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Morphological processing in Alzheimer’s disease

A network analysis of word recognition and inflection in Finnish

ORCiD logo with link | University of Eastern FinlandFinland
 | California State UniversityEast Bay
 | University of Eastern FinlandFinland
 | Kuopio University HospitalFinland
 | University of Eastern FinlandFinland
 | Auburn UniversityUSA
Published online: 2 December 2025
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https://doi.org/10.1075/ml.24011.nik
Abstract
This study investigated the degree to which cognitive mechanisms support word recognition and word inflection in aging and how this changes in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We tested competing hypotheses regarding the functional organization of language within the broader cognitive system. One set of hypotheses, derived from dual-system theories like the Declarative/Procedural (DP) model, predicts a functional architecture segregated by linguistic function. An alternative set of hypotheses posits a more integrated architecture, organized by task demands and resource availability.
We analyzed participants’ performance on a lexical decision task and a word inflection task, alongside neuropsychological tests, using both behavioral and network analyses. In healthy controls (HC), the network analysis revealed a highly integrated architecture where language tasks were clustered by functional demands (e.g., speed vs. accuracy) rather than segregated along a strict lexicon/grammar divide. In the AD group, behavioral results showed a classic dissociation, with disproportionate impairment on irregular word inflection — a pattern traditionally seen as evidence for a modular memory failure. However, our network analysis revealed a different underlying mechanism. We observed a dramatic network reorganization where a core declarative memory module became functionally isolated, causing language tasks to form new, compensatory alliances with remaining frontal-executive resources. This provides clear evidence of a shift where executive functions are recruited to support language abilities when dedicated memory systems decline.
These findings suggest that the cognitive substrate for language is not static but adapts dynamically in neurodegeneration, shifting its reliance from failing declarative memory systems to domain-general executive control pathways.
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
    • 1.1Cognitive contributions to language production and processing
    • 1.2Cognitive and language changes in aging
    • 1.3Cognitive and language changes in Alzheimer’s disease
    • 1.4Current study
    • 1.5Hypotheses
      • H1a.Dissociation principle
      • H1b.Integration principle
      • H2a.Lexicality principle
      • H2b.Task-demand principle
  • 2.Method
    • 2.1Participants
    • 2.2Experimental tasks
      • 2.2.1Neuropsychological assessment
      • 2.2.2Word recognition task
      • 2.2.3Word inflection task
    • 2.3Data analysis
      • 2.3.1Word recognition task
      • 2.3.2Word inflection task
      • 2.3.3Network estimation and bootstrapping for word recognition and inflection tasks, and neuropsychological assessments
        • Stability analysis
        • Community detection
        • Robustness checks
  • 3.Results
    • 3.1Word recognition task
      • 3.1.1Reaction time
      • 3.1.2Accuracy
    • 3.2Word inflection task
    • 3.3Network analysis for healthy controls
      • 3.3.1Global network characteristics
      • 3.3.2Community detection results
      • 3.3.3Bootstrapped network results
      • 3.3.4Centrality analysis
      • 3.3.5Robustness check: Leave-one-out analysis
    • 3.4Network analysis for individuals with Alzheimer’s disease
      • 3.4.1Global network characteristics
      • 3.4.2Community detection results
      • 3.4.3Bootstrapped network results
      • 3.4.4Centrality analysis
      • 3.4.5Robustness check: Leave-one-out analysis
  • 4.Discussion
    • 4.1Alzheimer’s disease
    • 4.2Neurologically healthy controls
  • 5.Conclusion
  • Acknowledgements
  • Note
  • References
References (99)
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