Article published In: Three Factors and Beyond: Socio-syntax and language acquisition
Edited by Kleanthes K. Grohmann
[Linguistic Variation 14:1] 2014
► pp. 1–25
Socio-syntax and variation in acquisition
Problematizing monolingual and bidialectal acquisition
Leonie M.E.A. Cornips | Meertens Instituut (Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences) & Maastricht University
Published online: 25 November 2014
https://doi.org/10.1075/lv.14.1.01cor
https://doi.org/10.1075/lv.14.1.01cor
This paper has two aims:* first, to emphasize how the linguistic input to which children are exposed is inherently variable and complex. To this end, we will discuss two particular phenomena in Dutch, namely Aux+Inf and gender marking in DP’s. These phenomena lend themselves to a comparison in terms of the nature of the individual, social and regional variation in the input. Second, regarding the question of whether bidialectal acquisition is the same as bilingual acquisition, it seems that there are, in fact, significant differences between the two. Bidialectal children score significantly higher on vocabulary tests than bilingual speakers, they use the Aux+Inf structure in a different way and they also acquire the neuter gender of the Dutch definite determiner significantly faster than bilingual children. Importantly, this paper also explores whether we can maintain a distinction between monolingual and bidialectal children in so-called bidialectal areas.
References (58)
Auer, Peter. 2004. Non-standard evidence in syntactic typology. Dialectology meets typology. In Bernd Kortmann (ed.), Dialect grammar from a cross-linguistic perspective, 69–92. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
. 2005. Europe’s sociolinguistic unity, or: A typology of European dialect /standard constellations. In Nicole Delbecque, Johan van der Auwera & Dirk Geeraerts (eds.), Perspectives on variation, 7–44. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
. 2007. The monolingual bias in bilingualism research -or: Why bilingual talk is (still) a challenge for linguistics. In Monica Heller (ed.), Bilingualism: A social approach, 319–339. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Adger, David & Jennifer Smith. 2005. Variation and the minimalist program. In Leonie Cornips & Karen P. Corrigan (eds.), Syntax and variation. Reconciling the biological with the social, 149–178. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Barbiers, Sjef, Johan van der Auwera, Hans Bennis, Eefje Boef, Gunther De Vogelaer & Margreet van der Ham. 2008. Syntactic atlas of the Dutch dialects, Part II. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.
Benor, Sarah Bunin. 2010. Ethnolinguistic repertoire: Shifting the analytic focus in language and ethnicity. Journal of Sociolinguistics 141. 159–183.
Blom, Elma & Siebe de Korte. 2011. Dummy auxiliaries in child and adult second language acquisition of Dutch. Lingua 1211. 906–919.
Blom, Elma, Daniela Polišenskà & Sharon Unsworth. 2008. The acquisition of grammatical gender in Dutch. Second Language Research 241. 259–265.
Blom, Elma, Daniela Polišenskà & Fred Weerman. 2008. Articles, adjectives and age of onset: The acquisition of Dutch grammatical gender. Second Language Research 241. 297–332.
Chondrogianni, Vicky & Theo Marinis. 2011. Differential effects of internal and external factors on the development of vocabulary, tense morphology and morphosyntax in successive bilingual children. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 1(3). 318–345.
Cornips, Leonie. 1998. Habitual doen in Heerlen Dutch. In Ingrid Tieken-Boon van Ostade, Marijke van der Wal & Arjan van Leuvensteijn (eds.), Do in English, Dutch and German. History and present-day variation, 83–101. Amsterdam/ Münster: Stichting Neerlandistiek/Nodus Publikationen.
. 2006. Intermediate syntactic variants in a dialect – standard speech repertoire and relative acceptability. In Gisbert Fanselow, Caroline Féry, Matthias Schlesewsky & Ralf Vogel (eds.), Gradience in grammar. Generative perspectives, 85–105. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
. 2008. Loosing grammatical gender in Dutch. The result of bilingual acquisition and/or an act of identity? International Journal of Bilingualism – Ethnolects? The Emergence of New Varieties among Adolescents 12(1&2). 105–124.
. 2013a. Child use of auxiliary + infinitive in Dutch: Acquisition device or reflection of the input. In E. Blom, I. van der Craats & J. Verhagen (eds.), Dummy auxiliaries in first and second language acquisition, 369–394. Boston/Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
. 2013b. Recent developments in Limburg. In Frans Hinskens & Johan Taeldeman (eds.), Language and space: Dutch. An international handbook of linguistic variation, 378–399. Berlin/Boston: de Gruyter Mouton.
. 2014. Language contact, linguistic variability and the construction of local identities. In Tor Åfarli & Britt Mæhlum (eds.), The sociolinguistics of grammar, 67–90. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Cornips, Leonie & Karen P. Corrigan. 2005. Toward an integrated approach to syntactic variation: a retrospective and prospective synopsis. In L. Cornips & K.P. Corrigan (eds.), Syntax and variation. Reconciling the biological with the social, 1–27. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Cornips, Leonie & Hulk. 2006. External and internal factors in bilingual and bidialectal language development: Grammatical gender of the Dutch definite determiner. In Lefebvre Claire, White Lydia & Jourdan Christine (eds.), L2 acquisition and creole genesis. Dialogues, 355–378. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
. 2008. Factors of success and failure in the acquisition of grammatical gender in Dutch. Second Language Research 281. 267–296.
. 2013. Late child acquisition and identity construction: Variation in use of the Dutch definite determiners de and het. In Peter Auer, Javier Caro Reina & Göz Kaufmann (eds.), Language variation European perspectives IV. Studies in language variation, 57–67. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing.
Cornips, Leonie, Mara van der Hoek & Ramona Verwer. 2006. The acquisition of grammatical gender in bilingual child acquisition of Dutch (by older Moroccan and Turkish children). The definite determiner, attributive adjective and relative pronoun. In Bettelou Los & Jeroen van de Weijer (eds.), Linguistics in The Netherlands 20061, 40–51. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Cornips, Leonie, Vincent de Rooij & Jürgen Jaspers. Forthcoming. The politics of labelling youth vernaculars in the Netherlands and Belgium. In J. Nortier & B. Svendsen (eds.), Multilingual urban sites. Structure, activity and ideology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Dirkx, Merel. 2012. Verwerving van grammaticaal geslacht in Limburg. Door Nederlands eentalige, dialectsprekende en anderstalige kinderen. MA-thesis, UvA/Meertens Institute.
Driessen, Geert. 2006. Ontwikkelingen in het gebruik van streektalen en dialecten in de periode 1995–2003. Toegepaste Taalwetenschap in Artikelen 751. 103–113.
Dunn, Lloyd M. & Douglas M. Dunn. 2007. Peabody picture vocabulary test (PPVT-4). Minneapolis, USA: Pearson.
Dunn, Lloyd M., Leota M. Dunn & Liesbeth Schlichting. 2005. Peabody picture vocabulary test-III-NL. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Pearson.
. 2012. Three waves of variation study: The emergence of meaning in the study of sociolinguistic variation. Annual Review of Anthropology 41(1). 87–100.
Gal, S. & J. Irvine 1995. The boundaries of languages and disciplines: How ideologies construct difference. Social Research 62(4). 967–1001.
Geerts, Guido, Walter Haeseryn, Jaap de Rooij, & Maarten C. van den Toorn. 1984. Algemene Nederlandse Spraakkunst. Groningen: Wolters-Noordhoff.
Hulk, Aafke & Leonie Cornips. 2005. Differences and similarities between L2 and (2)L1: DO-support in child Dutch. In L. Dekydtspotter, et al. (ed.), Proceedings of the 7th Generative Approaches to Second Language Acquisition Conference (GASLA 2004). Cacadilla Proceedings Project, Somerville, MA, 163–177.
Irvine, Judith. 2001. Style as distinctiveness: The culture and ideology of linguistic differentiation. In Penelope Eckert & John Rickford (eds.), Stylistic variation in language, 21–43. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kampen, Jacqueline van. 1997. First steps in WH-movement. Ph. D. dissertation, Utrecht University.
Kerswill, Paul. 1996. Children, adolescents and language change. Language variation and change 81. 177–202.
Kroskrity, Paul V. (ed.). 2000. Regimes of language: Ideologies, polities, and identities. Santa Fe, NM: School of American research.
Lalleman, Josine. 1986. Dutch language proficiency of Turkish children born in the Netherlands. Dordrecht: Foris Publications.
Meisel, Jürgen M. 2009. Second language acquisition in early childhood. Zeitschrift für Sprachwissenschaft 281. 5–34.
Milroy, James. 2001. Language ideology and the consequences of standardization. Journal of Sociolinguistics 5(4). 530–555.
Nortier, Jacomine & Margreet Dorleijn. 2008. A Moroccan accent in Dutch: A sociocultural style restricted to the Moroccan community? International Journal of Bilingualism 121. 125–142.
Ochs, Eleanore. 1993. Constructing social identity: A language socialization perspective. Research on Language and Social Interaction 26(3). 287–306.
Ochs, Eleanore & Bambi Schieffelin. 1995. The impact of language socialization on grammatical development. In P. Fletcher & B. MacWhinney (eds.), The handbook of child language, 73–94. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
Paradis, Johanne. 2011. Individual differences in child English second language acquisition: Comparing child-internal and child-external factors. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 1(3). 213–237.
Poplack, Shana & Nathalie Dion. 2009. Prescription vs. praxis: The evolution of future temporal reference in French. Language 85(3). 557–587.
Schneider, Britta. 2014. Oh boy, hablas español?- Salsa and the multiple value of authenticity in late capitalism. In Véronique Laoste, Jakob Leimgruber & Thiemo Breyer (eds.), Indexing authenticity: Sociolinguistic perspectives, 113–135. Berlin/New York: de Gruyter.
Smith, Jennifer, Mercedes Durham & Liane Fortune. 2007. “Mam, my trousers is fa’in doon!”: Community, caregiver, and child in the acquisition of variation in a Scottish dialect. Language Variation and Change 191. 63–99.
. 2009. Universal and dialect-specific pathways of acquisition: Caregivers, children and t/d deletion. Language Variation and Change 21(1). 69–95.
Smith, Jennifer, Mercedes Durham & Hazel Richards. 2013. The social and linguistic in the acquisition of sociolinguistic variation. Linguistics 51(2). 258–324.
Unsworth, Sharon. 2008. Age and input in the acquisition of grammatical gender in Dutch. Second Language Research 241. 365–396.
. 2013. Assessing the role of current and cumulative exposure in simultaneous bilingual acquisition: The case of Dutch gender. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 161. 86–110.
Unsworth, Sharon & Aafke Hulk. 2010. L1 acquisition of neuter gender in Dutch: Production and judgement. Proceedings of Generative Approaches to Language Acquisition 2009. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
Unsworth, Sharon, Froso Argyri, Leonie Cornips, Aafke Hulk, Antonella Sorace & Ianthi Tsimpli 2011a. On the role of onset and input in early child bilingualism in Greek and Dutch. In M. Pirvulescu, M.C. Cuervo, A.T. Pérez-Leroux, J. Steele & N. Strik (Eds.), Selected Proceedings of the 4th Conference on Generative Approaches to Language Acquisition North America (GALANA 2010), 249–3265. Somerville: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.
. 2011b. Bilingual acquisition of Greek voice morphology and Dutch gender: What do they have in common? In Nick Danis, Kate Mesh & Hyunsuk Sung (eds.), BUCLD 35 Proceedings of the 35th Annual Boston University Conference on Language Development, 590–602. Cascadilla Press.
Zuckerman, Shalom. 2001. The Acquisition of “Optional” Movement. Ph. D. dissertation, Groningen University.
Cited by (16)
Cited by 16 other publications
Lucas, Christopher
Santh, Ritu & Dripta Piplai (Mondal)
Cornips, Leonie & Petra Sleeman
2024. Variation in the use of the partitive pronoun ER in regional (Heerlen) standard Dutch. Linguistic Variation 24:2 ► pp. 262 ff.
Gregersen, Frans, Leonie Cornips & Ditte Boeg Thomsen
Allott, Nicholas & Georges Rey
Blom, Elma, Leonie Cornips & Jeannette Schaeffer
2017. Cross-linguistic influence in bilingualism. In Cross-linguistic Influence in Bilingualism [Studies in Bilingualism, 52], ► pp. 1 ff.
Brouwer, Susanne
Cornips, Leonie
2017. Child acquisition of sociolinguistic variation. In Acquiring Sociolinguistic Variation [Studies in Language Variation, 20], ► pp. 91 ff.
Cornips, Leonie
2018. Bilingual child acquisition through the lens of sociolinguistic approaches. In
Bilingual Cognition and Language [Studies in Bilingualism, 54], ► pp. 15 ff.
Cornips, Leonie
Cornips, Leonie
Cornips, Leonie & Frans Gregersen
2017. Comparative studies of variation in the use of grammatical gender in the Danish and Dutch DP in the speech of youngsters. In Cross-linguistic Influence in Bilingualism [Studies in Bilingualism, 52], ► pp. 101 ff.
Francot, R. J., K. Van den Heuij, E. Blom, W. Heeringa & L. Cornips
2017. Inter-individual variation among young children growing up in a bidialectal community. In Language variation – European perspectives VI [Studies in Language Variation, 19], ► pp. 85 ff.
Ramachers, Stefanie, Susanne Brouwer & Paula Fikkert
RAMACHERS, STEFANIE, SUSANNE BROUWER & PAULA FIKKERT
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 27 november 2025. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.
