Introduction published In: Current challenges in metaphor research
Edited by Nina Julich-Warpakowski and Paula Pérez-Sobrino
[Metaphor and the Social World 13:1] 2023
► pp. 1–15
Introduction
Current challenges in metaphor research
Published online: 7 July 2023
https://doi.org/10.1075/msw.00026.jul
https://doi.org/10.1075/msw.00026.jul
Abstract
Metaphor research has witnessed tremendous changes in how metaphor is seen and understood. Traditionally, metaphor has been viewed as a special, creative, and noticeable use of language. Lakoff and Johnson’s Conceptual Metaphor Theory (Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (1980). Metaphors We Live By. The University of Chicago Press.) has marked a cognitive revolution by viewing metaphor as pervasive in language as well as fundamental to thought and action. More recently, the discourse revolution has re-emphasised metaphor’s manifestations in language and its function in communication. A methodological revolution has brought forth procedures to identify and analyse metaphor in naturally occurring data (such as MIP and MIPVU). Despite these advances, in the present introduction, we identify four challenges that we believe metaphor researchers are still faced with: (1) How metaphorical are metaphors? (2) whose metaphor is it anyway? (3) metaphor research needs more diversity; and (4) how to study metaphor empirically – qualitatively or quantitatively? We conclude by presenting outlines of the contributions and specify how they address these issues.
Keywords: metaphor, cognitive turn, discourse turn, methodology, metaphoricity
Article outline
- 1.Introduction
- 2.Revolutions in metaphor research
- 3.Current challenges in metaphor research
- 3.1How metaphorical are metaphors?
- 3.2Whose metaphor is it anyway?
- 3.3Metaphor research needs more diversity
- 3.4How to study metaphor empirically – qualitatively or quantitatively?
- 4.Outline of the volume
- Acknowledgements
- Note
References
References (54)
Bolognesi, M., Brdar, M., & Despot, K. Š. (Eds.). (2019). Metaphor and Metonymy in the Digital Age. Theory and methods for building repositories of figurative language. John Benjamins.
Bort-Mir, L. (2019). Developing, applying, and testing FILMIP. A filmic metaphor identification procedure. Universitat Jaume I.
Brysbaert, M., Warriner, A. B., & Kuperman, V. (2014). Concreteness ratings for 40 thousand generally known English word lemmas. Behavior Research Methods, 461, 904–911.
Cameron, L. (1999a). Operationalising ‘metaphor’ for applied linguistic research. In L. Cameron & G. Low (Eds.), Researching and applying metaphor (pp. 3–28). Cambridge University Press.
(1999b). Identifying and describing metaphor in spoken discourse data. In L. Cameron & G. Low (Eds.), Researching and applying metaphor (pp. 105–132). Cambridge University Press.
Cameron, L., & Low, G. (2011). Metaphor and the Social World: Introduction to the first issue. Metaphor and the Social World, 1(1), 1–5.
Cameron, L., & Maslen, R. (Eds.). (2010). Metaphor analysis. Research practice in Applied Linguistics, Social Sciences and the Humanities. Equinox.
Cienki, A., & Müller, C. (2008). Metaphor and Gesture. John Benjamins.
Deignan, A. (2005). Metaphor and corpus linguistics. Benjamins.
(2011). Deliberateness is not unique to metaphor: A response to Gibbs. Metaphor and the Social World, 1(1), 57–60.
(2015). MIP, the corpus and dictionaries: What makes for the best metaphor analysis? Metaphor and the Social World, 5(1), 145–154.
Di Biase-Dyson, C., & Egg, M. (Eds.). (2020). Drawing Attention to Metaphor. Case studies across time periods, cultures and modalities. John Benjamins.
Dorst, A. G., & Reijnierse, W. G. (2015). A dictionary gives definitions, not decisions: On using a dictionary to identify the basic senses of words. Metaphor and the Social World, 5(1), 137–144.
El Refaie, E. (2003). Understanding visual metaphor: The example of newspaper cartoons. Visual Communication, 2(1), 75–95.
Gibbs, Jr., R. W. (2011a). Are ‘deliberate’ metaphors really deliberate?: A question of human consciousness and action. Metaphor and the Social World, 1(1), 26–52.
(2011b). Advancing the debate on deliberate metaphor. Metaphor and the Social World, 1(1), 67–69.
(2015). Counting Metaphors: What Does this Reveal about Language and Thought? Cognitive Semantics, 1(2), 155–177.
Grady, J. E. (1997). Foundations of Meaning: Primary Metaphors and Primary Scenes [Unpublished Dissertation, University of California, Berkeley]. [URL]
Julich-Warpakowski, N. (2022). Motion Metaphors in Music Criticism: An Empirical Investigation of their Conceptual Motivation and their Metaphoricity. John Benjamins.
Koller, V., Hardie, A., Rayson, P., & Semino, E. (2008). Using a semantic annotation tool for the analysis of metaphor in discourse. Metaphorik.de, 151, 141–160.
Krennmayr, T. (2013). Adding transparency to the identification of cross-domain mappings in real language data. Review of Cognitive Linguistics, 11(1), 163–184.
Lakoff, G. (1993). The contemporary theory of metaphor. In A. Ortony (Ed.), Metaphor and Thought (21., pp. 202–251). Cambridge University Press.
(1999). Philosophy in the Flesh: The Embodied Mind and Its Challenge to Western Thought. Basic Books.
Littlemore, J. (2019). Metaphors in the Mind. Sources of Variation in Embodied Metaphor. Cambridge University Press.
Lynott, D., & Connell, L. (2009). Modality exclusivity norms for 423 object properties. Behavior Research Methods, 41(2), 558–564.
Lynott, D., Connell, L., Brysbaert, M., Brand, J., & Carney, J. (2019). The Lancaster Sensorimotor Norms: Multidimensional measures of perceptual and action strength for 40,000 English words. Behavior Research Methods, 521, 1–21.
MacArthur, F. (2015). On using a dictionary to identify the basic senses of words. Metaphor and the Social World, 5(1), 124–136.
Mahon, J. E. (1999). Getting your sources right What Aristotle didn’t say. In L. Cameron & G. Low (Eds.), Researching and Applying Metaphor (pp. 69–80). Cambridge University Press.
Müller, C. (2008). Metaphors Dead and Alive, Sleeping and Waking. A Dynamic View. The University of Chicago Press.
(2011). Are ‘deliberate’ metaphors really deliberate?: A question of human consciousness and action. Metaphor and the Social World, 1(1), 61–66.
Nacey, S., Dorst, A. G., Krennmayr, T., & Reijnierse, W. G. (Eds.). (2019). Metaphor Identification in Multiple Languages. MIPVU around the world. (Vol. 221). John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Nacey, S., Krennmayr, T., Dorst, A. G., & Reijnierse, W. G. (2019). What the MIPVU protocol doesn’t tell you (even though it mostly does). In S. Nacey, A. G. Dorst, T. Krennmayr, & W. G. Reijnierse (Eds.), Metaphor Identification in Multiple Languages. MIPVU around the world (Vol. 221, pp. 41–67). John Benjamins.
Pérez-Sobrino, P., Littlemore, J., & Ford, S. (2021). Unpacking Creativity: The Power of Figurative Communication in Advertising. Cambridge University Press.
Petruck, M. R. L. (Ed.). (2018). MetaNet. John Benjamins.
Pragglejaz Group. (2007). MIP: A method for identifying metaphorically used words in discourse. Metaphor and Symbol, 22(1), 1–39.
Šorm, E., & Steen, G. J. (2018). VISMIP: Towards a method for visual metaphor identification. In G. J. Steen (Ed.), Visual Metaphor: Structure and process (pp. 47–88). John Benjamins.
Steen, G. J. (1999). From linguistic to conceptual metaphor in five steps. In R. W. Gibbs & G. J. Steen (Eds.), Metaphor in cognitive linguistics (pp. 57–77). John Benjamins.
(2009). From linguistic to conceptual structure in five steps: Analyzing metaphor in poetry. In G. Brône & J. Vandaele (Eds.), Cognitive Poetics: Goals, Gains, and Gaps (pp. 197–226). Mouton de Gruyter.
(2011). What does ‘really deliberate’ really mean?: More thoughts on metaphor and consciousness. Metaphor and the Social World, 1(1), 53–56.
(2017). Deliberate Metaphor Theory: Basic assumptions, main tenets, urgent issues. Intercultural Pragmatics, 14(1), 1–24.
Steen, G. J., Dorst, A. G., Herrmann, J. B., Kaal, A. A., Krennmayr, T., & Pasma, T. (2010). A method for linguistic metaphor identification: From MIP to MIPVU. John Benjamins.
Stefanowitsch, A. (2005). The function of metaphor: Developing a corpus-based perspective. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 10(2), 161–198.
(2006). Corpus-based approaches to metaphor and metonymy. In A. Stefanowitsch & S. Th. Gries (Eds.), Corpus-based Approaches to Metaphor and Metonymy (Vol. 1711, pp. 1–16). Mouton de Gruyter.
Stefanowitsch, A., & Gries, S. Th. (Eds.). (2006). Corpus-based Approaches to Metaphor and Metonymy. Mouton de Gruyter.
Velasco-Sacristan, M. O., & Fuertes-Olivera, P. (2006). Olfactory and olfactory-mixed metaphors in print ads of perfume. Annual Review of Cognitive Linguistics, 41, 217–252.
Cited by (1)
Cited by one other publication
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 27 november 2025. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.
