Understatement. In The Cambridge Handbook of Irony and Thought, ► pp. 310 ff.
Birzer, Sandra
2015. Generally speaking, connectivity and conversation management combined: the functions of Russian voobšče govorja and Polish ogólnie mówiąc. Russian Linguistics 39:1 ► pp. 81 ff.
Bordet, Lucile & Denis Jamet
2015. Degré et intensification : essai de typologie. Anglophonia 20
Nobarany, Syavash & Kellogg S. Booth
2015. Use of politeness strategies in signed open peer review. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology 66:5 ► pp. 1048 ff.
Diani, Giuliana
2014. Politeness. In Corpus Pragmatics, ► pp. 169 ff.
Dynel, Marta & Karol Marek Klimczak
2014. Evaluation and Certainty in Analyst Reports: A Linguistic Analysis in the Polish Language. SSRN Electronic Journal
2013. LINGUISTIC ASPECTS OF UNDERSTATEMENT IN MODERN ENGLISH. MGIMO Review of International Relations :5(32) ► pp. 252 ff.
Knight, Dawn, Svenja Adolphs & Ronald Carter
2013. Formality in Digital Discourse: A Study of Hedging in CANELC. In Yearbook of Corpus Linguistics and Pragmatics 2013 [Yearbook of Corpus Linguistics and Pragmatics, 1], ► pp. 131 ff.
Rymar, Ye. F.
2013. Style of Mass Communication, Media Text in the Internet and the Implementation of Concept “Savaş” in it. The Oriental Studies 2013:61 ► pp. 139 ff.
Malášková, Martina
2012. Hedges as writer protective devices in applied linguistics and literary criticism research articles. Discourse and Interaction 5:1 ► pp. 31 ff.
Mihatsch, Wiltrud
2012. Hedges. In The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics,
Mihatsch, Wiltrud
2025. Grammatical Features of Hedging. In The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics, ► pp. 1 ff.
Łyda, Andrzej & Krystyna Warchał
2011. Ethnic and Disciplinary Cultures and Understatement: Litotic Constructions in Polish and English Linguistics and Biology Research Articles. In Aspects of Culture in Second Language Acquisition and Foreign Language Learning, ► pp. 193 ff.
NKEMLEKE, DANIEL
2010. Cameroonian and foreign scholars’ discourse: the rhetoric of conference abstracts. World Englishes 29:2 ► pp. 173 ff.
Pupier, Paul
2009. Une première systématique des évaluatifs en français. Revue québécoise de linguistique 26:1 ► pp. 51 ff.
Clark, Colin, Priscilla Rogers, Ulrike M Murfett & Soon Ang
2008. Is Courtesy Enough? 'Solidarity' in Call Center Interactions. SSRN Electronic Journal
LEMPERT, MICHAEL
2008. The poetics of stance: Text-metricality, epistemicity, interaction. Language in Society 37:4 ► pp. 569 ff.
Cotterill, Janet
2007. ‘I Think He Was Kind of Shouting or Something’: Uses and Abuses of Vagueness in the British Courtroom. In Vague Language Explored, ► pp. 97 ff.
Ruzaitė, Jūratė
2007. Vague References to Quantities as a Face-Saving Strategy in Teacher-Student Interaction. Lodz Papers in Pragmatics 3:-1
Lewandowska-Tomaszczyk, Barbara
2006. A Cognitive-Interactional Model of Direct and Indirect Negation. In La Négation, ► pp. 379 ff.
Wierzbicka, Anna
2006. The “Cultural Baggage” of English and Its Significance in the World at Large. In English, ► pp. 299 ff.
Wierzbicka, Anna
2006. Being FAIR. In English, ► pp. 141 ff.
Wierzbicka, Anna
2006. The Story of right and wrong and Its Cultural Implications. In English, ► pp. 61 ff.
Wierzbicka, Anna
2006. English as a Cultural Universe. In English, ► pp. 3 ff.
Wierzbicka, Anna
2006. Being REASONABLE. In English, ► pp. 103 ff.
Wierzbicka, Anna
2006. Anglo Cultural Scripts Seen through Middle Eastern Eyes. In English, ► pp. 20 ff.
Wierzbicka, Anna
2006. English,
Wierzbicka, Anna
2006. I THINK. In English, ► pp. 204 ff.
Wierzbicka, Anna
2006. The English Causatives. In English, ► pp. 171 ff.
Wierzbicka, Anna
2006. PROBABLY. In English, ► pp. 247 ff.
Link, Kristen E. & Roger J. Kreuz
2005. The Comprehension of Ostensible Speech Acts. Journal of Language and Social Psychology 24:3 ► pp. 227 ff.
PRECHT, KRISTEN
2003. Stance moods in spoken English: Evidentiality and affect in British and American conversation. Text - Interdisciplinary Journal for the Study of Discourse 23:2
Rogers, Priscilla S. & Song Mei Lee-Wong
2003. Reconceptualizing Politeness to Accommodate Dynamic Tensions in Subordinate-to-Superior Reporting. Journal of Business and Technical Communication 17:4 ► pp. 379 ff.
Mondorf, Britta
2002. Gender Differences in English Syntax. Journal of English Linguistics 30:2 ► pp. 158 ff.
Feltovich, Nick J., Rick Harbaugh & Ted To
2001. Too Cool for School? Signaling and Countersignaling. SSRN Electronic Journal
Salager‐Meyer, Françoise
2000. Debate‐creating vs. accounting references in French medical journals. Technical Communication Quarterly 9:3 ► pp. 291 ff.
Kerre, Etienne E. & Martine De Cock
1999. Linguistic Modifiers: An Overview. In Fuzzy Logic and Soft Computing [The International Series on Asian Studies in Computer and Information Science, 6], ► pp. 69 ff.
Varttala, Teppo
1999. Remarks on the Communicative Functions of Hedging in Popular Scientific and Specialist Research Articles on Medicine. English for Specific Purposes 18:2 ► pp. 177 ff.
Israel, M.
1996. Polarity sensitivity as lexical semantics. Linguistics and Philosophy 19:6 ► pp. 619 ff.
Hinkel, Eli
1994. Appropriateness of Advice as L2 Solidarity Strategy. RELC Journal 25:2 ► pp. 71 ff.
Hyland, Ken
1994. Hedging in academic writing and EAF textbooks. English for Specific Purposes 13:3 ► pp. 239 ff.
Haimowitz, Ira J.
1991. Modeling all dialogue system participants to generate empathetic responses. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine 35:4 ► pp. 321 ff.
HAGGE, JOHN & CHARLES KOSTELNICK
1989. Linguistic Politeness in Professional Prose. Written Communication 6:3 ► pp. 312 ff.
Holmes, Janet
1988. SORT OF IN NEW ZEALAND WOMEN'S AND MEN'S SPEECH. Studia Linguistica 42:2 ► pp. 85 ff.
Holmes, Janet
1988. Of course:A pragmatic particle in New Zealand women's and men's speech∗. Australian Journal of Linguistics 8:1 ► pp. 49 ff.
Holmes, Janet
1989. Bent Preisler, Linguistic sex roles in conversation: Social variation in the expression of tentativeness in English. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1986. Pp. xviii + 347.. Language in Society 18:2 ► pp. 293 ff.
2023. Irony, Affect, and Related Figures. In The Cambridge Handbook of Irony and Thought, ► pp. 235 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 6 march 2026. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.
