Cover not available

Article published In: Linguistics in the Netherlands 2024
Edited by Marco Bril and Kristel Doreleijers
[Nota Bene 1:2] 2024
► pp. 314–332

Get fulltext from our e-platform
JBE logo with link
PDF logo with download linkDownload PDF
EPUB logo with download linkDownload EPUB

The external and internal syntax of genoeg

 | Leiden University Centre for Linguistics (LUCL)
Open Access logo
Available under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) 4.0 license.

For any use beyond this license, please contact the publisher at rights@benjamins.nl.

Open Access publication of this article was funded through a Transformative Agreement with Leiden University.

Published online: 24 January 2025
DOI logo with link
https://doi.org/10.1075/nb.00019.koo
Abstract
It has been known since . 2001. Is vreemd genoeg genoeg? In Berry Dongelmans, Josien Lalleman & Olf Praamstra (eds.), Kerven in een rots. Opstellen over Nederlandse taalkunde, letterkunde en cultuur, aangeboden aan Jan W. de Vries bij zijn afscheid als hoogleraar Dutch Studies aan de Universiteit Leiden, 15–28. Leiden: Stichting Neerlandistiek Leiden.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar that genoeg ‘enough’ can turn predicate adverbs into sentence adverbs. When genoeg occurs in a sentence adverbial phrase, it is syntactically obligatory, but makes little to no semantic contribution:
(1)
Kees
Kees
heeft
has
gek
weird
*(genoeg)
*(enough)
niet
not
gek
weird
genoeg
enough
gedanst.
danced
‘Weirdly, Kees didn’t dance weirdly enough.’
In this paper, I analyse the external and internal syntax of such enough support adverbs. Using Cinque, Guglielmo. 1999. Adverbs and functional heads: A Cross-linguistic Perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar adverbial hierarchy, I observe that enough support splits into subject-oriented and evaluative adverbs. Next, I nuance the accepted theory that genoeg in adverbial phrases is an affix: only enough support is a full-fledged affix; regular enough is an affixoid. Finally, I analyse the internal syntax of enough support. I suggest that a Sentence Predicate Projection is needed for the formation of sentence adverbials.
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
  • 2.External syntax
    • 2.1The distribution of genoeg
    • 2.2Genoeg adverbial phrases in the midfield
    • 2.3Enough support in the Cinque hierarchy
  • 3.Internal syntax
    • 3.1Is genoeg an affix?
    • 3.2Regular enough as a Quantifier Phrase
    • 3.3Enough support as a Sentence Predicate Phrase
  • 4.Conclusion
  • Acknowledgements
  • Notes
  • References
References (22)
References
Baker, Mark. 2003. Lexical categories: Verbs, nouns and adjectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Barbiers, Sjef. 2000. The right periphery in SOV languages. In Peter Svenonius (ed.), The Derivation of VO and OV, 181–218. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2001. Is vreemd genoeg genoeg? In Berry Dongelmans, Josien Lalleman & Olf Praamstra (eds.), Kerven in een rots. Opstellen over Nederlandse taalkunde, letterkunde en cultuur, aangeboden aan Jan W. de Vries bij zijn afscheid als hoogleraar Dutch Studies aan de Universiteit Leiden, 15–28. Leiden: Stichting Neerlandistiek Leiden.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2018. Adverbs in Strange Places. Nederlandse Taalkunde 23(1). 57–88. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Booij, Geert. 2018. The Construction of Words: Advances in Construction Morphology. Springer. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Broekhuis, Hans & Norbert Corver. 2016. Syntax of Dutch: Verbs and verb Phrases. Volume 3. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Cinque, Guglielmo. 1999. Adverbs and functional heads: A Cross-linguistic Perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Corver, Norbert. 1991. Evidence for DegP. North East Linguistics Society 21(1). 33–47.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 1997a. Much-support as a last resort. Linguistic Inquiry 28(1). 119–164.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 1997b. The Internal Syntax of the Dutch Extended Adjectival Projection. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 15(2). 289–368. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2013. Lexical categories and (extended) projection. In Den Dikken (ed.), The Cambridge Handbook of Generative Syntax, 353–424. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2014. [ADVERBIAL[Pr LY]]. Unpublished paper. UiL-OTS, Utrecht University. [URL]
. 2017. Decomposing temporal adverbs. Unpublished paper. UiL-OTS, Utrecht University. [URL]
. 2022. Generatieve syntaxis van het Nederlands. Nederlandse Taalkunde 27(1). 35–74. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
De Vries, Hanna. 2010. Evaluative Degree Modification of Adjectives and Nouns. Utrecht: Universiteit Utrecht MA Thesis. [URL]
Diepeveen, Janneke. 2011. Interestingly, interessanterweise, interessant genoeg. De vorming van evaluatieve bepalingen in het Nederlands vanuit contrastief perspectief. In Laurent Rasier, Vincent van Heuven, Bart Defrancq & Philippe Hiligsmann (eds.), Nederlands in het perspectief van uitspraakverwerving en contrastieve taalkunde, 195–220. Gent: Gent Academia Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Ernst, Thomas. 2002. The syntax of adjuncts. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Hippisley, Andrew & Gregory Stump. 2016. The Cambridge Handbook of Morphology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Jackendoff, Ray. 1972. Semantic Interpretation in Generative Grammar. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Kenesei, István. 2007. Semiwords and affixoids: The territory between word and affix. Acta Linguistica Hungarica 54(3). 263–293. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Leenaers, Charlotte. 2022. Genoeg is echt genoeg! Een analyse van de betekenis van genoeg-bepalingen. Leiden: Leiden University BA thesis. [URL]
Parsons, Terence. 1990. Events in the Semantics of English: A study in Subatomic Semantics. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Mobile Menu Logo with link to supplementary files background Layer 1 prag Twitter_Logo_Blue