Article published In: Linguistic Variation
Vol. 15:2 (2015) ► pp.225–290
Connectivity in left-dislocation and the composition of the left periphery
Published online: 28 January 2016
https://doi.org/10.1075/lv.15.2.04ott
https://doi.org/10.1075/lv.15.2.04ott
This paper proposes a crosslinguistically uniform analysis of Left-dislocation constructions, according to which left-dislocated XPs are elliptical sentence fragments surfacing in linear juxtaposition to their host clause. The analysis is shown to provide a principled solution to Cinque’s Paradox: dislocated XPs are extra-sentential constituents akin to parentheticals while behaving in certain respects as having moved to their surface position from within the host clause, in apparent violation of the boundaries of “sentence grammar” as typically defined. The solution in terms of deletion and endorphoric linkage undermines templatic analyses of the ‘cartographic’ tradition, showing that in at least some cases the “sentential periphery” reflects not syntactic composition but juxtaposition in discourse.
Keywords: dislocation, ellipsis, syntax, connectivity
References (169)
Abels, Klaus. 2012. The Italian left periphery: A view from locality. Linguistic Inquiry 431. 229–254.
Alexiadou, Artemis. 2006. Left-dislocation (including CLLD). In Everaert & van Riemsdijk (eds.), 668–699.
Alexopoulou, Theodora, Edit Doron & Caroline Heycock. 2004. Broad subjects and clitic left-dislocation. In Adger et al. (eds.), 329–358.
Anagnostopoulou, Elena. 1994. Clitic dependencies in Modern Greek. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Salzburg.
. 1997. Clitic left-dislocation and contrastive left-dislocation. In Anagnostopoulou et al. (eds.), 151–192.
Anagnostopoulou, Elena, Henk van Riemsdijk & Frans Zwarts (eds.). 1997. Materials on left-dislocation. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Aoun, Joseph & Elabbas Benmamoun. 1998. Minimality, reconstruction, and PF-movement. Linguistic Inquiry 291. 569–597.
Arnaudova, Olga. 2002. Clitic left-dislocation and argument structure in Bulgarian. In Jindřich Toman (ed.), Proceedings of FASL 101, 23–46. Ann Arbor, MI: Michigan Slavic Publications.
Arregi, Karlos. 2003. Clitic left-dislocation is contrastive topicalization. Penn Working Papers in Linguistics 91. 31–44.
Bach, Emmon & George M. Horn. 1976. Remarks on “conditions on transformations”. Linguistic Inquiry 71. 265–299.
Baker, Mark. 1996. On the structural position of themes and goals. In J. Rooryck & L. Zaring (eds.), Phrase structure and the lexicon, 7–34. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Baker, Mark C. 2001. The natures of nonconfigurationality. In Mark R. Baltin & Chris Collins (eds.), The handbook of contemporary syntactic theory, 407–438. Oxford: Blackwell.
. 2000. Clitics: A window into the null-subject property. In João Costa (ed.), Essays in Portuguese comparative syntax, 31–93. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Barros, Matthew, Patrick D. Elliott & Gary Thoms. 2014. There is no island repair. Ms., Rutgers University, University College London and University of Edinburgh.
Belletti, Adriana. 2006. Extending doubling to non-local domains: Complete vs. partial copying + deletion and related reconstruction issues. In Brandt & Fuß (eds.), 129–136.
Benincà, Paola. 2001. The position of topic and focus in the left periphery. In Guglielmo Cinque & Giampaolo Salvi (eds.), Current studies in Italian syntax, 39–64. Amsterdam: North Holland.
Benincà, Paola & Cecilia Poletto. 2004. Topic, focus, and V2: Defining the CP sublayers. In Luigi Rizzi (ed.), The structure of CP and IP, 52–75. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Biberauer, Theresa & Marc Richards. 2006. True optionality: When the grammar doesn’t mind. In Cedric Boeckx (ed.), Minimalist essays, Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics today, vol. 911, 35–67. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Bocci, Giuliano. 2007. Criterial positions and left periphery in Italian. Nanzan Linguistics 31. 35–70.
Boeckx, Cedric. 2003. Islands and chains: Resumption as stranding. John Benjamins.
Bresnan, Joan & Sam A. Mchombo. 1987. Topic, pronoun, and agreement in Chicheŵa. Language 631. 741–782.
Bruening, Benjamin. 2015. Non-constituent coordination: Prosody, not movement. UPenn Working Papers in Linguistics 211. article 5.
Brunetti, Lisa. 2003. ‘Information’ focus movement in Italian and contextual constraints on ellipsis. In Gina Garding & Mimu Tsujimura (eds.), Proceedings of WCCFL 221, 95–108. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press.
Büring, Daniel. 2013. Syntax, information structure, and prosody. In Marcel den Dikken (ed.), The Cambridge handbook of generative syntax, 860–896. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Cardinaletti, Anna. 1997. Subjects and clause structure. In Liliane Haegeman (ed.), The new comparative syntax, 33–63. London/New York: Longman.
Cardinaletti, Anna & Michal Starke. 1999. The typology of structural deficiency: On the three grammatical classes. In Clitics in the languages of Europe, 145–234. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
Cheng, Lisa Lai-Shen & Laura J. Downing. 2009. Where’s the topic in Zulu? The Linguistic Review 261. 207–238.
Chomsky, Noam. 1977. On W H-movement. In Peter W. Culicover, Thomas Wasow, & Adrian Akmajian (eds.), Formal syntax, 71–132. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
. 2001. Derivation by phase. In Michael Ken-stowicz (ed.), Ken Hale: A life in language, 1–52. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
. 2007. Approaching UG from below. In Uli Sauerland & Hans-Martin Gärtner (eds.), Interfaces + recursion = language? 1–29. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
Chomsky, Noam & Howard Lasnik. 1993. The theory of principles and parameters. In Joachim Jacobs, Arnim von Stechow, Wolfgang Sternefeld, & Theo Vennemann (eds.), Syntax, 506–569. Berlin/New York: de Gruyter.
Chung, Sandra. 2013. Syntactic identity in sluicing: How much and why. Linguistic Inquiry 441. 1–44.
Cinque, Guglielmo. 1983. ‘Topic’ constructions in some European languages and ‘connectedness’. In Konrad Ehlich & Henk van Riemsdijk (eds.), Connectedness in sentence, discourse and text, 7–41. Tilburg: KUB.
Cinque, Guglielmo & Luigi Rizzi. 2009. The cartography of syntactic structures. In Bernd Heine & Heiko Narrog (eds.), The Oxford handbook of linguistic analysis, 51–65. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
. 2012. Ellipsis, identity, and accomodation. Ms., HU Brussels/KU Leuven.
Cruschina, Silvio. 2010. Syntactic extraposition and clitic resumption in Italian. Lingua 1201. 50–73.
Dehé, Nicole & Yordanka Kavalova. 2007. Parentheticals: An introduction. In Nicole Dehé & Yordanka Kavalova (eds.), Parentheticals, 1–22. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Del Gobbo, Francesca. 2003. Appositives at the interfaces. Irvine: Doctoral Dissertation, University of California.
Demirdache, Hamida. 1991. Resumptive chains in restrictive relatives, appositives, and dislocation structures. Doctoral Dissertation, MIT.
den Dikken, Marcel, André Meinunger & Chris Wilder. 2000. Pseudoclefts and ellipsis. Studia Linguistica 541. 41–89.
Dewald, Anika. 2012. Spontansprachliche Versetzungsstrukturen im Deutschen. Doctoral Disser-tation, University of Cologne.
Dobashi, Yoshihito. 2003. Phonological phrasing and syntactic derivation. Doctoral Dissertation, Cornell University.
Dobrovie-Sorin, Carmen. 1990. Clitic-doubling, wh-movement and quantification in Romanian. Linguistic Inquiry 211. 351–397.
Downing, Bruce T. 1970. Syntactic structure and phonological phrasing in English. Austin: Doctoral Dissertation, University of Texas.
Downing, Laura J. 2011. The prosody of ‘dislocation’ in selected Bantu languages. Lingua 1211. 772–786.
Emonds, Joseph. 2004. Unspecified categories as the key to root constructions. In Adger et al. (eds.), 75–120.
Escobar, Linda. 1997. Clitic left-dislocation and other relatives. In Anagnostopoulou et al. (eds.), 233–273.
Everaert, Martin & Henk van Riemsdijk (eds.). 2006. The Blackwell companion to syntax. Oxford: Blackwell.
Fanselow, Gisbert, Reinhold Kliegl & Matthias Schlesewsky. 2005. Syntactic variation in German wh-questions: Empirical investigations of weak-crossover violations and long wh-movement. Linguistic Variation Yearbook 51. 37–63.
Fanselow, Gisbert & Denisa Lenertová. 2011. Left peripheral focus: Mismatches between syntax and information structure. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 291. 169–209.
Feldhausen, Ingo. 2008. The prosody–syntax interface in Catalan. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Potsdam.
. 2014. The intonation of left-dislocations in Spanish and other Romance languages. Habilitation thesis, University of Frankfurt.
Fiengo, Robert & Robert May. 1994. Indices and identity. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Frascarelli, Mara. 1997. The phonology of focus and topic in Italian. The Linguistic Review 141. 221–248.
. 2000. The syntax–phonology interface in focus and topic constructions in Italian. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Frey, Werner. 1993. Syntaktische Bedingungen für die semantische Interpretation. Berlin: Akademie Verlag.
. 2004. Notes on the syntax and the pragmatics of German left-dislocation. In Horst Lohnstein & Susanne Trissler (eds.), The syntax and semantics of the left periphery, 203–233. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
. 2009. Comparing remarks on German left-dislocation and Italian Clitic left-dislocation. Paper presented at the Workshop on Information Structure in the Theory of Grammar and in Language Acquisition, University of Lund, September 19 2009.
Grewendorf, Günther. 2008. The left clausal periphery: Clitic left-dislocation in Italian and left-dislocation in German. In Shaer et al. (eds.), 49–94.
Grohmann, Kleanthes K. 2003. Prolific domains. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Guentchéva, Zlatka. 2008. Object clitic-doubling constructions and topicality in Bulgarian. In Kallulli & Tasmowski (eds.), 203–223.
van Haaften, Ton, Rik Smits & Jan Vat. 1983. Left-dislocation, connectedness, and reconstruction. In Werner Abraham (ed.), On the formal syntax of the West Germania, 133–154. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Haegeman, Liliane. 1991. Parenthetical adverbials: The radical orphanage approach. In Shuki Chiba, Akira Ogawa, Yasuaki Fuiwara, Norio Yamada, Osamu Koma, & Takao Yagi (eds.), Aspects of modern English linguistics, 232–254. Toyko: Kaitakusha.
Halpern, Aaron L. 1998. Clitics. In Andrew Spencer & Arnold M. Zwicky (eds.), The handbook of morphology, 101–122. Oxford: Blackwell.
Hamlaoui, Fatima & Emmanuel-Moselly Makasso. 2013. Object left-dislocation, topicalization and the syntax–phonology mapping of intonation phrases in Bàsàá. Ms., ZAS Berlin.
Hoekstra, Eric. 1999. On D-pronouns and the movement of topic features. Folia Linguistica 331. 59–74.
Holmberg, Anders. 2015. Verb-second. In Tibor Kiss & Artemis Alexiadou (eds.), Syntax, 342–383. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
Iatridou, Sabine & Anthony S. Kroch. 1992. The licensing of CP-recursion and its relevance to the Germanic verb-second phenomenon. Working Papers in Scandinavian Linguistics 501. 1–25.
Janse, Mark. 2008. Clitic doubling from Ancient to Asia Minor Greek. In Kallulli & Tasmowski (eds.), 165–202.
Kallulli, Dalina & Liliane Tasmowski (eds.). 2008. Clitic doubling in the Balkan languages. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Kanerva, Jonni M. 1990. Focusing on phonological phrases in Chichewa. In Sharon Inkelas & Draga Zec (eds.), The phonology–syntax connection, 145–161. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Kenesei, István & Irene Vogel. 1990. Focus and phonological structure. Paper presented at GLOW, University of Cambridge.
Koster, Jan. 1978. Why subject sentences don’t exist. In Samuel Jay Keyser (ed.), Recent transformational studies in European languages, 53–64. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Krapova, Iliyana. 2004. Word order in topic–focus structures in the Balkan languages. Venice: Ms., Università Ca’ Foscari.
Krapova, Iliyana & Guglielmo Cinque. 2008. Clitic reduplication constructions in Bulgarian. In Kallulli & Tasmowski (eds.), 257–286.
Kučerová, Ivona & Ad Neeleman (eds.). 2012. Contrasts and positions in information structure. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lasnik, Howard. 2001. When can you save a structure by destroying it? In Minjoo Kim & Uri Strauss (eds.), Proceedings of NELS 31, vol. 21, 301–320. Amherst, MA: GLSA.
Lipták, Anikó. 2011. The structure of the topic field in Hungarian. In Paola Benincà & Nicola Munaro (eds.), Mapping the left periphery, 163–198. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Lipták, Anikó & Luis Vicente. 2009. Pronominal doubling under VP-topicalization. Lingua 1191. 650–686.
. To appear. Dislocations. In Caroline Féry & Shin Ishihara (eds.), The Oxford handbook of information structure. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Manzini, Rita. 2010. The structure and interpretation of (Romance) complementizers. In Phoevos Panagiotidis (ed.), The complementizer phase. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
. To appear. Ellipsis: A survey of analytical approaches. In Jeroen van Craenenbroeck & Tanja Temmerman (eds.), The Oxford handbook of ellipsis. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Morgan, Jerry. 1973. Sentence fragments and the notion “sentence”. In Braj Kachru, Robert Lees, Yakov Malkiel, Angelina Pietrangeli, & Sol Saporta (eds.), Issues in linguistics, 719–751. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
Neeleman, Ad & Hans Van de Koot. 2008. Dutch scrambling and the nature of discourse templates. Journal of Comparative Germanic Linguistics 111. 137–189.
Nespor, Marina & Irene Vogel. 1986. Prosodic phonology. Dordrecht: Foris.
Nilsen, Øystein. 2003. Eliminating positions: Syntax and semantics of sentence modification. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Utrecht.
Ott, Dennis. 2012a. Local instability: Split topicalization and quantifier float in German. Berlin/New York: de Gruyter.
. 2012b. Movement and ellipsis in contrastive left-dislocation. In Nathan Arnett & Ryan Bennett (eds.), Proceedings of WC-CFL 301, 281–291. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.
. 2015. Ellipsis in appositives. Ms., University of Ottawa.
Ott, Dennis & Edgar Onea. In press. On the form and meaning of appositives. In Proceedings of NELS 45. Amherst, MA: GLSA.
Ott, Dennis & Volker Struckmeier. In press. Deletion in clausal ellipsis: Remnants in the middle field. In Proceedings of PLC 39.
Ott, Dennis & Mark de Vries. 2014. A biclausal analysis of right-dislocation. In Hsin-Lun Huang, Ethan Poole, & Amanda Rysling (eds.), Proceedings of NELS 43, vol. 21, 41–54. Amherst, MA: GLSA.
Park, Bum-Sik. 2005. Island-insensitive fragment answers in Korean. In John Alderete, Chung Hye Han, & Alexei Kochetov (eds.), Proceedings of WCCFL 241, 317–325. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.
Pereltsvaig, Asya. 2004. Topic and focus as linear notions: Evidence from Italian and Russian. Lingua 1141. 325–344.
Peterson, Peter. 1999. On the boundaries of syntax. In Peter Collins & David Lee (eds.), The clause in English, 229–250. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Poletto, Cecilia. 2002. The left periphery of V2 rhaetoromance dialects: A new view on V2 and V3. In Susanne van der Kleij, Sjef Barbiers, & Leonie Cornips (eds.), Syntactic microvariation, 214–242. Amsterdam: The Meertens Institute.
Raposo, Eduardo E. 1996. Towards a unfication of topic constructions. Santa Barbara: Ms., University of California.
Repp, Sophie & Heiner Drenhaus. 2015. Intonation influences processing and recall of left-dislocation sentences by indicating topic vs. focus status of dislocated referent. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience 301. 324–346.
van Riemsdijk, Henk. 1997. Left-dislocation. In Anagnostopoulou et al. (eds.), 1–10.
Rizzi, Luigi. 1997. The fine structure of the left periphery. In Liliane Haegeman (ed.), Elements of grammar, 281–337. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
. 2004. Locality and left periphery. In Adriana Belletti (ed.), Structures and beyond, 223–251. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Rochemont, Michael S. 1989. Topic islands and the subjacency parameter. Canadian Journal of Linguistics 341. 145–170.
Rodman, Robert. 1997. On left-dislocation. In Anagnostopoulou et al. (eds.), 31–54.
Ross, John Robert. 1967. Constraints on variables in syntax. Doctoral Dissertation, MIT.
. 1969. Guess who? In Robert I. Binnick, Alice Davison, Georgia M. Green, & Jerry L. Morgan (eds.), Papers from the fifth regional meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society, 252–286. Chicago: CLS.
. 1973a. A fake NP squish. In Charles-James N. Bailey & Roger W. Shuy (eds.), New ways of analyzing variation in English, 96–140. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.
. 1973b. Slifting. In Maurice Gross, Morris Hell, & Marcel Schützenberger (eds.), The formal analysis of natural languages, 133–169. The Hague: Mouton.
Rubio, Carlos. 2012. Topics first: A derivational approach to CLLD topicalization in Romance. Paper presented at Linguistic Symposium on Romance Languages 42, Southern Utah University.
Rullmann, Hotze & Jan-Wouter Zwart. 1996. On saying dat
. In Language and cognition 5. Year- book 1995 of the Research Group of Theoretical and Experimental Linguistics of the University of Groningen, 179–194. Groningen: University of Groningen.
Samek-Lodovici, Vieri. 2006. When right-dislocation meets the left periphery. A unified analysis of Italian non-final focus. Lingua 1161. 836–873.
Selkirk, Elisabeth. 2001. Syntax–phonology interface. In Bernard Comrie (ed.), International encyclopedia of the social & behavioral sciences, 15407–15412. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
. 2003. Sentence phonology. In William Frawley & William Bright (eds.), International encyclopedia of linguistics, 41–42. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
. 2005. Comments on international phrases in English. In Sónia Frota, Marina Vigário, & Maria João Freitas (eds.), Prosodies, 11–58. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
. 2011. The syntax–phonology interface. In John Goldsmith, Jason Riggle, & Alan C.L. Yu (eds.), The handbook of phonological theory, 435–484. Oxford: Blackwell.
Sells, Peter. 1984. Syntax and semantics of resumptive pronouns. Amherst: Doctoral Dissertation, University of Massachusetts.
Shaer, Benjamin, Philippa Cook, Werner Frey, & Claudia Maienborn (eds.). 2008. Dislocated elements in discourse. London: Routledge.
Shaer, Benjamin & Werner Frey. 2004. “Integrated” and “non-integrated” left-peripheral elements in German and English. In Benjamin Shaer, Werner Frey, & Claudia Maienborn (eds.), Proceedings of the dislocated elements workshop, 465–502. Berlin: Zentrum für allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft.
Sturgeon, Anne. 2008a. The left periphery. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
. 2008b. Resumption in Czech left-dislocation: The syntax–phonology interface. In Andrei Antonenko, John F. Bailyn, & Christina Y. Bethin (eds.), Proceedings of FASL 161, 407–422. Ann Arbor: Michigan Slavic Publications.
Suñer, Margarita. 2003. The lexical preverbal subject in a Romance null-subject language: Where are thou? In Rafael Núñez-Cedeño, Luis López, & Richard Cameron (eds.), A Romance perspective on language knowledge and use, 341–358. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Taglicht, Josef. 1998. Constraints on international phrasing in English. Journal of Linguistics 341. 181–211.
Temmerman, Tanja. 2013. The syntax of Dutch embedded fragment answers: On the PF-theory of islands and the WH/sluicing correlation. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory 311. 235–285.
Torrego, Esther. 1984. On inversion in Spanish and some of its effects. Linguistic Inquiry 151. 103–129.
Truckenbrodt, Hubert. 1999. On the relation between syntactic phrases and phonological phrases. Linguistic Inquiry 301. 219–255.
. 2014. Intonation phrases and speech acts. In Marlies Kluck, Dennis Ott, & Mark de Vries (eds.), Parenthesis and ellipsis, 301–349. Berlin/Boston: de Gruyter.
Tsakali, Vina & Elena Anagnostopoulou. 2008. Rethinking the clitic-doubling parameter: The inverse correlation between clitic doubling and participle agreement. In Kallulli & Tasmowski (eds.), 321–357.
Vallduví, Enric. 2002. L’oració com a unitat informativa. In Joan Sol‘a, Maria-Rosa Lloret, Joan Mascaró, & Manuel Pérez Saldanya (eds.), Gramàtica del Català contempo-rani, 1221–1279. Barcelona: Editorial Empúries.
Vikner, Sten. 1995. Verb movement and expletive subjects in the Germanic languages. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Villa-García, Julio. 2012. Recomplementation and locality of movement in Spanish. Probus 241. 257–314.
Villalba, Xavier. 2000. The syntax of sentence periphery. Doctoral Dissertation, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona.
de Vries, Mark. 2007. Invisible constituents? Parentheses as b-merged adverbial phrases. In Nicole Dehé & Yordanka Kavalova (eds.), Parentheticals, 203–234. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Wiltschko, Martina. 1997a. Extraposition, identification, and precedence. In Dorothee Beermann, David LeBlanc, & Henk van Riemsdijk (eds.), Rightward movement, 357–395. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
. 1997b. Parasitic operators in German left-dislocations. In Anagnostopoulou et al. (eds.), 307–339.
Zaenen, Annie. 1997. Contrastive dislocation in Dutch and Icelandic. In Anagnostopoulou et al. (eds.), 119–148.
Zeller, Jochen. 2004. Left-dislocation in Zulu. Ms., University of KwaZulu-Natal.
Zwart, Jan-Wouter. 2009. Uncharted territory? Towards a non-cartographic account of Germanic syntax. In Artemis Alexiadou, Jorge Hankamer, Thomas McFadden, Justin Nuger, & Florian Schäfer (eds.), Advances in comparative Germanic syntax, 59–83. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Cited by (17)
Cited by 17 other publications
Rodríguez Ramalle, Teresa M.
VILLA-GARCÍA, JULIO & DENNIS OTT
Jung, Wonsuk
Rodríguez Ramalle, Teresa María
Suárez-Palma, Imanol
Cruschina, Silvio
BASSONG, PAUL ROGER
Abels, Klaus
De Clercq, Karen & Guido Vanden Wyngaerd
Villa-García, Julio
Villa-García, Julio
Villa-García, Julio
[no author supplied]
[no author supplied]
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 27 november 2025. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.
