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Article published In: NOWELE
Vol. 71:1 (2018) ► pp.35–55

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Patterns of retention of the instrumental case in Old English

 | University of Pennsylvania
Published online: 5 April 2018
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https://doi.org/10.1075/nowele.00003.fre
Abstract
In addition to the Germanic nominative, accusative, dative, and genitive cases still present in modern German and Icelandic, Old English inherited a fifth case known as the instrumental. This case was marginal and not consistently distinguishable from the dative, with which it had merged by the beginning of the Middle English period. This article establishes the patterns of use of the instrumental and the mechanism of its loss, through analysis of syntactically annotated corpora of Old English texts. It is found that the case survived primarily through probabilistic selection in a set of highly restricted contexts which developed independently of each other, in some cases merging with the dative and in others solidifying into morphologically indecomposable constructions.
Article outline
  • 1.Overview of the instrumental
  • 2.Corpus and methodology
  • 3.Patterns of use of the instrumental as case
  • 4.Fixed expressions and allomorph selection
  • 5.A note on Middle English
  • 6.Conclusions
  • Acknowledgements
  • Notes
  • References
References (15)
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