Article published In: Narrative Inquiry
Vol. 33:1 (2023) ► pp.1–26
“I AM HERE AND I MATTER”
Virtue signaling and moral-political stance in progressive activists’ Facebook posts
Published online: 25 March 2021
https://doi.org/10.1075/ni.20117.zen
https://doi.org/10.1075/ni.20117.zen
Abstract
In this article I operationalize the term “virtue signaling”, a term generally pejoratively used towards people’s
assertions of values on social media platforms, as “moral-political stancetaking”, an activity that is actually quite common on-
and offline and that works to exert peer pressure toward onlookers and addressees so that they will adopt certain values. Using
analytical frameworks of small stories and stance, I examine a narrative sequence from one political activist, demonstrating how
she situates long-term aspects of her biography in relation to present moral-political crises in order to make assertions that
culminate in the construction of a moral-political framework for the progressive grassroots organizations that she leads. Through
this analysis I assert that the notion of virtue signaling, while new to the social media era, fits well within repertoires of
communicative behavior that long pre-date the rise of social media.
Article outline
- Introduction
- Pantsuit Republic Texas and Pantsuit Republic Houston
- Entextualizing small stories on Facebook
- Stance in Facebook narratives
- Analyzing stance
- Hashtags in stancetaking
- Data collection and methods of analysis
- “I AM HERE AND I MATTER”: Signaling a moral-political stance on immigration and assimilation
- PSRH post caption
- IH post caption
- Video text
- PSRH post caption
- IH post caption
- Video text
- Segment 1.Story announcement and evaluative preview
- Segment 2.“Distant past Lucy’s” identity destabilization
- Segment 3.Recent past Lucy’s identity stabilization
- Segment 4.Evaluative stance/making an example of Brokaw’s utterance
- Segment 4a.Claiming her epistemic power/authority
- Segment 5.Reinforcing her message
- Segment 6.Accountability for a broader public
- Segment 7.Closing
- Summary of the narratives
- Conclusion
- Notes
References
References (71)
Bamberg, M. (2006). Stories:
big or small? Why do we care? Narrative
Inquiry, 16(1), 139–147.
Bamberg, M., & Georgakopoulou, A. (2008). Small
stories as a new perspective in narrative and identity analysis. Text &
Talk, 29(3), 377–396.
Barton, D., & Lee, C. (2013). Language
Online. Investigating Digital Texts and Practices. Routledge.
Bezemer, J., & Kress, G. (2017). Young
people, Facebook, and pedagogy: Recognizing contemporary forms of multimodal text
making. In M. Kontopodis, C. Varvantakis & C. Wulf (Eds.), Global
Youth in Digital
Trajectories (pp. 22–38). Routledge.
Biber, D., Johansson, S., Leech, G., Conrad, S., & Finegan, E. (1999). Longman
Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Longman.
Blommaert, J. (2018). Chronotopes,
synchronization and formats. Tilburg Papers in Culture Studies, Paper
207.
Blommaert, J., & De Fina, A. (2017). Chronotopic
identities: on the timespace organization of who we are. In A. De Fina, J. Wegner & D. Ikizoglu (Eds.), Diversity
and Super-diversity: Sociocultural Linguistic
Perspectives (pp. 1–15). Georgetown University Press.
boyd, d. (2010). Social
network sites as networked publics: affordances, dynamics, and
implications. In Z. Papacharissi (Ed.), A
Networked Self: Identity, Community, and Culture on Social Network
Sites (pp. 39–58). Routledge.
boyd, d., & Ellison, N. B. (2008). Social
network sites: definition, history, and scholarship. Journal of Computer-Mediated
Communication, 13(1), 210–230.
Cambridge University
Press. (2020). Progressivism. In Cambridge
dictionary. Retrieved October 16,
2020, from [URL]
Christina, G. (2017, August 17). On
demonstrations and virtue signaling. The Humanist. [URL]
Desmond-Harris, J. (2017, January 21). To
understand the Women’s March on Washington, you need to understand intersectional
feminism. Vox. [URL]
Dictionary.net. (n.d.). Definitions for
Borg. Retrieved December 10,
2020, from [URL]
Du Bois, J. W. (2007). The
stance triangle. In R. Englebretson (Ed.), Stancetaking
in Discourse: Subjectivity, Evaluation,
Interaction (pp. 139–182). John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Facebook Help Center. (2020a). What
are the privacy options for Facebook groups? Retrieved March 14, 2020, from [URL]
. (2020b). Group
management for admins. Retrieved March 14, 2020, from [URL]
Garcia, S. (2019). Tom
Brokaw Apologizes for Comments About Hispanics and Assimilation. New York
Times. Retrieved August 5,
2020, from [URL]
Georgakopoulou, A. (2006). Thinking
big with small stories in narrative and identity analysis. Narrative
Inquiry, 16(1), 122–130.
(2007). Small
Stories, Interaction and Identities. John Benjamins.
(2013). Small
stories research and social media practices: Narrative stancetaking and circulation in a Greek news
story. Sociolinguistica, 271.
(2015). Small
Stories Research: Methods – Analysis – Outreach. In A. De Fina, & A. Georgakopoulou (Eds.), The
Handbook of Narrative
Analysis (pp. 178–193). Wiley Blackwell.
(2017). Life
Writing of the Moment: The Sharing and Updating of the Self on Social
Media. Ego-Media. Retrieved February 28, 2020, from [URL]
Giaxoglou, K. (2018). #JeSuisCharlie?
Hashtags as narrative resources in contexts of ecstatic sharing. Discourse, Context &
Media, 221, 13–20.
(2020). Sharing
Small Stories of Dying, Death and Mourning: Modes of Affective Positioning to Mediatized
Death. Routledge.
Giaxoglou, K., & Georgakopoulou, A. (2020). A
narrative practice approach to identities: small stories and positioning analysis in digital
contexts. In M. Bamberg, C. Demuth & M. Watzlawik (Eds.), Cambridge
Handbook of Identity (under contract). Cambridge University Press.
Giaxoglou, K., & Johansson, M. (2020). Networked
practices of emotion and stancetaking in reactions to mediatized events and
crises. Pragmatics, 30(2), 169–178.
Goodwin, C. (2007). Participation,
stance and affect in the organization of activities. Discourse &
Society, 18(1), 53–73.
Grice, H. P. (1975). Logic
and conversation. In P. Cole & J. Morgan (Eds.), Syntax
and Semantics 3: Speech
Arts (pp. 41–58). Academic Press.
Heyman, J. M. (2000). Respect
for outsiders? Respect for the law? The moral evaluation of high scale issues by US immigration
officers. Journal of the Royal Anthropological
Institute, 6(4), 635–652.
Jaffe, A. (2009). Introduction:
the sociolinguistics of stance. In A. Jaffe (Ed.), Stance:
Sociolinguistic
Perspectives (pp. 3–28). Oxford University Press.
Johansson, M., & Laippala, V. (2020). Affectivity
in the #jesuisCharlie Twitter
discussion. Pragmatics, 30(2), 179–200.
Jousmäki, H. (2011). Epistemic,
interpersonal, and moral stances in the construction of us and them in Christian metal
lyrics. Journal of Multicultural
Discourses, 6(1), 53–66.
Keane, W. (2011). Indexing
voice: a morality tale. Journal of Linguistic
Anthropology, 21(2), 166–178.
Lempert, M. (2008). The
poetics of stance: Text-metricality, epistemicity, interaction. Language in
Society, 371, 569–592.
(2009). On
‘flip-flopping’: Branded stance-taking in U.S. electoral politics. Journal of
Sociolinguistics, 13(2), 223–248.
Leppänen, S., Kytölä, S., Westinen, E., & Peuronen, S. (2017). Introduction:
Social media discourse, (dis)identifications and
diversities. In S. Leppänen, E. Westinen & S. Kytölä (Eds.), Social
Media Discourse, (Dis)identifications and
Diversities (pp. 1–36). Routledge.
Leppänen, S., Møller, J., Nørreby, T., Stæhrc, A., & Kytölä, S. (2015). Authenticity,
normativity and social media. Discourse, Context and
Media 81, 1–5.
Markham, A. N. (2009). Producing
work that is meaningful across time, space, and culture. In A. N. Markham & N. K. Baym (Eds.), Internet
Inquiry: Conversations about
Method (pp. 131–155). Sage.
Martin, J. R., & White, P. R. R. (2005). The
Language of Evaluation: Appraisal in English. Palgrave Macmillan.
McClay, B. D. (2018). Virtue
signaling. The Hedgehog Review: Critical Reflections on Contemporary
Culture, 20(2).
Moreau, E. (2020). Using
Facebook
groups. Lifewire. Retrieved March 14, 2020 from [URL]
Noe-Bustamante, L., Mora, L., & Lopez, M. H. (2020). About
one-in-four U.S. Hispanics have heard of Latinx, but just 3% use it. Pew Research
Center. Retrieved December 8,
2020, from [URL]
Ochs, E., & Capps, L. (2001). Living
Narrative: Creating Lives in Everyday Storytelling. Harvard University Press.
O’Connor, B. H. (2018). “Too
much cream on the tacos”: narrative and moral personhood in transfronterizo
experience. Association of Mexican American Educators
Journal, 12(2), 153–181.
Papacharissi, Z. (2015). Affective
publics and structures of storytelling: sentiment, events and mediality. Information,
Communication &
Society, 19(3), 307–324.
Perrino, S. (2011). Chronotopes
of story and storytelling event in interviews. Language in
Society 401, 91–103.
Peters, M. (2015, December 24). Virtue
signaling and other inane platitudes. The Boston
Globe. Retrieved May 30,
2019, from [URL]
Rauschnabel, P. A., Sheldon, P. & Herzfeldt, E. (2019). What
motivates users to hashtag on social media? Psychology &
Marketing, 1–16.
Saltman, K. J. (2017). “Privilege-Checking,”
“Virtue-Signaling,” and “Safe Spaces”: What Happens When Cultural Politics is Privatized and the Body Replaces
Argument. Symploke, 26(1–2), 403–409.
Scott, K. (2018). ‘‘Hashtags
work everywhere”: The pragmatic functions of spoken hashtags. Discourse, Context &
Media 221, pp. 57–64.
Seargeant, P., & Tagg, C. (2014). The
Language of Social Media: Identity and Community on the Internet. Palgrave Macmillan.
Sidnell, J. (2017). Action
in interaction is conduct under a description. Language in
Society, 461, 313–337.
Tagg, C., & Sergeant, P. (2017). Negotiating
social roles in semi-public online contexts. In S. Leppänen, E. Westinen & S. Kytölä (Eds), Social
Media Discourse, (Dis)identifications and
Diversities (pp. 211–234). Routledge.
(2020). Context
design and critical language/media awareness: implications for social digital literacies
education. Linguistics and Education.
Treré, E. (2015). Reclaiming,
proclaiming, and maintaining collective identity in the #YoSoy132 movement in Mexico: an examination of digital frontstage and
backstage activism through social media and instant messaging platforms. Information,
Communication &
Society, 18(8), 901–915.
Urban
dictionary. (2015, December 9). Virtue
Signalling. In Urban
dictionary. Retrieved December 8,
2020, from [URL]
Virtue signalling. (2020). In
Wikipedia. [URL]
Cited by (2)
Cited by two other publications
Arnold‐Murray, Katherine
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 28 november 2025. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.
