The aims of the present study were to investigate the effects of word frequency on morphological processing of inflected words in Finnish, and to re-test previous results obtained for high frequency inflected words in Finnish which suggest that inflected words of high frequency might have full-form representations in the mental lexicon. Our results from three visual lexical decision experiments with monolingual Finnish speakers suggest that only very high frequency inflected Finnish words have full-form representations. This finding differs from results obtained from related studies in morphologically more limited Indo-European languages, in which full-form representations for inflected words seem to exist at a much lower level of frequency than in the morphologically rich Finnish language.
Cited by (33)
Cited by 33 other publications
Chamalaun, Robert J. P. M., Tijn Schmitz & Mirjam T. C. Ernestus
2025. Silent morphological information in a word’s spelling also affects natural reading behavior. Morphology 35:3 ► pp. 417 ff.
Durand-López, Ezequiel M. & Juan J. Garrido-Pozú
2025. Experimental increase in lexical frequency improves morphological computation of Spanish. International Journal of Bilingualism 29:4 ► pp. 815 ff.
Lõo, Kaidi, Katrin Leppik, Anton Malmi, Agu Bleive & Raymond Bertram
2025. Introducing LexEst: a quick and efficient vocabulary test for assessing vocabulary knowledge in L2 Estonian. Applied Psycholinguistics 46
Salmela, Rosa, Minna Lehtonen, Seppo Vainio & Raymond Bertram
2025. Challenges in inflected word processing for L2 speakers. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 47:1 ► pp. 308 ff.
2024. On the nature and organisation of morphological categories: verbal aspect through the lens of associative learning. Morphology 34:3 ► pp. 243 ff.
Kim, Joonwoo, Sangyub Kim & Kichun Nam
2024. Neural Dynamics of Processing Inflectional Morphology: An fMRI Study on Korean Inflected Verbs. Brain Sciences 14:8 ► pp. 752 ff.
Kim, Joonwoo, Jinwon Kang, Jeahong Kim & Kichun Nam
2022. Temporal dynamics of form and meaning in morphologically complex word processing: An ERP study on Korean inflected verbs. Journal of Neurolinguistics 64 ► pp. 101098 ff.
Durand López, Ezequiel M.
2021. Morphological processing and individual frequency effects in L1 and L2 Spanish. Lingua 257 ► pp. 103093 ff.
Hedlund, Laura A., Patrik Wikman, Suzanne C.A. Hut & Alina Leminen
2021. Neural responses to Finnish inflected forms during overt and covert production: The role of stem frequency and stem allomorphy. Journal of Neurolinguistics 57 ► pp. 100953 ff.
2020. Quick reorganization of memory traces for morphologically complex words in young children. Neuropsychologia 138 ► pp. 107309 ff.
Peng, Zhang, Zhu Hong & Saruul Borjigin
2020. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Natural Language Processing and Information Retrieval, ► pp. 107 ff.
Hakala, Tero, Annika Hultén, Minna Lehtonen, Krista Lagus & Riitta Salmelin
2018. Information properties of morphologically complex words modulate brain activity during word reading. Human Brain Mapping 39:6 ► pp. 2583 ff.
Lõo, Kaidi, Juhani Järvikivi & R. Harald Baayen
2018. Whole-word frequency and inflectional paradigm size facilitate Estonian case-inflected noun processing. Cognition 175 ► pp. 20 ff.
Lõo, Kaidi, Juhani Järvikivi, Fabian Tomaschek, Benjamin V. Tucker & R. Harald Baayen
2018. Production of Estonian case-inflected nouns shows whole-word frequency and paradigmatic effects. Morphology 28:1 ► pp. 71 ff.
NIKOLAEV, ALEXANDRE, MINNA LEHTONEN, EVE HIGBY, JUNGMOON HYUN & SAMEER ASHAIE
2018. A facilitatory effect of rich stem allomorphy but not inflectional productivity on single-word recognition. Applied Psycholinguistics 39:6 ► pp. 1221 ff.
Virpioja, Sami, Minna Lehtonen, Annika Hultén, Henna Kivikari, Riitta Salmelin & Krista Lagus
2018. Using Statistical Models of Morphology in the Search for Optimal Units of Representation in the Human Mental Lexicon. Cognitive Science 42:3 ► pp. 939 ff.
Zwitserlood, Pienie
2018. Processing and Representation of Morphological Complexity in Native Language Comprehension and Production. In The Construction of Words [Studies in Morphology, 4], ► pp. 583 ff.
Havas, Viktória, Matti Laine & Antoni Rodríguez Fornells
2017. Brain signatures of early lexical and morphological learning of a new language. Neuropsychologia 101 ► pp. 47 ff.
Reifegerste, Jana, Antje S. Meyer & Pienie Zwitserlood
2017. Inflectional complexity and experience affect plural processing in younger and older readers of Dutch and German. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience 32:4 ► pp. 471 ff.
Caselli, Naomi K., Michael K. Caselli & Ariel M. Cohen-Goldberg
2016. Inflected words in production: Evidence for a morphologically rich lexicon. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 69:3 ► pp. 432 ff.
Leminen, Alina, Sini Jakonen, Miika Leminen, Jyrki P. Mäkelä & Minna Lehtonen
2016. Neural mechanisms underlying word- and phrase-level morphological parsing. Journal of Neurolinguistics 38 ► pp. 26 ff.
Havas, Viktória, Otto Waris, Lucía Vaquero, Antoni Rodríguez-Fornells & Matti Laine
2015. Morphological learning in a novel language: A cross-language comparison. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 68:7 ► pp. 1426 ff.
Service, Elisabet & Sini Maury
2015. Differential recall of derived and inflected word forms in working memory: examining the role of morphological information in simple and complex working memory tasks. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 8
Vainio, Seppo, Anneli Pajunen & Jukka Hyönä
2014. L1 AND L2 WORD RECOGNITION IN FINNISH. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 36:1 ► pp. 133 ff.
Dye, Cristina D., Matthew Walenski, Elizabeth L. Prado, Stewart Mostofsky, Michael T. Ullman & Mark Aronoff
2013. Children's Computation of Complex Linguistic Forms: A Study of Frequency and Imageability Effects. PLoS ONE 8:9 ► pp. e74683 ff.
2013. Neural dynamics of inflectional and derivational morphology processing in the human brain. Cortex 49:10 ► pp. 2758 ff.
Lehtonen, Minna, Annika Hultén, Antoni Rodríguez-Fornells, Toni Cunillera, Jyrki Tuomainen & Matti Laine
2012. Differences in word recognition between early bilinguals and monolinguals: Behavioral and ERP evidence. Neuropsychologia 50:7 ► pp. 1362 ff.
Virpioja, Sami, Minna Lehtonen, Annika Hultén, Riitta Salmelin & Krista Lagus
2011. Predicting Reaction Times in Word Recognition by Unsupervised Learning of Morphology. In Artificial Neural Networks and Machine Learning – ICANN 2011 [Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 6791], ► pp. 275 ff.
Clahsen, Harald & Kathleen Neubauer
2010. Morphology, frequency, and the processing of derived words in native and non-native speakers. Lingua 120:11 ► pp. 2627 ff.
Gor, Kira
2010. Introduction. Beyond the Obvious: Do Second Language Learners Process Inflectional Morphology?. Language Learning 60:1 ► pp. 1 ff.
Gor, Kira & Svetlana Cook
2010. Nonnative Processing of Verbal Morphology: In Search of Regularity. Language Learning 60:1 ► pp. 88 ff.
Vartiainen, Johanna, Silvia Aggujaro, Minna Lehtonen, Annika Hultén, Matti Laine & Riitta Salmelin
2009. Neural dynamics of reading morphologically complex words. NeuroImage 47:4 ► pp. 2064 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 27 november 2025. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.
